1
|
Martins PM, Santos B, Salazar H, Carabineiro SAC, Botelho G, Tavares CJ, Lanceros-Mendez S. Multifunctional hybrid membranes for photocatalytic and adsorptive removal of water contaminants of emerging concern. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133548. [PMID: 34999100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the combination of multifunctional photocatalytic and adsorbent materials in a unique polymeric membrane. For this purpose, Au/TiO2 and Y2(CO3)3 nanoparticles were immobilised onto a poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene), (PVDF-HFP) membrane, and the physical-chemical characterisation of these materials was performed, as well as pollutant removal efficiency. An efficient TiO2 functionalisation with gold nanoparticles was achieved, endowing these particles with the capability to absorb visible radiation absorption. A favourable porous structure was obtained for the membranes, with an average pore size of 4 μm, and the nanoparticles immobilisation did not alter the chemical properties of the polymeric membrane. The produced hybrid materials, including both the Au/TiO2 and Y2(CO3)3 nanoparticles, presented an efficiency of 57% in the degradation of norfloxacin (5 mg/L) under ultraviolet radiation for 120 min, 80% under visible radiation for 300 min, and 58% in arsenic adsorption for 240 min. These membranes represent a new multifunctional platform for removing several pollutants, which may allow their incorporation in more efficient and less energy-consuming water treatment processes favouring its application, even in low energy resources countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute for Research and Innovation on Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Santos
- IB-S - Institute for Research and Innovation on Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre/Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - H Salazar
- Centre/Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre/Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia A C Carabineiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Largo da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - G Botelho
- Centre/Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos J Tavares
- Centre/Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - S Lanceros-Mendez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar A, Choudhary P, Kumar A, Camargo PHC, Krishnan V. Recent Advances in Plasmonic Photocatalysis Based on TiO 2 and Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Energy Conversion, Environmental Remediation, and Organic Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2101638. [PMID: 34396695 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic photocatalysis has emerged as a prominent and growing field. It enables the efficient use of sunlight as an abundant and renewable energy source to drive a myriad of chemical reactions. For instance, plasmonic photocatalysis in materials comprising TiO2 and plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) enables effective charge carrier separation and the tuning of optical response to longer wavelength regions (visible and near infrared). In fact, TiO2 -based materials and plasmonic effects are at the forefront of heterogeneous photocatalysis, having applications in energy conversion, production of liquid fuels, wastewater treatment, nitrogen fixation, and organic synthesis. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the fundamentals and to provide the guidelines for future work in the field of TiO2 -based plasmonic photocatalysis comprising the above-mentioned applications. The concepts and state-of-the-art description of important parameters including the formation of Schottky junctions, hot electron generation and transfer, near field electromagnetic enhancement, plasmon resonance energy transfer, scattering, and photothermal heating effects have been covered in this review. Synthetic approaches and the effect of various physicochemical parameters in plasmon-mediated TiO2 -based materials on performances are discussed. It is envisioned that this review may inspire and provide insights into the rational development of the next generation of TiO2 -based plasmonic photocatalysts with target performances and enhanced selectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences and Adv. Mater. Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Priyanka Choudhary
- School of Basic Sciences and Adv. Mater. Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences and Adv. Mater. Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Pedro H C Camargo
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Venkata Krishnan
- School of Basic Sciences and Adv. Mater. Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
TiO2 is a semiconductor material with high chemical stability and low toxicity. It is widely used in the fields of catalysis, sensing, hydrogen production, optics and optoelectronics. However, TiO2 photocatalyst is sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light; this is why its photocatalytic activity and quantum efficiency are reduced. To enhance the photocatalytic efficiency in the visible light range as well as to increase the number of the active sites on the crystal surface or inhibit the recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs electrons, various metal ions were used to modify TiO2. This review paper comprehensively summarizes the latest progress on the modification of TiO2 photocatalyst by a variety of metal ions. Lastly, the future prospects of the modification of TiO2 as a photocatalyst are proposed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Qian J, Gao X, Pan B. Nanoconfinement-Mediated Water Treatment: From Fundamental to Application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8509-8526. [PMID: 32511915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Safe and clean water is of pivotal importance to all living species and the ecosystem on earth. However, the accelerating economy and industrialization of mankind generate water pollutants with much larger quantity and higher complexity than ever before, challenging the efficacy of traditional water treatment technologies. The flourishing researches on nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in the past decade have generated new understandings on many fundamental processes and brought revolutionary upgrades to various traditional technologies in almost all areas, including water treatment. An indispensable step toward the real application of nanomaterials in water treatment is to confine them in large processable substrate to address various inherent issues, such as spontaneous aggregation, difficult operation and potential environmental risks. Strikingly, when the size of the spatial restriction provided by the substrate is on the order of only one or several nanometers, referred to as nanoconfinement, the phase behavior of matter and the energy diagram of a chemical reaction could be utterly changed. Nevertheless, the relationship between such changes under nanoconfinement and their implications for water treatment is rarely elucidated systematically. In this Critical Review, we will briefly summarize the current state-of-the-art of the nanomaterials, as well as the nanoconfined analogues (i.e., nanocomposites) developed for water treatment. Afterward, we will put emphasis on the effects of nanoconfinement from three aspects, that is, on the structure and behavior of water molecules, on the formation (e.g., crystallization) of confined nanomaterials, and on the nanoenabled chemical reactions. For each aspect, we will build the correlation between the nanoconfinement effects and the current studies for water treatment. More importantly, we will make proposals for future studies based on the missing links between some of the nanoconfinement effects and the water treatment technologies. Through this Critical Review, we aim to raise the research attention on using nanoconfinement as a fundamental guide or even tool to advance water treatment technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieshu Qian
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
In the last decades, photocatalysis has arisen as a solution to degrade emerging pollutants such as antibiotics. However, the reduced photoactivation of TiO2 under visible radiation constitutes a major drawback because 95% of sunlight radiation is not being used in this process. Thus, it is critical to modify TiO2 nanoparticles to improve the ability to absorb visible radiation from sunlight. This work reports on the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles decorated with gold (Au) nanoparticles by deposition-precipitation method for enhanced photocatalytic activity. The produced nanocomposites absorb 40% to 55% more radiation in the visible range than pristine TiO2, the best results being obtained for the synthesis performed at 25 °C and with Au loading of 0.05 to 0.1 wt. %. Experimental tests yielded a higher photocatalytic degradation of 91% and 49% of ciprofloxacin (5 mg/L) under UV and visible radiation, correspondingly. Computational modeling supports the experimental results, showing the ability of Au to bind TiO2 anatase surfaces, the relevant role of Au transferring electrons, and the high affinity of ciprofloxacin to both Au and TiO2 surfaces. Hence, the present work represents a reliable approach to produce efficient photocatalytic materials and an overall contribution in the development of high-performance Au/TiO2 photocatalytic nanostructures through the optimization of the synthesis parameters, photocatalytic conditions, and computational modeling.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuan S, Wang M, Liu J, Guo B. Recent advances of SBA-15-based composites as the heterogeneous catalysts in water decontamination: A mini-review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109787. [PMID: 31710978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging class of silica-based mesoporous materials with incorporation of active components (e.g., transition metals/metal oxides and nanocarbons), SBA-15-based composites (X@SBA-15) have been attracting increasing attention in the field of water treatment owing to their unique characteristics and excellent remediation performance. This paper reviews recent advances in catalytic applications of X@SBA-15 to remove organic contaminants from water. Emphasis is made on the use of X@SBA-15 in four advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (i.e., photocatalysis, Fenton-like oxidation, catalytic ozonation, and sulfate radical-based oxidation). Impregnation and hydrothermal methods are two most widely used synthetic approaches to combine the active composites with SBA-15, obtaining a synergistic effect with significant improvement in their individual catalytic activity for pollution remediation. The enhanced generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals from the surface of X@SBA-15 was widely recognized as being responsible for water decontamination using these AOPs, while sulfate radicals were also involved during activation of persulfate or peroxymonosulfate. Especially, X@SBA-15 could significantly enhance the light harvest and reduce the recombination of photo-induced electrons and holes during photocatalytic treatment, which also played the critical role in oxidizing the organics. The superior catalytic performance of X@SBA-15 without leaching metal ions during successive runs demonstrated the excellent reusability and structural stability. Together with the reduced toxicity of the treated solutions and the cost-effective characteristics of X@SBA-15 nanohybrids reported in the published literature, their great potential as the efficient and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalysts in a real use scenario is suggested. Finally, the future perspectives on the development and practical utilization of X@SBA-15 are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Sponge City Construction of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400020, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, PR China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Sponge City Construction of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400020, PR China
| | - Binglin Guo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Degradation of Bisphenol A by CeCu Oxide Catalyst in Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation: Efficiency, Stability, and Mechanism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234675. [PMID: 31771209 PMCID: PMC6926835 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CeCu oxide catalyst CC450 was prepared by citric acid complex method and the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) reaction system was established with bisphenol A (BPA) as the target pollutant. By means of characterization, this research investigated the phase structure, surface morphology, reducibility, surface element composition, and valence of the catalyst before and after reuse. The effects of catalyst dosage and pH on the removal efficiency of BPA were also investigated. Five reuse experiments were carried out to investigate the reusability of the catalyst. In addition, this research delved into the changes of pH value, hydroxyl radical concentration, and ultraviolet-visible spectra of BPA in CWPO reaction system. The possible intermediate products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The catalytic mechanism and degradation pathway were also discussed. The results showed that after reaction of 65 min, the removal of BPA and total organic carbon (TOC) could reach 87.6% and 77.9%, respectively. The catalyst showed strong pH adaptability and had high removal efficiency of BPA in the range of pH 1.6-7.9. After five reuses, the removal of BPA remained above 86.7%, with the structure of the catalyst remaining stable to a large extent. With the reaction proceeding, the pH value of the reaction solution increased, the concentration of OH radicals decreased, and the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of BPA shifted to the short wavelength direction, that is, the blue shift direction. The catalysts degraded BPA rapidly in CWPO reaction system and the C-C bond or O-H bond in BPA could be destroyed in a very short time. Also, there may have been two main degradation paths of phenol and ketone.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shaban YA. Solar light-induced photodegradation of chrysene in seawater in the presence of carbon-modified n-TiO2 nanoparticles. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
9
|
Integrated Au/TiO2 Nanostructured Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Organics Degradation. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, hierarchical Au/TiO2 nanostructures were studied as possible photoanodes for water splitting and bisphenol A (BPA) oxidation. TiO2 samples were synthetized by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), while Au nanoparticles (NPs) were differently dispersed (i.e., NPs at the bottom or at the top of the TiO2, as well as integrated TiO2/Au-NPs assemblies). Voltammetric scans and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis were used to correlate the morphology of samples with their electrochemical properties; the working mechanism was investigated in the dark and in the presence of a light radiation, under neutral pH conditions towards the possible oxidation of both bisphenol A (BPA) and water molecules. Different behavior of the samples was observed, which may be attributed mainly to the distributions of Au NPs and to their dimension as well. In particular, the presence of NPs at the bottom seems to be the crucial point for the working mechanism of the structure, thanks to scattering effects that likely allow to better exploit the radiation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Shaban YA, Fallata HM. Sunlight-induced photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen over efficient carbon doped TiO2 (CTiO2) nanoparticles. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
Ali S, Li Z, Ali W, Zhang Z, Wei M, Qu Y, Jing L. Synthesis of Au-decorated three-phase-mixed TiO2/phosphate modified active carbon nanocomposites as easily-recycled efficient photocatalysts for degrading high-concentration 2,4-DCP. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38414-38421. [PMID: 35540198 PMCID: PMC9075941 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08286g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of great significance to fabricate easily-recycled TiO2 photocatalysts with high activity. Herein, dominant-anatase three-phase (anatase/rutile/brookite)-mixed nanosized TiO2 with high photocatalytic activity for degrading a high-concentration of 2,4-DCP has been synthesized via a hydrothermal process with HCl as a phase-directing agent, and interestingly the apparent photoactivity could be greatly improved by decorating Au nanoparticles and then coupling phosphate-treated active carbon. The amount-optimized nanocomposite displays ∼12-fold enhancement in degradation rate constant (k) compared to anatase TiO2. Based on the steady-state surface photovoltage spectra, fluorescence spectra related to the produced ·OH amount, temperature-programmed desorption and O2 electrochemical reduction curves, it is confirmed that the exceptional photoactivity is mainly attributed to the greatly-enhanced charge separation from the phase-mixed composition, and from the decorated Au as electron acceptors and its promotion effects on O2 activation. Moreover, the use of phosphate-modified AC as a support is also positive for efficient photocatalytic reactions by accepting electrons and concentrating the pollutants, with recyclable features. This work provides a feasible strategy to fabricate TiO2-based nano-photocatalysts for degrading high-concentration pollutants to remediate the environment. Au decorated three-phase-mixed nanosized TiO2 coupled with phosphate-treated AC as recyclable nanocomposite photocatalysts exhibit excellent photoactivity for degrading high-concentration 2, 4-DCP, mainly due to the improved charge separation and specific surface area.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharafat Ali
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Zhijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Wajid Ali
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Ziqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Mingzhuo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Yang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| | - Liqiang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rani M, Shanker U. Insight in to the degradation of bisphenol A by doped ZnO@ZnHCF nanocubes: High photocatalytic performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 530:16-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
13
|
Thoene M, Rytel L, Nowicka N, Wojtkiewicz J. The state of bisphenol research in the lesser developed countries of the EU: a mini-review. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:371-380. [PMID: 30090587 PMCID: PMC6062254 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00064f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol compounds are a class of chemical epoxy resins that are found throughout the world in food packaging, thermal paper products, dental materials, and more. These compounds were deemed to be safe until recently, when some studies noticed adverse effects at very low doses, due to the fact that bisphenol acts as an endocrine disruptor. Over the last ten years, studies have been performed to detect bisphenols (especially BPA) in serum and blood samples throughout the world. Essentially, the majority of the earth's population seems to have significantly measurable levels of bisphenol in their blood plasma or urine. However, the majority of the population is unaware that a potential danger may exist. The purpose of this mini-review is to report upon the state of bisphenol research in the lesser developed member-states of the European Union and to increase awareness of the exposure level and possible adverse health effects of this endocrine disruptor. The results show that only three of the most newly admitted members of the European Union have published research concerning the health effects and/or environmental exposure of EU citizens to bisphenol compounds. Those countries were Slovenia, Poland and the Czech Republic. The rest of the surveyed member-states had little or no published research in relation to bisphenol compounds. Furthermore, even the three nations referred to above still lagged far behind the more advanced EU member-states. The lack of research could translate into a lack of awareness amongst the citizenry of nearly half of the EU, and may be unnecessarily putting those EU citizens at an increased risk of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thoene
- Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Żołnierska 14C str. , 10-561 Olsztyn , Poland . ; Tel: +(89) 524 61 16
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Warmia and Mazury , OczapowskiegoStr 15 , 10-718 , Olsztyn , Poland .
| | - Natalia Nowicka
- Department of Pathophysiology , Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn , Poland . ;
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology , Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn , Poland . ;
| |
Collapse
|