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Gujar JP, Modhera B. Green synthesis of solketal from glycerol using metal-modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts: process optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28353-28367. [PMID: 38538995 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of solketal (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol) from glycerol via ketalization reaction using M-ZSM-5 catalysts (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn). The wet impregnation method ensured precise metal loading and versatility in catalyst preparation. We present a novel approach by employing a suite of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), to elucidate the catalyst's structure, bonding, surface area, thermal stability, and morphology, ultimately linking these properties to their performance. Solketal synthesis was optimized in a reactor, with parameters like temperature, glycerol:acetone molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction time, and stirring speed. Optimal conditions were identified as 60 °C, 1:4, 0.2 g, 60 min, and 1200 rpm, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis confirmed successful solketal formation. Among M-ZSM-5 catalysts tested, Cu-ZSM-5 emerged the most efficient, achieving an impressive 99% glycerol conversion and 96% solketal selectivity. Notably, Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst displayed exceptional reusability, regaining its initial activity through calcination, thus minimizing waste generation. This research unveils Cu-ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst and promotes sustainability by utilizing a renewable glycerol feedstock to produce valuable solketal with applications in fuel additives, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. This work paves the way for developing environmentally friendly processes for waste valorization and producing valuable bio-based chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamna Prasad Gujar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 003, India
| | - Bharat Modhera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 003, India.
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Hellmuth M, Chen B, Bariki C, Cai L, Cameron F, Wildenberg A, Huang C, Faller S, Ren Y, Beeckmann J, Leonhard K, Heufer KA, Hansen N, Pitsch H. A Comparative Study on the Combustion Chemistry of Two Bio-hybrid Fuels: 1,3-Dioxane and 1,3-Dioxolane. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:286-299. [PMID: 36580040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bio-hybrid fuels are a promising solution to accomplish a carbon-neutral and low-emission future for the transportation sector. Two potential candidates are the heterocyclic acetals 1,3-dioxane (C4H8O2) and 1,3-dioxolane (C3H6O2), which can be produced from the combination of biobased feedstocks, carbon dioxide, and renewable electricity. In this work, comprehensive experimental and numerical investigations of 1,3-dioxane and 1,3-dioxolane were performed to support their application in internal combustion engines. Ignition delay times and laminar flame speeds were measured to reveal the combustion chemistry on the macroscale, while speciation measurements in a jet-stirred reactor and ethylene-based counterflow diffusion flames provided insights into combustion chemistry and pollutant formation on the microscale. Comparing the experimental and numerical data using either available or proposed kinetic models revealed that the combustion chemistry and pollutant formation differ substantially between 1,3-dioxane and 1,3-dioxolane, although their molecular structures are similar. For example, 1,3-dioxane showed higher reactivity in the low-temperature regime (500-800 K), while 1,3-dioxolane addition to ethylene increased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot formation in high-temperature (>800 K) counterflow diffusion flames. Reaction pathway analyses were performed to examine and explain the differences between these two bio-hybrid fuels, which originate from the chemical bond dissociation energies in their molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Hellmuth
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Bingjie Chen
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Chaimae Bariki
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Liming Cai
- School for Automotive Studies, Tongji University, 201804Shanghai, China
| | - Florence Cameron
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Alina Wildenberg
- Chair of High Pressure Gas Dynamics, Shock Wave Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Can Huang
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Faller
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Yihua Ren
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Beeckmann
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Leonhard
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl Alexander Heufer
- Chair of High Pressure Gas Dynamics, Shock Wave Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Nils Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California94551, United States
| | - Heinz Pitsch
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056Aachen, Germany
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Marrocchi A, Trombettoni V, Campana F, Passagrilli V, Nazari A, Bracciale MP, Santarelli ML, Vaccaro L. Glycerol valorization: Development of selective protocols for acetals production through tailor-made macroreticular acid resins. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Torres-Pastor MÁ, Espro C, Selva M, Perosa A, Romero Reyes AA, Osman SM, Luque R, Rodríguez-Padrón D. Glycerol Valorization towards a Benzoxazine Derivative through a Milling and Microwave Sequential Strategy. Molecules 2022; 27:632. [PMID: 35163895 PMCID: PMC8838984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol and aminophenol intermolecular condensation has been investigated through a milling and microwave-assisted sequential strategy, towards the synthesis of a benzoxaxine derivative. Mechanochemical activation prior to the microwave-assisted process could improve the probability of contact between the reagents, and greatly favors the higher conversion of aminophenol. At the same time, following a mechanochemical-microwave sequential approach could tune the selectivity towards the formation of a benzoxazine derivative, which could find application in a wide range of biomedical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Torres-Pastor
- Grupo FQM-383, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (M.Á.T.-P.); (A.A.R.R.)
| | - Claudia Espro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Selva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, UniversitàCa’ Foscari di Venezia, 30123 Venezia, Italy; (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Alvise Perosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, UniversitàCa’ Foscari di Venezia, 30123 Venezia, Italy; (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio A. Romero Reyes
- Grupo FQM-383, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (M.Á.T.-P.); (A.A.R.R.)
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rafael Luque
- Grupo FQM-383, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (M.Á.T.-P.); (A.A.R.R.)
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Scientific Center for Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for the Medical Industry, People’s Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Glycerol acetalization with citral was studied using a heteropolyacid (tungstophosphoric acid) supported on KIT-6, as a catalyst, at 100 °C. Different catalysts were synthesized. Catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total refletion-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and potentiometric titrations. At a fixed time, the glycerol conversion increased with the H3PW12O40 (PW) on KIT-6. PW4-KIT-6 material had a higher conversion than other catalysts. The optimization of glycerol’s acetalization with citral was studied under the PW4-KIT-6 catalyst. After 5 h, it was found that, at T = 100 °C, with m = 0.3 g of solid, molar glycerol:citral = 1:2.25, the conversion of glycerol was 89%. Moreover, the PW4-KTI-6 catalyst showed good catalytic stability.
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