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Zhang W, Zhao H, Song H, Chou L. Unbounding the Future: Designing NiAl-Based Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Methane. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400503. [PMID: 38842469 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Dry reforming of methane (DRM), the catalytic conversion of CH4 and CO2 into syngas (H2+CO), is an important process closely correlated to the environment and chemical industry. NiAl-based catalysts have been reported to exhibit excellent activity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. At the same time, the rapid deactivation caused by carbon deposition, Ni sintering, and phase transformation exerts great challenges for its large-scale applications. This review summarizes the recent advances in NiAl-based catalysts for DRM, particularly focusing on the strategies to construct efficient and stable NiAl-based catalysts. Firstly, the thermodynamics and elementary steps of DRM, including the activation of reactants and coke formation and elimination, are summarized. The roles of Al2O3 and its mixed oxides as the support, and the influences of the promoters employed in NiAl-based catalysts over the DRM performance, are then illustrated. Finally, the design of anti-coking and anti-sintering NiAl-based catalysts for DRM is suggested as feasible and promising by tailoring the structure and states of Ni and the modification of Al-based supports including small Ni size, high Ni dispersion, proper basicity, strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), active oxygen species as well as high phase stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhang
- Wenzheng Zhang, Huahua Zhao, Huanling Song, Lingjun Chou, State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Wenzheng Zhang, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huahua Zhao
- Wenzheng Zhang, Huahua Zhao, Huanling Song, Lingjun Chou, State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Huanling Song
- Wenzheng Zhang, Huahua Zhao, Huanling Song, Lingjun Chou, State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Lingjun Chou
- Wenzheng Zhang, Huahua Zhao, Huanling Song, Lingjun Chou, State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
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2
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Phichairatanaphong O, Yigit N, Rupprechter G, Chareonpanich M, Donphai W. Highly Efficient Conversion of Greenhouse Gases Using a Quadruple Mixed Oxide-Supported Nickel Catalyst in Reforming Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:16254-16267. [PMID: 37841414 PMCID: PMC10571087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The greenhouse gas reduction as well as the utilization of more renewable and clean energy via a dry reforming reaction is of interest. The impact of a CeMgZnAl oxide quad-blend-supported Ni catalyst on performance and anticoking during dry reforming reactions at 700 °C was studied. A high Ce-Mg/Zn ratio, as seen in the CeMg0.5ZnAl-supported nickel catalyst, enhances lattice oxygen, and the presence of strong basic sites, along with the creation of the carbonate intermediate species, is accompanied by the production of gaseous CO through a gasification reaction between the carbon species and Ni-COads-lin site. The phenomena caused the outstanding performance of the Ni/CeMg0.5ZnAl catalyst-CH4 (84%),CO2 (83%) conversions, and the H2/CO (0.80) ratio; moreover, its activity was also stable throughout 30 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orrakanya Phichairatanaphong
- KU-Green
Catalysts Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nevzat Yigit
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology, Getreidemarkt
9/BC/01, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology, Getreidemarkt
9/BC/01, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Metta Chareonpanich
- KU-Green
Catalysts Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural
Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Waleeporn Donphai
- KU-Green
Catalysts Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center
for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural
Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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3
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Rosli SNA, Abidin SZ, Osazuwa OU, Fan X, Jiao Y. The effect of oxygen mobility/vacancy on carbon gasification in nano catalytic dry reforming of methane: A review. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Varjani S. Efficient removal of tar employing dolomite catalyst in gasification: Challenges and opportunities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155721. [PMID: 35525358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fossil fuels are currently the dominant source of electricity and energy production around the world. Biomass is one of the most referred renewable carbonaceous resource(s) that can be employed for the waste-to-energy concept. Syngas obtained from biomass gasification can be utilized for a variety of key industrial purposes, including internal gasification engine operation, power generation, and hydrocarbon compound production using the Fisher-Tropsch technique. However, the existence of impurities such as hydrogen sulfide, tar, and particulate matter along with other undesirable chemicals present in syngas are major disadvantages of biomass gasification. Tar is the most difficult among all the pollutants to be removed from syngas; it also causes serious problems in downstream syngas applications. For decades, studies have been performed with various catalysts to remove the tar. Dolomite has shown positive response for tar elimination and hydrogen-enriched gas production. Several studies have been carried out on dolomite for eliminating the tar from syngas. This review encompasses sources of solid waste, the mechanism of catalysis, and in-situ and ex-situ usage of dolomite in the gasification process. It addresses the key issues such as fragmentation and attrition, elutriation, and coke formation along with dolomite's usefulness in amalgamation with other catalysts, environmental consequences, and economic viability of dolomite applications. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities for tar removal using catalysts, with a specific focus on dolomite along with economic and environmental sustainability considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India.
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5
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Chatla A, Almanassra IW, Kallem P, Atieh MA, Alawadhi H, Akula V, Banat F. Dry (CO2) reforming of methane over zirconium promoted Ni-MgO mixed oxide catalyst: Effect of Zr addition. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Bezerra DM, Ferreira GR, Assaf EM. Catalysts applied in biogas reforming: phases behavior study during the H2 reduction and dry reforming by in situ X-ray diffraction. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Dai H, Zhu Y, Xiong S, Xiao X, Huang L, Deng J, Zhou C. Dry Reforming of Methane over Ni/MgO@Al Catalysts with Unique Features of Sandwich Structure. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dai
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 China
- Department of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yongqing Zhu
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Lihong Huang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 China
| | - Jie Deng
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Changjian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng Jiangsu Province 224051 China
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Zhang S, Tang L, Yu J, Zhan W, Wang L, Guo Y, Guo Y. Spherical Ni Nanoparticles Supported by Nanosheet-Assembled Al 2O 3 for Dry Reforming of CH 4: Elucidating the Induction Period and Its Excellent Resistance to Coking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58605-58618. [PMID: 34866393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design and preparation of efficient coking-resistant catalysts for dry reforming of methane (DRM) is significant for industrial applications but a challenge for supported Ni catalysts. Nanosheet-assembled Al2O3 (NA-Al2O3) with hierarchical hollow microspheres was used to support Ni nanoparticles, which exhibits superior long-time stability and coking resistance for the DRM reaction from 700 to 800 °C without coke deposition. Active Ni species, exsolved from NiAl2O4 spinel, are aggregated into Ni nanoparticles and finally stabilize as spherical Ni nanoparticles of 18.0 nm due to the spatial confinement of hierarchical hollow microspheres of the NA-Al2O3 support after the DRM reaction for 60 h. The catalytic activity in the induction period of the Ni/(NA-Al2O3) catalyst increases because of the enhancement of the surface Ni0/(Ni0+Ni2+) ratio, that is, the increment of the amount of active Ni sites. The spherical Ni nanoparticles embedded in the NA-Al2O3 support, superior CO2 adsorption ability, and more surface hydroxyl groups on the Ni/(NA-Al2O3) catalyst are the determining factors for its long-time stability and excellent anti-coking for the DRM reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Wangcheng Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yanglong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Kim KY, Lee JH, Lee H, Noh WY, Kim EH, Ra EC, Kim SK, An K, Lee JS. Layered Double Hydroxide-Derived Intermetallic Ni 3GaC 0.25 Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Methane. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Young Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Yeong Noh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyup Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Cheol Ra
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ki Kim
- Chemical & Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjin An
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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Xue Y, Xu L, Chen M, Wu CE, Cheng G, Wang N, Hu X. Constructing Ni-based confinement catalysts with advanced performances toward the CO 2 reforming of CH 4: state-of-the-art review and perspectives. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01039e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Ni-based confinement catalysts has been proposed and developed to address the challenge of the thermal sintering of metallic Ni active sites during CRM by the space and/or lattice confinement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 210044, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 210044, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 210044, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Cai-e Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Ge Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 210044, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P.R. China
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China
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11
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Smart Designs of Anti-Coking and Anti-Sintering Ni-Based Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Methane: A Recent Review. REACTIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions1020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction has drawn much interest due to the reduction of greenhouse gases and production of syngas. Coking and sintering have hindered the large-scale operations of Ni-based catalysts in DRM reactions at high temperatures. Smart designs of Ni-based catalysts are comprehensively summarized in fourth aspects: surface regulation, oxygen defects, interfacial engineering, and structural optimization. In each part, details of the designs and anti-deactivation mechanisms are elucidated, followed by a summary of the main points and the recommended strategies to improve the catalytic performance, energy efficiency, and utilization rate.
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Wu X, Xu L, Chen M, Lv C, Wen X, Cui Y, Wu CE, Yang B, Miao Z, Hu X. Recent Progresses in the Design and Fabrication of Highly Efficient Ni-Based Catalysts With Advanced Catalytic Activity and Enhanced Anti-coke Performance Toward CO 2 Reforming of Methane. Front Chem 2020; 8:581923. [PMID: 33195071 PMCID: PMC7543533 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.581923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 reforming of methane (CRM) can effectively convert two greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) into syngas (CO + H2). This process can achieve the efficient resource utilization of CO2 and CH4 and reduce greenhouse gases. Therefore, CRM has been considered as a significantly promising route to solve environmental problems caused by greenhouse effect. Ni-based catalysts have been widely investigated in CRM reactions due to their various advantages, such as high catalytic activity, low price, and abundant reserves. However, Ni-based catalysts usually suffer from rapid deactivation because of thermal sintering of metallic Ni active sites and surface coke deposition, which restricted the industrialization of Ni-based catalysts toward the CRM process. In order to address these challenges, scientists all around the world have devoted great efforts to investigating various influencing factors, such as the option of appropriate supports and promoters and the construction of strong metal-support interaction. Therefore, we carefully summarized recent development in the design and preparation of Ni-based catalysts with advanced catalytic activity and enhanced anti-coke performance toward CRM reactions in this review. Specifically, recent progresses of Ni-based catalysts with different supports, additives, preparation methods, and so on, have been summarized in detail. Furthermore, recent development of reaction mechanism studies over Ni-based catalysts was also covered by this review. Finally, it is prospected that the Ni-based catalyst supported by an ordered mesoporous framework and the combined reforming of methane will become the future development trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Chufei Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueying Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-E Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichao Miao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over Ni Supported SiO2: Influence of the Preparation Method on the Resulting Structural Properties and Catalytic Activity. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ni-C/SiO2 and Ni-G/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by a complexed-impregnation method using citric acid and glycine as complexing agents, respectively. Ni/SiO2 was also prepared by the conventional incipient impregnation method. All the catalysts were comparatively tested for carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CDR) at P = 1.0 atm, T = 750 °C, CO2/CH4 = 1.0, and GHSV = 60,000 mL·g−1·h−1. The results showed that Ni-C/SiO2 and Ni-G/SiO2 exhibited better CDR performance, especially regarding stability, than Ni/SiO2. The conversions of CH4 and CO2 were kept constant above 82% and 87% after 20 h of reaction over Ni-C/SiO2 and Ni-G/SiO2 while they were decreased from 81% and 88% to 56% and 59%, respectively, over the Ni/SiO2. The characterization results of the catalysts before and after the reaction showed that the particle size and the distribution of Ni, as well as the interactions between Ni and the support were significantly influenced by the preparation method. As a result, an excellent resistance to the coking deposition and the anti-sintering of Ni was obtained over the Ni-C/SiO2 and Ni-G/SiO2, leading to a highly active and stable CDR performance.
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