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Jeon J, Park Y, Hwang Y. Catalytic Hydrodechlorination of 4-Chlorophenol by Palladium-Based Catalyst Supported on Alumina and Graphene Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091564. [PMID: 37177109 PMCID: PMC10181078 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodechlorination (HDC) is a reaction that involves the use of hydrogen to cleave the C-Cl bond in chlorinated organic compounds such as chlorophenols and chlorobenzenes, thus reducing their toxicity. In this study, a palladium (Pd) catalyst, which is widely used for HDC due to its advantageous physical and chemical properties, was immobilized on alumina (Pd/Al) and graphene-based materials (graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide; Pd/GO and Pd/rGO, respectively) to induce the HDC of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). The effects of the catalyst dosage, initial 4-CP concentration, and pH on 4-CP removal were evaluated. We observed that 4-CP was removed very rapidly when the HDC reaction was induced by Pd/GO and Pd/rGO. The granulation of Pd/rGO using sand was also investigated as a way to facilitate the separation of the catalyst from the treated aqueous solution after use, which is to improve practicality and effectiveness of the use of Pd catalysts with graphene-based support materials in an HDC system. The granulated catalyst (Pd/rGOSC) was employed in a column to induce HDC in a continuous flow reaction, leading to the successful removal of most 4-CP after 48 h. The reaction mechanisms were also determined based on the oxidation state of Pd, which was observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on the results as a whole, the proposed granulated catalyst has the potential to greatly enhance the practical applicability of HDC for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintae Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhoon Hwang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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2
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Lokteva ES, Shishova VV, Tolkachev NN, Kharlanov AN, Maslakov KI, Kamaev AO, Kaplin IY, Savina IN, Golubina EV. Hydrodechlorination of 4-Chlorophenol on Pd-Fe Catalysts on Mesoporous ZrO 2SiO 2 Support. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010141. [PMID: 33396955 PMCID: PMC7795707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mesoporous support based on silica and zirconia (ZS) was used to prepare monometallic 1 wt% Pd/ZS, 10 wt% Fe/ZS, and bimetallic FePd/ZS catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by TPR-H2, XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, AAS, and DRIFT spectroscopy of adsorbed CO after H2 reduction in situ and tested in hydrodechlorination of environmental pollutant 4-chlorophelol in aqueous solution at 30 °C. The bimetallic catalyst demonstrated an excellent activity, selectivity to phenol and stability in 10 consecutive runs. FePd/ZS has exceptional reducibility due to the high dispersion of palladium and strong interaction between FeOx and palladium, confirmed by TPR-H2, DRIFT spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM. Its reduction occurs during short-time treatment with hydrogen in an aqueous solution at RT. The Pd/ZS was more resistant to reduction but can be activated by aqueous phenol solution and H2. The study by DRIFT spectroscopy of CO adsorbed on Pd/ZS reduced in harsh (H2, 330 °C), medium (H2, 200 °C) and mild conditions (H2 + aqueous solution of phenol) helped to identify the reasons of the reducing action of phenol solution. It was found that phenol provided fast transformation of Pd+ to Pd0. Pd/ZS also can serve as an active and stable catalyst for 4-PhCl transformation to phenol after proper reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S. Lokteva
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.N.K.); (K.I.M.); (A.O.K.); (I.Y.K.); (E.V.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-916-780-3363
| | - Vera V. Shishova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.N.K.); (K.I.M.); (A.O.K.); (I.Y.K.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Nikolay N. Tolkachev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey N. Kharlanov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.N.K.); (K.I.M.); (A.O.K.); (I.Y.K.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Konstantin I. Maslakov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.N.K.); (K.I.M.); (A.O.K.); (I.Y.K.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Alexey O. Kamaev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.N.K.); (K.I.M.); (A.O.K.); (I.Y.K.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Igor Yu. Kaplin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.N.K.); (K.I.M.); (A.O.K.); (I.Y.K.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Irina N. Savina
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK;
| | - Elena V. Golubina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.N.K.); (K.I.M.); (A.O.K.); (I.Y.K.); (E.V.G.)
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3
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Chen X, Chen J, Zhang J, Tang T, Xu QQ, Zhao B, Lu J, Li R, Han D. Stabilizing Pd Nanoparticles in Supported‐Ionic‐Liquid‐Phase (SILP) Catalyst Using Polydimethylsiloxane Via Hydrophobic Structure for Boosting Hydrodechlorination of 4‐Chlorophenol. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianlang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province Taizhou University, Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 PR China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province Taizhou University, Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 PR China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province Taizhou University, Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 PR China
| | - Tian Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province Taizhou University, Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 PR China
| | - Qian qian Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province Taizhou University, Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province Taizhou University, Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 PR China
| | - Jinyue Lu
- Industrial Catalysis Institute of Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 PR China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province Taizhou University, Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 PR China
| | - Deman Han
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province Taizhou University, Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 PR China
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Ruiz-García C, Heras F, Calvo L, Alonso-Morales N, Rodríguez JJ, Gilarranz MA. N-Doped CMK-3 Carbons Supporting Palladium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Hydrodechlorination. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b06084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ruiz-García
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Heras
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Calvo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Alonso-Morales
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. J. Rodríguez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. A. Gilarranz
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Xu F, Chang L, Duan X, Bai W, Sui X, Zhao X. A novel layer-by-layer CNT/PbO2 anode for high-efficiency removal of PCP-Na through combining adsorption/electrosorption and electrocatalysis. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aditya T, Jana J, Panda S, Pal A, Pal T. Benzophenone assisted UV-activated synthesis of unique Pd-nanodendrite embedded reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite: a catalyst for C–C coupling reaction and fuel cell. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21329-21343. [PMID: 35521347 PMCID: PMC9066186 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02431j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the use of benzophenone (BP) for the synthesis of a palladium (Pd) embedded on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite (Pd/rGO) using a simple aqueous solution and UV irradiation. The simple and facile evolution of thermodynamically unstable branched Pd(0) nanodendrites was achieved by BP photoactivation, circumventing the growth of more stable nanomorphologies. The synthesis of Pd(0)-embedded rGO nanosheets (PRGO-nd) was made possible by the simultaneous reduction of both the GO scaffold and PdCl2 by introducing BP into the photoactivation reaction. The nanocomposites obtained in the absence of BP were common triangular and twinned Pd(0) structures which were also implanted on the rGO scaffold (PRGO-nt). The disparity in morphologies presumably occurs due to the difference in the kinetics of the reduction of Pd2+ to Pd0 in the presence and absence of the BP photoinitiator. It was observed that the PRGO-nd was composed of dense arrays of multiple Pd branches around nucleation site which exhibited (111) facet, whereas PRGO-nt showed a mixture of (100) and (111) facets. On comparing the catalytic efficiencies of the as-synthesized nanocatalysts, we observed a superiority in efficiency of the thermodynamically unstable PRGO-nd nanocomposite. This is due to the evolved active facets of the dendritic Pd(0) morphology with its higher surface area, as testified by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Since both PRGO-nd and PRGO-nt contain particles of similar size, the dents and grooves in the structure are the cause of the increase in the effective surface area in the case of nanodendrites. The unique dendritic morphology of the PRGO-nd nanostructures makes them a promising material for superior catalysis, due to their high surface area, and the high density of surface atoms at their edges, corners, and stepped regions. We investigated the efficiency of the as-prepared PRGO-nd catalyst in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction and showed its proficiency in a 2 h reaction at 60 °C using 2 mol% catalyst containing 0.06 mol% active Pd. Moreover, the electrochemical efficiency for the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was demonstrated, in which PRGO-nd provided a decreased overpotential of 68 mV for a current density of 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 57 mV dec−1 and commendable stability during chronoamperometric testing for 5 h. Benzophenone photoinitiator aided synthesis of Pd-nanodendrite embedded rGO nanocatalyst possessing superior potential in C–C coupling reaction and fuel cell application.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Aditya
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Jayasmita Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Sonali Panda
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Anjali Pal
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Tarasankar Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
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7
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Wu Z, Pan T, Chai Y, Ge S, Ju Y, Li T, Liu K, Lan L, Yip AC, Zhang M. Synthesis of palladium phosphides for aqueous phase hydrodechlorination: Kinetic study and deactivation resistance. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Hydrogenation–dechlorination of 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol over Pd/C catalysts. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Pd supported on N-doped-ordered mesoporous carbons’ catalysts for selective hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Chang W, Kim H, Oh J, Ahn BJ. Hydrodechlorination of chlorophenols over Pd catalysts supported on zeolite Y, MCM-41 and graphene. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Fan G, Li X, Xu C, Jiang W, Zhang Y, Gao D, Bi J, Wang Y. Palladium Supported on Titanium Carbide: A Highly Efficient, Durable, and Recyclable Bifunctional Catalyst for the Transformation of 4-Chlorophenol and 4-Nitrophenol. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8030141. [PMID: 29498652 PMCID: PMC5869632 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Developing highly efficient and recyclable catalysts for the transformation of toxic organic contaminates still remains a challenge. Herein, Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXene modified by alkali treatment process was selected as a support (designated as alk-Ti3C2X2, where X represents the surface terminations) for the synthesis of Pd/alk-Ti3C2X2. Results show that the alkali treatment leads to the increase of surface area and surface oxygen-containing groups of Ti3C2X2, thereby facilitating the dispersion and stabilization of Pd species on the surface of alk-Ti3C2X2. The Pd/alk-Ti3C2X2 catalyst shows excellent catalytic activity for the hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol and the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous solution at 25 °C and hydrogen balloon pressure. High initial reaction rates of 216.6 and 126.3 min−1·gpd−1 are observed for the hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol and hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol, respectively. Most importantly, Pd/alk-Ti3C2X2 exhibits excellent stability and recyclability in both reactions without any promoters. The superior property of Pd/alk-Ti3C2X2 makes it as a potential material for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Xiaojing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Caili Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Weidong Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Daojiang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Jian Bi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
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12
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Li R, Zhao J, Han D, Li X. One-step synthesis of B-doped mesoporous carbon as supports of Pd nanoparticles for liquid phase catalytic hydrodechlorination. CATAL COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Lan L, Du F, Xia C. The reaction mechanism for highly effective hydrodechlorination of p-chlorophenol over a Pd/CNTs catalyst. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mass-transfer mechanisms of CNTs and AC for the HDC of p-CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Lan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
- School of Environment and Materials Engineering
| | - Fanglin Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
| | - Chuanhai Xia
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering
- Ludong University
- Yantai 264025
- China
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14
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Cheng Y, Fan Y, Pei Y, Qiao M. Graphene-supported metal/metal oxide nanohybrids: synthesis and applications in heterogeneous catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This minireview outlines recent advances in the design and catalytic applications of graphene-supported metal/metal oxide nanohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yiqiu Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yan Pei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Minghua Qiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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15
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Zhao J, Li W, Fang D. Effect of indium-modified palladium catalysts on the hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05957g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding the appropriate amount of In to a Pd catalyst can improve the dispersion of Pd particles and increase the HDC catalytic activity of 4-CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zhao
- Institute of Applied Catalysis of Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
| | - Wanjun Li
- Institute of Applied Catalysis of Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
| | - Deren Fang
- Institute of Applied Catalysis of Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
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16
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Ren Y, Fan G, Jiang W, Xu B, Liu F. Effective hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol catalysed by magnetic palladium/reduced graphene oxide under mild conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01799d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic palladium/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (Pd/rGO-Fe3O4) were prepared by depositing Pd nanoparticles on an rGO-Fe3O4 magnetic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Ren
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Industry
- China West Normal University
- Nanchong 637009, P. R. China
| | - Guangyin Fan
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Industry
- China West Normal University
- Nanchong 637009, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis of Sichuan Institute of High Education
- Zigong 643000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis of Sichuan Institute of High Education
- Zigong 643000, P. R. China
| | - Fuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis of Sichuan Institute of High Education
- Zigong 643000, P. R. China
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