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Fu H, Deng Y, Cai Z, Pan Y, Yang L, Fujita T, Wang N, Wang Y, Wang X. Designing Z-scheme In 2O 3 @ZnIn 2S 4 core-shell heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic multi-pollutant removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132820. [PMID: 37898084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In water bodies, the coexistence of and interaction between multiple pollutants complicate remediation. In this study, the In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 Z-scheme heterojunction with a stratified core-shell structure was constructed and used to remove multiple pollutants (tetracycline hydrochloride and Cr(VI)). The large number of active sites and the mechanism of photogenerated charge separation ensured the substantially enhanced catalytic activity of this photocatalyst, making it superior to In2O3 nanospheres and pure ZnIn2S4. The optimised In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 nano-flowers (In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 NFs) realised 99.8% removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and 100% removal of Cr(VI) within 60 min under visible-light. The material's high stability was demonstrated by five experiment cycles. Effects of organics, inorganics, and pH about the photocatalytic performance of the optimised In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 NFs when tetracycline hydrochloride and Cr(VI) coexist were also explored. Finally, the intermediates and degradation pathways were analysed, and the possible photocatalytic mechanism was also investigated by performing density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Deng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuehua Pan
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Libo Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Toyohisa Fujita
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Nannan Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Youbin Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Du C, Xu J, Ding G, He D, Zhang H, Qiu W, Li C, Liao G. Recent Advances in LDH/g-C 3N 4 Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Organic Pollutant Removal. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3066. [PMID: 38063762 PMCID: PMC10707826 DOI: 10.3390/nano13233066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has been decreased by using photocatalytic technology in conjunction with solar energy. An efficient method to obtain highly efficient photocatalysts is to build heterojunction photocatalysts by combining graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with layered double hydroxides (LDHs). In this review, recent developments in LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunctions and their applications for organic pollutant removal are systematically exhibited. The advantages of LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunction are first summarized to provide some overall understanding of them. Then, a variety of approaches to successfully assembling LDH and g-C3N4 are simply illustrated. Last but not least, certain unmet research needs for the LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunction are suggested. This review can provide some new insights for the development of high-performance LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts. It is indisputable that the LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunctions can serve as high-performance photocatalysts to make new progress in organic pollutant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Du
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Jialin Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Guixiang Ding
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Dayong He
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Weibao Qiu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
| | - Chunxue Li
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China;
| | - Guangfu Liao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
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Banyal R, Khan AAP, Sudhaik A, Sonu, Raizada P, Khan A, Singh P, Rub MA, Azum N, Alotaibi MM, Asiri AM. Emergence of CuInS 2 derived photocatalyst for environmental remediation and energy conversion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117288. [PMID: 37797665 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen production, catalytic organic synthesis, carbon dioxide reduction, environmental purification, and other major fields have all adopted photocatalytic technologies due to their eco-friendliness, ease of use, and reliance on sunlight as the driving force. Photocatalyst is the key component of photocatalytic technology. Thus, it is of utmost importance to produce highly efficient, stable, visible-light-responsive photocatalysts. CIS stands out among other visible-light-response photocatalysts for its advantageous combination of easy synthesis, non-toxicity, high stability, and suitable band structure. In this study, we took a brief glance at the synthesis techniques for CIS after providing a quick introduction to the fundamental semiconductor features, including the crystal and band structures of CIS. Then, we discussed the ways doping, heterojunction creation, p-n heterojunction, type-II heterojunction, and Z-scheme may be used to modify CIS's performance. Subsequently, the applications of CIS towards pollutant degradation, CO2 reduction, water splitting, and other toxic pollutants remediation are reviewed in detail. Finally, several remaining problems with CIS-based photocatalysts are highlighted, along with future potential for constructing more superior photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Banyal
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, 173229, India
| | - Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anita Sudhaik
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, 173229, India
| | - Sonu
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, 173229, India
| | - Pankaj Raizada
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, 173229, India
| | - Anish Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pardeep Singh
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, 173229, India.
| | - Malik A Rub
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naved Azum
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha M Alotaibi
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Visa M, Enesca A. Opportunities for Recycling PV Glass and Coal Fly Ash into Zeolite Materials Used for Removal of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Pb) from Wastewater. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:ma16010239. [PMID: 36614577 PMCID: PMC9822412 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work shows the development and characterization of two zeolite structures by recycling PV glass and coal fly ash for the removal of cadmium, copper, and lead from synthetic solutions containing one or three cations. The materials were characterized in terms of crystalline structure (XRD), morphology (SEM, AFM), and specific surface. For increasing the heavy-metals removal efficiency, the adsorption conditions, such as substrate dosage, preliminary concentration, and contact time, were optimized. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model adsorption kinetics fit well to describe the activity of the zeolites ZFAGPV-A and ZFAGPV-S. The zeolite adsorption equilibrium data were expressed using Langmuir and Freundlich models. The highest adsorption capacities of the ZFAGPV-A zeolite are qmaxCd = 55.56 mg/g, qmaxCu = 60.11 mg/g, qmaxPb = 175.44 mg/g, and of ZFAGPV-S, are qmaxCd = 33.45 mg/g, qmaxCu = 54.95 mg/g, qmaxPb = 158.73 mg/g, respectively. This study demonstrated a new opportunity for waste recycling for applications in removing toxic heavy metals from wastewater.
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Experimental Investigation and Modeling of the Sulfur Dioxide Abatement of Photocatalytic Mortar Containing Construction Wastes Pre-Treated by Nano TiO2. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A photocatalytic mortar containing recycled clay brick powder (RCBP), recycled fine aggregate (RFA), recycled glass (RG), and nanoscale titanium dioxide (NT) was fabricated to degrade low-concentration sulfur dioxide. Instead of intermixing or dip-coating, NT was firstly loaded onto the surface of carriers (RFA and RG) using a soaking method to prepare composite photocatalysts (CPs) denoted as NT@RFA and NT@RG. The prepared CPs can both take full advantage of the intrinsic characteristics of construction wastes, namely, the high porosity and alkalinity of RFA and the light-transmitting property of RG, and can significantly reduce the cost of using NT. RG in high dosage potentially triggers alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in cement-based materials, which affects the durability of the prepared mortar. RCBP, another typical construction waste sourced from crushed clay bricks, was proven to be a pozzolan similar to grade II fly ash. The combined use of RCBP and RG in photocatalytic mortar is expected to simultaneously improve durable performance and further raise the upper content limit of construction wastes. Results exhibit that 70% cement plus 30% RCBP as cementitious material can sufficiently control ASR to an acceptable level. The filling effect and the pozzolanic reaction caused by RCBP result in a decline in porosity and lessened alkalinity, which decreases sulfur dioxide removal. The paper uses both response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) to model photocatalytic efficiency with various initial concentrations and flow rates and finds the ANN to have a better fitting and prediction performance.
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Rajput RB, Jamble SN, Kale RB. A review on TiO 2/SnO 2 heterostructures as a photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes and organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114533. [PMID: 35121365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization, civilization and human activities have all grown steadily in recent years. As a result, small and large industries discharge many organic pollutants into the environment and contribute to environmental pollution. These compounds are quite stable and challenging to break down over time, posing a long-term risk. The heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes technology has gained tremendous attention. It depends on the light-induced formation of e-/h+ pairs, which combine with water and aqueous oxygen to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that degrade the organic pollutants in a solution and convert them ultimately into non-toxic products. In this paper, the synergetic impact of TiO2-SnO2 coupling with other semiconductor materials and their photodegradation performance on toxic contaminants in an aqueous medium has been reviewed. In addition, multiple approaches for the synthesis of TiO2-SnO2 photocatalysts have been discussed. Among them, hydrothermal, sol-gel, electrospinning, precipitation and even their combination are extensively used to synthesize various forms of nanostructures. These techniques demonstrate better tunability for visible absorption, suppression of e-/h+ pair recombination and enhanced e-/h+ separation to improve photocatalytic performance. This paper also summarises the role of different operating factors such as catalyst loading, pH, pollutants variation concentration, various light sources and oxidizing agents on the photodegradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha B Rajput
- Department of Physics, The Institute of Science, Madam Cama Road, Mumbai, India.
| | - Shweta N Jamble
- Department of Physics, The Institute of Science, Madam Cama Road, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohidas B Kale
- Department of Physics, The Institute of Science, Madam Cama Road, Mumbai, India.
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Dong S, Yan X, Li W, Liu Y, Han X, Liu X, Feng J, Yu C, Zhang C, Sun J. Macroscopic Zn-doped α-Fe2O3/graphene aerogel mediated persulfate activation for heterogeneous catalytic degradation of sulfamonomethoxine wastewater. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Serrà A, Philippe L, Perreault F, Garcia-Segura S. Photocatalytic treatment of natural waters. Reality or hype? The case of cyanotoxins remediation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116543. [PMID: 33137522 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles recent advances and challenges in the photocatalytic treatment of natural water by analyzing the remediation of cyanotoxins. The review frames the treatment need based on the occurrence, geographical distribution, and legislation of cyanotoxins in drinking water while highlighting the underestimated global risk of cyanotoxins. Next, the fundamental principles of photocatalytic treatment for remediating cyanotoxins and the complex degradation pathway for the most widespread cyanotoxins are presented. The state-of-the-art and recent advances on photocatalytic treatment processes are critically discussed, especially the modification strategies involving TiO2 and the primary operational conditions that determine the scalability and integration of photocatalytic reactors. The relevance of light sources and light delivery strategies are shown, with emphasis on novel biomimicry materials design. Thereafter, the seldomly-addressed role of water-matrix components is thoroughly and critically explored by including natural organic matter and inorganic species to provide future directions in designing highly efficient strategies and scalable reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serrà
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland.
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - François Perreault
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA.
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Lopes FCS, da Rocha MDGC, Bargiela P, Sousa Ferreira H, Pires CADM. Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst immobilized onto modified natural fibers for photodegradation of anthracene. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Din SU, Haq MU, Sajid M, Khatoon R, Chen X, Li L, Zhang M, Zhu L. Development of high-performance sensor based on NiO/SnO 2 heterostructures to study sensing properties towards various reducing gases. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:395502. [PMID: 32485683 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab98bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the spontaneous formation of NiO nanoparticles-decorated onto smooth SnO2 nanofibers, which is an inexpensive and scalable method for yielding a high composite surface area via a simple two-step synthesis process based on electrospinning and the hydrothermal method. A Nickel Oxide proton-conducting electrolyte is deposited homogeneously over a large surface area in a transparent solution, mixed and decorated onto Tin dioxide nanofibers, as evidenced by cross sectional imaging of the electrospun nanofibers. The composite based on nanoparticle-decorated fibers enlarges the surface area of the exposed electrolyte, which fundamentally improves the overall gas sensing performance. The crystal structure, morphology, and physio-chemical surface state of the NiO/SnO2-based specimen are comprehensively examined using XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, EDX, and photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy. The composite based on NiO/SnO2 nanoparticle-decorated fibers exhibits an optimistic mesoporous nature with a huge specific area, which is key for superior gas sensors. The result reveals that NiO/SnO2 nanoparticle-decorated fibers with an average size of 180-260 nm in diameter, where the average length of fibers was about 1.5 μm. The composite-based heterojunction of NiO/SnO2 nanoparticle-decorated fibers enhances the adsorption of oxygen molecules, which show fast response, good selectivity and quick recovery speed against ethanol gas at an optimal temperature of about 160 °C. The maximum sensitivity response of the sensor-based composite NiO/SnO2 nanoparticle-decorated fibers was 23.87 in respect of 100 ppm ethanol gas at a low temperature of 160 °C; this is approximately about 7.2 times superior to that of pure SnO2 nanofibers. The superior gas sensing capabilities of a composite based on NiO/SnO2 nanoparticle-decorated fibers may be attributable to the enhanced catalytic effect of the small sized NiO nanoparticles on smooth SnO2 nanofibers, together with the p/n heterojunction effects between NiO and SnO2 heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Ud Din
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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The Influence of Light Irradiation on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112494. [PMID: 32486062 PMCID: PMC7321338 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The design of a photocatalytic process must consider intrinsic and extrinsic parameters affecting its overall efficiency. This study aims to outline the importance of balancing several factors, such as radiation source, total irradiance, photon flux, catalyst substrate, and pollutant type in order to optimize the photocatalytic efficiency. Titanium oxide was deposed by the doctor blade technique on three substrates (microscopic glass (G), flour-doped tin oxide (FTO), and aluminum (Al)), and the photocatalytic properties of the samples were tested on two pollutants (tartrazine (Tr) and acetamiprid (Apd)). Seven irradiation scenarios were tested using different ratios of UV-A, UV-B + C, and Vis radiations. The results indicated that the presence of a conductive substrate and a suitable ratio of UV-A and Vis radiations could increase the photocatalytic efficiency of the samples. Higher efficiencies were obtained for the sample Ti_FTO (58.3% for Tr and 70.8% for Apd) and the sample Ti_Al (63.8% for Tr and 82.3% for Apd) using a mixture of three UV-A and one Vis sources (13.5 W/m2 and 41.85 μmol/(m2·s)). A kinetic evaluation revealed two different mechanisms of reaction: (a) a one-interval mechanism related to Apd removal by Ti_FTO, Ti_Al (scenarios 1, 4, 5, and 7), and Ti_G samples (scenario 7) and (b) a two-interval mechanism in all other cases.
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Covei M, Bogatu C, Perniu D, Tismanar I, Duta A. Comparative study on the photodegradation efficiency of organic pollutants using n-p multi-junction thin films. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Wang H, Wu Y, Feng M, Tu W, Xiao T, Xiong T, Ang H, Yuan X, Chew JW. Visible-light-driven removal of tetracycline antibiotics and reclamation of hydrogen energy from natural water matrices and wastewater by polymeric carbon nitride foam. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:215-225. [PMID: 30031366 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Water and energy are key sustainability issues that need to be addressed. Photocatalysis represents an attractive means to not only remediate polluted waters, but also harness solar energy. Unfortunately, the employment of photocatalysts remains a practical challenge in terms of high cost, low efficiency, secondary pollution and unexploited water matrices influence. This study investigated the feasibility of photocatalysis to both treat water and produce hydrogen with practical water systems. Polymeric carbon nitride foam (CNF) with large surface area and mesoporous structure was successfully prepared via the bubble-template effect of ammonium chloride decomposition during thermal condensation. The reaction kinetics, mechanisms, and effect of natural water matrices and wastewater on CNF-based photocatalytic removal of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) were systematically investigated. Furthermore, the efficiency of clean hydrogen energy from natural water matrices and wastewater was also evaluated. It was found that the photocatalytic performance of CNF for TC-HCl removal was principally affected by calcination temperature in the presence of NH4Cl. The degradation rates of CNF-4 (calcined at 550 °C) were approximately 1.84, 2.49 and 7.47 times than that of the CNF-2 (calcined at 600 °C), CNF-1 (calcined at 500 °C) and GCN (without NH4Cl), respectively. Results indicate that the improved photocatalytic performance was predominantly ascribed to the large specific surface area, increased availability of exposed active sites, and enhanced transport and separation efficiency of the photogenerated carrier. Based on electron spin resonance, chemical trapping experiment and density functional theory calculation, photoinduced oxidizing species (·O2- and holes) initially attacked the C-N-C fragment of TC molecules, which were finally mineralized to CO2, water and inorganic matters. Under the synergistic influence of water constituents (including acidity and alkalinity, ion species and dissolved organic substances), various water matrices greatly affected the degradation rate of TC-HCl, with the highest removal efficiency of 78.9% in natural seawater, followed by reservoir water (75.0%), tap water (62.3%), deionized water (49.8%), reverse osmosis concentrate (32.7%) and pharmaceutical wastewater (18.9%). Interestingly, low amounts of the emerging microplastics slightly improved TC-HCl removal, whereas high amounts (1.428 × 107 P/cm3) restricted removal due to light absorption and the intrinsic adsorption interaction. Moreover, the photocatalysts were able over repeated usage. Notably, the hydrogen yields rates of polymeric carbon nitride foam were 352.2, 299.8, 184.9 and 94.3 μmol/g/h in natural seawater, pharmaceutical wastewater, water from reservoir and tap water, respectively. This study proves the potential of novel nonmetal porous photocatalyst to simultaneously treat wastewater while converting solar energy into clean hydrogen energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Mingbao Feng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wenguang Tu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Tong Xiao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Ting Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Huixiang Ang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Jia Wei Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore; Singapore Membrane Technology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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