Control of Hg 0 and NO from coal-combustion flue gases using MnO x -CeO x /mesoporous SiO 2 from waste rice husk

Novel applications of vacuum distillation for heavy metals removal from wastewater, copper nitrate hydroxide recovery, and copper sulfide impregnated activated carbon synthesis for gaseous mercury adsorption

Hydrometallurgical processing of electronic waste produces copper (Cu)-containing wastewater. Recycling of Cu is thus crucial, as it reduces the Cu impact on the environment, and increases Cu sustainability in industry. Vacuum distillation provides excellent performance in both metals removal from aqueous solution, metal recovery, and metal impregnation to porous material. Thus, this work aimed to both utilize a vacuum distillation to remove heavy metals (Cu, Na, Ni, Zn and Fe) and recover copper nitrate hydroxide (Cu₂NO₃(OH)₃) from Cu-containing wastewater in industrial applications (e.g., mordant agent in dyeing and pigment for glass), as well as prepare copper sulfide (CuS) impregnated activated carbon for mercury (Hg⁰) adsorption. The experimental results indicated a vacuum distillation metals removal efficiency of over 99.99 % at 60 °C and -72 cm Hg. Additionally, the copper nitrate hydroxide (Cu₂NO₃(OH)₃) crystalline solid derived from the vacuum distillation process achieved 77 % purity, and the copper sulfide impregnated activated carbon (CuSAC) adsorbents were prepared by adding activated carbon (AC) during the vacuum distillation process. In adsorption tests, 50 % CuSAC exhibited the greatest gaseous mercury (Hg⁰) adsorption performance, and it was noted that a high adsorption temperature of 175 °C negatively impacted Hg⁰ adsorption of 50 % CuSAC due to mercury sulfide (HgS) decomposition. Furthermore, in a simulated flue gas (SFG) environment, Hg⁰ capture by CuSAC was shown to be slightly obstructed. In addition, mercury temperature-programmed desorption (Hg-TPD) identified that HgS was the dominant species among adsorbed Hg species of Hg-laden 50 % CuSAC, indicating that Hg⁰ capture of CuSAC was mainly facilitated by sulfur active sites. As such, the vacuum distillation technique proved to efficiently remove metals and leads to successful preparation of adsorbent for Hg. Therefore, the process is an effective treatment method for Cu-containing wastewater, and can be practically applied to capture or recycle Cu in the industry in the future.

Understanding the Role of Surface Oxygen in Hg Removal on Un-Doped and Mn/Fe-Doped CeO2 (111)

Effects of surface-adsorbed O and lattice O for the CeO₂ (111) surface on Hg removal has been researched. In this work, periodic calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were performed with the on-site Coulomb interaction. Hg is oxidized to HgO via the surface-adsorbed O by overcoming a Gibbs free energy barrier of 114.1 kJ·mol^-1 on the CeO₂ (111) surface. Mn and Fe doping reduce the activation Gibbs free energy for the Hg oxidation, and energies of 70.7 and 49.6 kJ·mol^-1 are needed on Ce_0.96 Mn_0.04 O₂ (111) and Ce_0.96 Fe_0.04 O₂ (111) surfaces. Additionally, lattice O also plays an important role in Hg removal. Hg cannot be oxidized leading to the formation of HgO on the un-doped CeO₂ (111) surface owing to the inertness of lattice O, which can be easily oxidized to HgO on Ce_0.96 Mn_0.04 O₂ (111) and Ce_0.96 Fe_0.04 O₂ (111) surfaces. It can be seen that both surface-adsorbed O and lattice O play important roles in removing Hg. The present study will shed light on understanding and developing Hg removal technology on un-doped and Mn/Fe-doped CeO₂ (111) catalysts. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Simultaneous removal of elemental mercury and NO by mercury induced thermophilic community in membrane biofilm reactor

Thermophilic membrane biofilm reactor (TMBR) for elemental mercury (Hg⁰) and NO removal in simulated flue gas was investigated at oxygen content of 6% and 60 °C. The performance, the microbial community structures, gene function and the mechanism for Hg⁰ and NO removal in the TMBR were evaluated. TMBR achieved effective simultaneous Hg⁰ and NO removal in 210 days of operation, Hg⁰ and NO removal efficiency were up to 88.9% and 85.3%, respectively. Mercury induced thermophilic community had been formed significantly. Comamonas, Pseudomonas, Desulfomicrobium, Burkholderia and Halomonas were thermophilic mercury resistant bacteria. Brucella, Paracoccus, Tepidiphilus, Proteobacteria, Pseudomonas and Symbiobacterium were nitrifying/denitrifying genera, and had functional genes of mercury and nitrogen metabolism, as shown by16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing. The biofilm in TMBR was characterized by XPS, HPLC. XPS and HPLC spectra indicate the formation of a mercuric species (Hg²⁺) from mercury oxidation. TMBR used oxygen as electron acceptor, NO and Hg⁰ as electron donor in nitrification; O₂, NO and NO₃^- could be used as electron acceptor and Hg⁰ as electron donor in denitrification.

Elemental mercury removal by a novel advanced oxidation process of ultraviolet/chlorite-ammonia: Mechanism and kinetics

A novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) of ultraviolet/chlorite-ammonia (UV/NaClO₂-NH₄OH) was developed to remove Hg⁰ from flue gas. The distribution of mercury concentration in three solutions of NaClO₂-NH₄OH, KCl, and H₂SO₄-KMnO₄ was determined by cold atom fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). The role of NH₄OH was to help NaClO₂ preserving and/or stabilizing Hg²⁺ meanwhile inhibiting the photo-production of ClO₂. In the absence of UV, decreasing pH promoted the release of Hg²⁺ from NaClO₂-NH₄OH; introducing NO, SO₂, O₂, Br^-, Cl^-, and HCO₃^- suppressed Hg⁰ oxidation. In the presence of UV, rising temperature accelerated the release of Hg²⁺ from NaClO₂-NH₄OH; while SO₂, Br^- and HCO₃^- facilitated Hg⁰ oxidation. In the absence and presence of UV, Hg⁰ oxidation was controlled by ClO₂^- and by ClO/Cl₂O₂/HO/ClO₂, respectively. The formations of ClO/HO/ClO₂ were confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the products of Hg⁰ and ClO₂^- were HgCl₂, and ClO₂, Cl-, ClO₃-, Cl₂, and ClO₄-, respectively. Analysis of kinetics showed that the Hatta numbers were 23-133 and 69-305 without and with UV, respectively, thus, the gas-film mass transfer was the rate-determining step. This paper gives a new insight in radical behavior in Hg⁰ oxidation.