1
|
Sendeku MG, Shifa TA, Dajan FT, Ibrahim KB, Wu B, Yang Y, Moretti E, Vomiero A, Wang F. Frontiers in Photoelectrochemical Catalysis: A Focus on Valuable Product Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308101. [PMID: 38341618 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalysis provides the most promising avenue for producing value-added chemicals and consumables from renewable precursors. Over the last decades, PEC catalysis, including reduction of renewable feedstock, oxidation of organics, and activation and functionalization of C─C and C─H bonds, are extensively investigated, opening new opportunities for employing the technology in upgrading readily available resources. However, several challenges still remain unsolved, hindering the commercialization of the process. This review offers an overview of PEC catalysis targeted at the synthesis of high-value chemicals from sustainable precursors. First, the fundamentals of evaluating PEC reactions in the context of value-added product synthesis at both anode and cathode are recalled. Then, the common photoelectrode fabrication methods that have been employed to produce thin-film photoelectrodes are highlighted. Next, the advancements are systematically reviewed and discussed in the PEC conversion of various feedstocks to produce highly valued chemicals. Finally, the challenges and prospects in the field are presented. This review aims at facilitating further development of PEC technology for upgrading several renewable precursors to value-added products and other pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshet Getaye Sendeku
- Ocean Hydrogen Energy R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Tofik Ahmed Shifa
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Fekadu Tsegaye Dajan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kassa Belay Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Binglan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Elisa Moretti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
| | - Fengmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adib MA, Sharmin F, Basith MA. Tuning the morphology, stability and optical properties of CsSnBr 3 nanocrystals through bismuth doping for visible-light-driven applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6194-6209. [PMID: 37941959 PMCID: PMC10628993 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, we have demonstrated the synthesis of lead-free CsSnBr3 (CSB) and 5 mol% bismuth (Bi) doped CSB (CSB'B) nanocrystals, with a stable cubic perovskite structure following a facile hot injection technique. The Bi substitution in CSB was found to play a vital role in reducing the size of the nanocrystals significantly, from 316 ± 93 to 87 ± 22 nm. Additionally, Bi doping has inhibited the oxidation of Sn2+ of CSB perovskite. A reduction in the optical band gap from 1.89 to 1.73 eV was observed for CSB'B and the PL intensity was quenched due to the introduction of the Bi3+ dopant. To demonstrate one of the visible-light-driven applications of the nanocrystals, photodegradation experiments were carried out as a test case. Interestingly, under UV-vis irradiation, the degradation efficiency of CSB'B was roughly one order lower than that of P25 titania nanoparticles; however, it was almost five times higher when driven by visible light under identical conditions. The water stability of CSB'B perovskite and suppression of the oxidative degradation of Sn were confirmed through XRD and XPS analyses after photocatalysis. Moreover, by employing experimental parameters, DFT-based first-principles calculations were performed, which demonstrated an excellent qualitative agreement between experimental and theoretical outcomes. The as-synthesized Bi-doped CSB might be a stable halide perovskite with potential in visible-light-driven applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Asif Adib
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Sharmin
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
| | - M A Basith
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu K, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Zhu M, Chen H. Recent Progress and Perspectives on Photocathode Materials for CO 2 Catalytic Reduction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101683. [PMID: 37242099 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The continuous consumption of fossil energy and excessive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have caused a serious energy crisis and led to the greenhouse effect. Using natural resources to convert CO2 into fuel or high-value chemicals is considered to be an effective solution. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalysis utilizes abundant solar energy resources, combined with the advantages of photocatalysis (PC) and electrocatalysis (EC), to achieve efficient CO2 conversion. In this review, the basic principles and evaluation criteria, of PEC catalytic reduction to CO2 (PEC CO2RR), are introduced. Next, the recent research progress on typical kinds of photocathode materials for CO2 reduction are reviewed, and the structure-function relationships between material composition/structure and activity/selectivity are discussed. Finally, the possible catalytic mechanisms and the challenges of using PEC to reduce CO2 are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sahu AK, Zhao XS, Upadhyayula S. Ceria-based photocatalysts in water-splitting for hydrogen production and carbon dioxide reduction. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2023.2166227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aloka Kumar Sahu
- The University of Queensland−IIT Delhi Academy of Research (UQIDAR), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiu Song Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sreedevi Upadhyayula
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou B, Li J, Dong X, Yao L. GaN nanowires/Si photocathodes for CO2 reduction towards solar fuels and chemicals: advances, challenges, and prospects. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
6
|
Dourado AH, Silva-Jr NA, Neves-Garcia T, Braga AH, Rossi LM, de.Torresi SIC. Boosting SO2 electrocatalytic oxidation reaction on highly dispersed subnanometric Au/TiO2 catalyst. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
7
|
Devi P, Verma R, Singh JP. Advancement in electrochemical, photocatalytic, and photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction: Recent progress in the role of oxygen vacancies in catalyst design. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Myltykbayeva ZK, Seysembekova A, Moreno BM, Sánchez-Tovar R, Fernández-Domene RM, Vidal-Moya A, Solsona B, López Nieto JM. V-Porphyrins Encapsulated or Supported on Siliceous Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoelectrochemical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7473. [PMID: 36363063 PMCID: PMC9658604 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrin-containing mesoporous materials, named VTPP@SBA, were prepared via a simple anchoring of vanadyl porphyrin (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine vanadium(IV) oxide) through a SBA-15-type mesoporous material. For comparison, vanadyl porphyrin was also impregnated on SiO2 (VTPP/SiO2). The characterization results of catalysts by XRD, FTIR, DR-UV-vis, and EPR confirm the incorporation of vanadyl porphyrin within the mesoporous SBA-15. These catalysts have also been studied using electrochemical and photoelectrochemical methods. Impedance measurements confirmed that supporting the porphyrin in silica improved the electrical conductivity of samples. In fact, when using mesoporous silica, current densities associated with oxidation/reduction processes appreciably increased, implying an enhancement in charge transfer processes and, therefore, in electrochemical performance. All samples presented n-type semiconductivity and provided an interesting photoelectrocatalytic response upon illumination, especially silica-supported porphyrins. This is the first time that V-porphyrin-derived materials have been tested for photoelectrochemical applications, showing good potential for this use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhannur K. Myltykbayeva
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Anar Seysembekova
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Beatriz M. Moreno
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rita Sánchez-Tovar
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat de València, Av. de les Universitats, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ramón M. Fernández-Domene
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat de València, Av. de les Universitats, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vidal-Moya
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Benjamín Solsona
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat de València, Av. de les Universitats, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - José M. López Nieto
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tang B, Xiao FX. An Overview of Solar-Driven Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Conversion to Chemical Fuels. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Fang-Xing Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, New Campus, Minhou, Fujian Province 350108, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Biswal T, Shadangi KP, Sarangi PK, Srivastava RK. Conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134299. [PMID: 35304218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review explains the various methods of conversion of Carbon dioxide (CO2) to methanol by using homogenous, heterogeneous catalysts through hydrogenation, photochemical, electrochemical, and photo-electrochemical techniques. Since, CO2 is the major contributor to global warming, its utilization for the production of fuels and chemicals is one of the best ways to save our environment in a sustainable manner. However, as the CO2 is very stable and less reactive, a proper method and catalyst development is most important to break the CO2 bond to produce valuable chemicals like methanol. Litertaure says the catalyt types, ratio and it surface structure along with the temperature and pressure are the most controlling parameters to optimize the process for the production of methanol from CO2. This article explains about the various controlling parameters of synthesis of Methanol from CO2 along with the advantages and drawbacks of each process. The mechanism of each synthesis process in presence of metal supported catalyst is described. Basically the activity of Cu supported catalyst and its stability based on the activity for the methanol synthesis from CO2 through various methods is critically described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trinath Biswal
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla. Sambalpur, Odisha, 768018, India
| | - Krushna Prasad Shadangi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla. Sambalpur, Odisha, 768018, India.
| | - Prakash Kumar Sarangi
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur, 795004, India.
| | - Rajesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) Deemed to Be University, Gandhinagar, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530 045, AP, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chu S, Rashid RT, Pan Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Xiao R. The impact of flue gas impurities and concentrations on the photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Photoelectrocatalysis for high-value-added chemicals production. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
13
|
Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nandal N, Jain SL. A review on progress and perspective of molecular catalysis in photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
15
|
Zhao E, Du K, Yin P, Ran J, Mao J, Ling T, Qiao S. Advancing Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion through Atomic Design of Catalysts. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104363. [PMID: 34850603 PMCID: PMC8728826 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Powered by inexhaustible solar energy, photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen/ammonia production and reduction of carbon dioxide to high added-value chemicals in eco-friendly and mild conditions provide a highly attractive solution to carbon neutrality. Recently, substantial advances have been achieved in PEC systems by improving light absorption and charge separation/transfer in PEC devices. However, less attention is given to the atomic design of photoelectrocatalysts to facilitate the final catalytic reactions occurring at photoelectrode surface, which largely limits the overall photo-to-energy conversion of PEC system. Fundamental catalytic mechanisms and recent progress in atomic design of PEC materials are comprehensively reviewed by engineering of defect, dopant, facet, strain, and single atom to enhance the activity and selectivity. Finally, the emerging challenges and research directions in design of PEC systems for future photo-to-energy conversions are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erling Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Kun Du
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Peng‐Fei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Jingrun Ran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced MaterialsThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSA5005Australia
| | - Jing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Tao Ling
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Shi‐Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced MaterialsThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSA5005Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang T, Han X, Nguyen NT, Yang L, Zhou X. TiO2-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction and solar fuel generation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)64045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
17
|
Chae SY, Kim Y, Park ED, Im SH, Joo OS. CuInS 2 Photocathodes with Atomic Gradation-Controlled (Ta,Mo) x(O,S) y Passivation Layers for Efficient Photoelectrochemical H 2 Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58447-58457. [PMID: 34450006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An atomic gradient passivation layer, (Ta,Mo)x(O,S)y, is designed to improve the charge transportation and photoelectrochemical activity of CuInS2-based photoelectrodes. We found that Mo spontaneously diffused to the a-TaOx layer during e-beam evaporation. This result indicates that the gradient profile of MoOx/TaOx is formed in the sublayer of (Ta,Mo)x(O,S)y. To understand the atomic-gradation effects of the (Ta,Mo)x(O,S)y passive layer, the composition and (photo)electrochemical properties have been characterized in detail. When this atomic gradient-passive layer is applied to CuInS2-based photocathodes, promising photocurrent and onset potential are seen without using Pt cocatalysts. This is one of the highest activities among reported CuInS2 photocathodes, which are not combined with noble metal cocatalysts. Excellent photoelectrochemical activity of the photoelectrode can be mainly achieved by (1) the electron transient time improved due to the conductive Mo-incorporated TaOx layer and (2) the boosted electrocatalytic activity by Mox(O,S)y formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Youn Chae
- Institute of NT-IT Fusion Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoolim Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Duck Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Im
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Shim Joo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu X, Luo X, Tan JZ, Maroto-Valer MM. Simulation of CO2 photoreduction in a twin reactor by multiphysics models. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
19
|
Bellardita M, Loddo V, Parrino F, Palmisano L. (Photo)electrocatalytic Versus Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vittorio Loddo
- Engineering Department University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Francesco Parrino
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ye S, Chen Y, Yao X, Zhang J. Simultaneous removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals in wastewater by photoelectrocatalysis: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128503. [PMID: 33070977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a powerful technique by combining photocatalysis with electrochemistry, photoelectrocatalysis has been extensively explored to simultaneously remove mixed pollutants of organic and heavy metal in wastewater in the past decade. In the photoelectrocatalytic system, the bias potential can remarkably promote the oxidation of organic pollutants on the photoanode by suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and extending the lifetime of photogenerated holes. Meanwhile, some photogenerated electrons are driven by the bias potential to the cathode to reduce heavy metals. In this review, we summarize the research advances in photoelectrocatalytic treatment of organic-heavy metal mixed pollution systems under UV light, visible light and sunlight. We demonstrate the main operation variables affecting the photoelectrocatalytic removal processes of organic pollutants and heavy metals. The problems for utilization of solar energy in photoelectrocatalysis are discussed. Finally, this review proposes the perspectives for future development of photoelectrocatalysis to industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangshi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoling Yao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peramaiah K, Ramalingam V, Fu HC, Alsabban MM, Ahmad R, Cavallo L, Tung V, Huang KW, He JH. Optically and Electrocatalytically Decoupled Si Photocathodes with a Porous Carbon Nitride Catalyst for Nitrogen Reduction with Over 61.8% Faradaic Efficiency. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100812. [PMID: 33792108 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectrochemical (PEC) approach is attractive as a promising route for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) toward ammonia (NH3 ) synthesis. However, the challenges in synergistic management of optical, electrical, and catalytic properties have limited the efficiency of PEC NRR devices. Herein, to enhance light-harvesting, carrier separation/transport, and the catalytic reactions, a concept of decoupling light-harvesting and electrocatalysis by employing a cascade n+ np+ -Si photocathode is implemented. Such a decoupling design not only abolishes the parasitic light blocking but also concurrently improves the optical and electrical properties of the n+ np+ -Si photocathode without compromising the efficiency. Experimental and density functional theory studies reveal that the porous architecture and N-vacancies promote N2 adsorption of the Au/porous carbon nitride (PCN) catalyst. Impressively, an n+ np+ -Si photocathode integrating the Au/PCN catalyst exhibits an outstanding PEC NRR performance with maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 61.8% and NH3 production yield of 13.8 µg h-1 cm-2 at -0.10 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is the highest FE at low applied potential ever reported for the PEC NRR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Peramaiah
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinoth Ramalingam
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hui-Chun Fu
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Merfat M Alsabban
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafia Ahmad
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Tung
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jr-Hau He
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, SAR 999077, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dong WJ, Lim JW, Hong DM, Kim J, Park JY, Cho WS, Baek S, Lee JL. Grain Boundary Engineering of Cu-Ag Thin-Film Catalysts for Selective (Photo)Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction to CO and CH 4. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18905-18913. [PMID: 33848138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between grain boundary (GB) oxidation of Cu-Ag thin-film catalysts and selectivity of the (photo)electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR). The change in the thickness of the Cu thin film accompanies the variation of GB density, and the Ag layer (3 nm) has an island-like morphology on the Cu thin film. Therefore, oxygen from ambient air penetrates into the Cu thin film through the GB of Cu and binds with it because the uncoordinated Cu atoms at the GBs are unstable. It was found that the Cu thin film with a small grain size was susceptible to spontaneous oxidation and degraded the faradaic efficiency (FE) of CO and CH4. However, a relatively thick (≥80 nm) Cu layer was effective in preventing the GB oxidation and realized catalytic properties similar to those of bulk Cu-Ag catalysts. The optimized Cu (100 nm)-Ag (3 nm) thin film exhibited a unique bifunctional characteristic, which enables selective production of both CO (FECO = 79.8%) and CH4 (FECH4 = 59.3%) at a reductive potential of -1.0 and -1.4 VRHE, respectively. Moreover, the Cu-Ag thin film was used as a cocatalyst for photo-electrochemical CO2 reduction by patterning the Cu-Ag thin film and a SiO2 passivation layer on a p-type Si photocathode. This novel architecture improved the selectivity of CO and CH4 under light illumination (100 mW/cm2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Jae Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Dae Myung Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Won Seok Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sangwon Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jong-Lam Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vinoth S, Ong WJ, Pandikumar A. Sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride incorporated bismuth oxychloride/Cobalt based type-II heterojunction as a highly stable material for photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 591:85-95. [PMID: 33592528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt incorporated sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride with bismuth oxychloride (Co/S-gC3N4/BiOCl) heterojunction is prepared by an ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal treatment. The heterojunction materials have employed in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The PEC activity and stability of the materials are promoted by constructing an interface between the visible light active semiconductor photocatalyst and cocatalysts. The photocurrent density of Co-9% S-gC3N4/BiOCl has attained 393.0 μA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is 7-fold larger than BiOCl and ~3-fold higher than 9% S-gC3N4/BiOCl. The enhanced PEC activity can be attributed to the improved electron-hole charge separation and the boosted charge transfer is confirmed by photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The fabricated Co/S-gC3N4/BiOCl nanohybrid material has exhibited high stability of up to 10,800 s (3 h) at 1.23 V vs. RHE during PEC water splitting reaction and the obtained photo-conversion efficiency is 3.7-fold greater than S-gC3N4/BiOCl and 17-fold higher than BiOCl. The FESEM and HRTEM images have revealed the formation of heterojunction interface between S-gC3N4 and BiOCl and the elemental mapping has confirmed the presence of cobalt over S-gC3N4/BiOCl. The heterojunction interface has facilitated the photo-excited charge separation and transport across the electrode/electrolyte interface and also the flat-band potential, which is confirmed by Mott-Schottky analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vinoth
- Electro Organic and Materials Electrochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Wee-Jun Ong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sansuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - A Pandikumar
- Electro Organic and Materials Electrochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Recent Developments in the Use of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst Based Materials for a Visible-Light-Induced Water-Splitting System—A Brief Review. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic water splitting systems featuring heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts (oxynitrides, oxysulfides, organophotocatalysts) signify an environmentally friendly and promising approach for the manufacturing of renewable hydrogen fuel. Semiconducting electrode materials as the main constituents in the PEC water splitting system have substantial effects on the device’s solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency. Given the complication of the photocatalysis and photoelectrolysis methods, it is indispensable to include the different electrocatalytic materials for advancing visible-light-driven water splitting, considered a difficult challenge. Heterogeneous semiconductor-based materials with narrower bandgaps (2.5 to 1.9 eV), equivalent to the theoretical STH efficiencies ranging from 9.3% to 20.9%, are recognized as new types of photoabsorbents to engage as photoelectrodes for PEC water oxidation and have fascinated much consideration. Herein, we spotlight mainly on heterogenous semiconductor-based photoanode materials for PEC water splitting. Different heterogeneous photocatalysts based materials are emphasized in different groups, such as oxynitrides, oxysulfides, and organic solids. Lastly, the design approach and future developments regarding heterogeneous photocatalysts oxide electrodes for PEC applications and photocatalytic applications are also discussed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Vasilyev DV, Dyson PJ. The Role of Organic Promoters in the Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Vasilyev
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zheng H, Zhang S, Liu X, O'Mullane AP. The application and improvement of TiO 2 (titanate) based nanomaterials for the photoelectrochemical conversion of CO 2 and N 2 into useful products. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the photoelectrochemical (PEC) transformation of atmospheric species such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) into useful industrial products on TiO2 and TiO2 composite photoelectrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hejie Zheng
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng
- P.R. China
| | - Si Zhang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng
- P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng
- P.R. China
| | - Anthony P. O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shit SC, Shown I, Paul R, Chen KH, Mondal J, Chen LC. Integrated nano-architectured photocatalysts for photochemical CO 2 reduction. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23301-23332. [PMID: 33107552 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05884j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology, especially the development of integrated nanostructured materials, have offered unprecedented opportunities for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Compared to bulk semiconductor photocatalysts, most of these nanostructured photocatalysts offer at least one advantage in areas such as photogenerated carrier kinetics, light absorption, and active surface area, supporting improved photochemical reaction efficiencies. In this review, we briefly cover the cutting-edge research activities in the area of integrated nanostructured catalysts for photochemical CO2 reduction, including aqueous and gas-phase reactions. Primarily explored are the basic principles of tailor-made nanostructured composite photocatalysts and how nanostructuring influences photochemical performance. Specifically, we summarize the recent developments related to integrated nanostructured materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, mainly in the following five categories: carbon-based nano-architectures, metal-organic frameworks, covalent-organic frameworks, conjugated porous polymers, and layered double hydroxide-based inorganic hybrids. Besides the technical aspects of nanostructure-enhanced catalytic performance in photochemical CO2 reduction, some future research trends and promising strategies are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chandra Shit
- Catalysis & Fine Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oh S, Kang H, Joo W, Joo Y. Photoelectrochemical CO
2
Reduction via Cu
2
O/CuFeO
2
Hierarchical nanorods photocatalyst. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang‐Ho Oh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu 151-744 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ho‐Young Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu 151-744 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Won‐Hyo Joo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu 151-744 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Chang Joo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu 151-744 Seoul Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu 151-742 Seoul Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Paul B, Manwar N, Bhanja P, Sellaiyan S, Sharma SK, Khatun R, Jain S, Bal R. Morphology controlled synthesis of 2D heterostructure Ag/WO3 nanocomposites for enhanced photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction performance. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Hossain SS, Tarek M, Munusamy TD, Rezaul Karim KM, Roopan SM, Sarkar SM, Cheng CK, Rahman Khan MM. Facile synthesis of CuO/CdS heterostructure photocatalyst for the effective degradation of dye under visible light. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109803. [PMID: 32590149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photocatalytic property of p-type CuO was tailored by creating a heterojunction with n-type CdS. The CuO/CdS nanocomposite photocatalyst was synthesized by the ultrasound-assisted-wet-impregnation method and the physicochemical and optical properties of the catalysts were evaluated by using N2 physisorption, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) mapping, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy experiments. Detailed characterization revealed the formation of a nanocomposite with a remarkable improvement in the charge carrier (electron/hole) separation. The photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of CuO and CuO/CdS were investigated for different dyes, for instance, rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MLB), methyl blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. The obtained dye degradation efficiencies were ~93%, ~75%, ~83% and ~80%, respectively. The quantum yield for RhB degradation under visible light was 6.5 × 10-5. Reusability tests revealed that the CuO/CdS photocatalyst was recyclable up to four times. The possible mechanisms for the photocatalytic dye degradation over CuO/CdS nanocomposite were elucidated by utilizing various scavengers. Through these studies, it can be confirmed that the conduction band edges of CuO and CdS play a significant role in producing O2-. The produced O2- degraded the dye molecules in the bulk solution whereas the valence band position of CuO acted as the water oxidation site. In conclusion, the incorporation of CuO with CdS was demonstrated to be a viable strategy for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of dyes in aqueous solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sk Safdar Hossain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa Tarek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Thurga Devi Munusamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Kaykobad Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Selvaraj Mohana Roopan
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, 632 014, India
| | - Shaheen M Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94, Ireland
| | - Chin Kui Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Md Maksudur Rahman Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cushing SK, Porter IJ, de Roulet BR, Lee A, Marsh BM, Szoke S, Vaida ME, Leone SR. Layer-resolved ultrafast extreme ultraviolet measurement of hole transport in a Ni-TiO 2-Si photoanode. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay6650. [PMID: 32284972 PMCID: PMC7124930 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide semiconductor junctions are central to most electronic and optoelectronic devices, but ultrafast measurements of carrier transport have been limited to device-average measurements. Here, charge transport and recombination kinetics in each layer of a Ni-TiO2-Si junction is measured using the element specificity of broadband extreme ultraviolet (XUV) ultrafast pulses. After silicon photoexcitation, holes are inferred to transport from Si to Ni ballistically in ~100 fs, resulting in characteristic spectral shifts in the XUV edges. Meanwhile, the electrons remain on Si. After picoseconds, the transient hole population on Ni is observed to back-diffuse through the TiO2, shifting the Ti spectrum to a higher oxidation state, followed by electron-hole recombination at the Si-TiO2 interface and in the Si bulk. Electrical properties, such as the hole diffusion constant in TiO2 and the initial hole mobility in Si, are fit from these transient spectra and match well with values reported previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott K. Cushing
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ilana J. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bethany R. de Roulet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angela Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett M. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Szilard Szoke
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mihai E. Vaida
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kalamaras E, Wang H, Mercedes Maroto‐Valer M, Andresen JM, Xuan J. Theoretical Efficiency Limits of Photoelectrochemical CO
2
Reduction: A Route‐Dependent Thermodynamic Analysis. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:232-239. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kalamaras
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS United Kingdom
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringImperial College London London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - M. Mercedes Maroto‐Valer
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS United Kingdom
| | - John M. Andresen
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS United Kingdom
| | - Jin Xuan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringLoughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
CO2 emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels are continuously increasing, thus impacting Earth’s climate. In this context, intensive research efforts are being dedicated to develop materials that can effectively reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere and convert CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels, thus contributing to sustainable energy and meeting the increase in energy demand. The development of clean energy by conversion technologies is of high priority to circumvent these challenges. Among the various methods that include photoelectrochemical, high-temperature conversion, electrocatalytic, biocatalytic, and organocatalytic reactions, photocatalytic CO2 reduction has received great attention because of its potential to efficiently reduce the level of CO2 in the atmosphere by converting it into fuels and value-added chemicals. Among the reported CO2 conversion catalysts, perovskite oxides catalyze redox reactions and exhibit high catalytic activity, stability, long charge diffusion lengths, compositional flexibility, and tunable band gap and band edge. This review focuses on recent advances and future prospects in the design and performance of perovskites for CO2 conversion, particularly emphasizing on the structure of the catalysts, defect engineering and interface tuning at the nanoscale, and conversion technologies and rational approaches for enhancing CO2 transformation to value-added chemicals and chemical feedstocks.
Collapse
|
34
|
Jiang H, Gong S, Xu S, Shi P, Fan J, Cecen V, Xu Q, Min Y. Bimetal composites for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO in the near-infrared region by the SPR effect. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5074-5086. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04935e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in the field of photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction is to design catalyst systems featuring high selectivity for CO production, long-term stability and a composition of Earth-abundant elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power
- Shanghai University of Electric Power
- Shanghai 200090
- P.R. China
| | - Shuaiqi Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power
- Shanghai University of Electric Power
- Shanghai 200090
- P.R. China
| | - Shu Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power
- Shanghai University of Electric Power
- Shanghai 200090
- P.R. China
| | - Penghui Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power
- Shanghai University of Electric Power
- Shanghai 200090
- P.R. China
| | - Jinchen Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power
- Shanghai University of Electric Power
- Shanghai 200090
- P.R. China
| | - Volkan Cecen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - QunJie Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power
- Shanghai University of Electric Power
- Shanghai 200090
- P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security
| | - YuLin Min
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power
- Shanghai University of Electric Power
- Shanghai 200090
- P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
de Brito JF, Genovese C, Tavella F, Ampelli C, Boldrin Zanoni MV, Centi G, Perathoner S. CO 2 Reduction of Hybrid Cu 2 O-Cu/Gas Diffusion Layer Electrodes and their Integration in a Cu-based Photoelectrocatalytic Cell. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4274-4284. [PMID: 31361396 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cu2 O/gas diffusion layer (GDL) electrodes prepared by electrodeposition were studied for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 . The designed electrode was also tested in solar-light-induced CO2 conversion in combination with a CuO/NtTiO2 photoanode using a compact photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) cell. Both PEC cell electrodes were prepared using non-critical raw materials and low cost, easily scalable procedures. In the PEC experiments, a total carbon faradaic selectivity of about 90 % to formate and about 75 % to acetate was obtained after 24 h of operations without application of potential/current or using sacrificial agents. In electrocatalytic tests of CO2 reduction at -1.5 V, the same electrode yielded high total faradaic selectivity (>95 %) but formed selectively formate (about 80 % selectivity) rather than acetate. The in situ transformation of the Cu2 O/GDL electrode leads to the formation of a hybrid Cu2 O-Cu/GDL system. Cyclic voltammetry data indicate that the potential and the presence of CO2 (not only of HCO3 - species) are both important elements in this transformation. Data also indicate that the surface concentration of CO2 (or of its products of transformation) on the electrode is an important factor to determine performance in the conversion of CO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ferreira de Brito
- University of Messina, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, Departments ChiBioFarAm and MIFT, viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
- Institute of Chemistry-Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Francisco Degni, 55, Bairro Quitandinha, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Chiara Genovese
- University of Messina, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, Departments ChiBioFarAm and MIFT, viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Tavella
- University of Messina, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, Departments ChiBioFarAm and MIFT, viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudio Ampelli
- University of Messina, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, Departments ChiBioFarAm and MIFT, viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni
- Institute of Chemistry-Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Francisco Degni, 55, Bairro Quitandinha, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Centi
- University of Messina, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, Departments ChiBioFarAm and MIFT, viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Siglinda Perathoner
- University of Messina, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, Departments ChiBioFarAm and MIFT, viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sangiorgi N, Tuci G, Sanson A, Peruzzini M, Giambastiani G. Metal-free carbon-based materials for electrocatalytic and photo-electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-019-00830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
37
|
Roselin LS, Juang RS, Hsieh CT, Sagadevan S, Umar A, Selvin R, Hegazy HH. Recent Advances and Perspectives of Carbon-Based Nanostructures as Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1229. [PMID: 30991665 PMCID: PMC6515220 DOI: 10.3390/ma12081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries are attractive power storage equipment for a broad diversity of applications. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are widely used the superior rechargeable battery in portable electronics. The increasing needs in portable electronic devices require improved Li-ion batteries with excellent results over many discharge-recharge cycles. One important approach to ensure the electrodes' integrity is by increasing the storage capacity of cathode and anode materials. This could be achieved using nanoscale-sized electrode materials. In the article, we review the recent advances and perspectives of carbon nanomaterials as anode material for Lithium-ion battery applications. The first section of the review presents the general introduction, industrial use, and working principles of Li-ion batteries. It also demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials and challenges to utilize nanomaterials for Li-ion battery applications. The second section of the review describes the utilization of various carbon-based nanomaterials as anode materials for Li-ion battery applications. The last section presents the conclusion and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Selva Roselin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911 Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ruey-Shin Juang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou-33305, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Te Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, Taoyuan-32003, Taiwan.
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur-50603, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rosilda Selvin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Sandip University, Trimbak Road, Mahiravani, Nashik, Maharashtra 422213, India.
| | - Hosameldin H Hegazy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha -61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kalamaras E, Maroto-Valer MM, Andresen JM, Wang H, Xuan J. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Efficiency of Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction to Ethanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Luo X, Xuan J, Fernandez ES, Maroto-Valer MM. Modeling and simulation for photoelectrochemical CO2 utilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Kalamaras E, Belekoukia M, Tan JZY, Xuan J, Maroto-Valer MM, Andresen J. A microfluidic photoelectrochemical cell for solar-driven CO2 conversion into liquid fuels with CuO-based photocathodes. Faraday Discuss 2019; 215:329-344. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Schematic representation of photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction set-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kalamaras
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Meltiani Belekoukia
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Jeannie Z. Y. Tan
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Jin Xuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough
- UK
| | - M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - John M. Andresen
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS)
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ochirkhuyag A, Tóth IY, Kormányos A, Janáky C, Kónya Z. Composition-Dependent Optical and Photoelectrochemical Behavior of Antimony Oxide Iodides. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0311905jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
42
|
Chu S, Ou P, Ghamari P, Vanka S, Zhou B, Shih I, Song J, Mi Z. Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction into Syngas with the Metal/Oxide Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7869-7877. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Pengfei Ou
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Pegah Ghamari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Srinivas Vanka
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Baowen Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Ishiang Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Zetian Mi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|