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Graça CAL, Zema R, Orge CA, Restivo J, Sousa J, Pereira MFR, Soares OSGP. Temperature and nitrogen-induced modification of activated carbons for efficient catalytic ozonation of salicylic acid as a model emerging pollutant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118639. [PMID: 37480639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of emerging pollutants on effluents of wastewater treatment plants makes unfeasible their reutilization and consequently to comply with the sixth goal of 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Thus, it is extremely important to find ways to remove these pollutants without compromising the quality of reclaimed water. Ozonation has been successfully explored for this purpose, but it still presents limitations towards some oxidant-resistant pollutants. To surpass this, the conversion of ozone (O3) into more reactive species is required, which can be accomplished by using catalysts. Carbon catalysts, such as activated carbons (ACs), represent a more environmentally attractive option than traditional metal-based catalysts, with the advantage of being easily modified to tune their textural and surface properties to the reaction chemistry. In this study, two different sources of ACs were tested in the catalytic ozonation of a frequently detected emerging pollutant: salicylic acid (SalAc). These ACs were submitted to thermal treatment under H2 and functionalization with N precursors, such as melamine and poly(ethyleneimine), to induce changes in the surface properties, especially in the nitrogen content. Although no correlation was found between the N-content and catalytic activity, the thermal treatment under H2 increased the mesopores surface area (Smeso), which reflected in greater catalytic activity. As that, the best-performing AC was the one with the highest Smeso, which revealed also to be resistant to O3 and able to convert O3 into more reactive species, evidenced by the capacity of oxalic acid, a well-known ozone-resistant by-product. The same AC was then submitted to three consecutive reutilization cycles and a more significant activity loss was observed in terms of SalAc degradation rate (⁓ 40%) then total organic carbon removal (⁓ 25%), from the first to the third cycle. This decline in efficiency was ascribed to the presence of by-products adhered to the catalyst surface, which impede its ability to react effectively with O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A L Graça
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - R Zema
- INL, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - C A Orge
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Restivo
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Sousa
- INL, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - M F R Pereira
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - O S G P Soares
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Araia A, Wang Y, Jiang C, Brown S, Caiola A, Robinson B, Li W, Hu J. Insight into Enhanced Microwave Heating for Ammonia Synthesis: Effects of CNT on the Cs-Ru/CeO 2 Catalyst. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24296-24305. [PMID: 37167454 PMCID: PMC10214378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is emerging as a potential decarbonized H2 energy carrier when produced from renewable energy. The on-site production of liquid ammonia from stranded renewable energy can solve the current energy transportation challenges. The employment of microwave technology can produce the desired ammonia product at milder conditions with the supply of intermittent renewable energy sources. Our previous studies have indicated that the Cs-Ru/CeO2 catalyst is a promising catalyst for microwave-driven ammonia synthesis. In this study, the Cs-Ru/CeO2 catalyst mechanically mixed with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and chemically synthesized using coprecipitation and a hydrothermal method is investigated systematically at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure for microwave-assisted ammonia synthesis. Additionally, the combination of two Ru-based catalysts (Cs-Ru/CeO2 and Cs-Ru/CNT) is studied as well. Mechanical mixing of Cs-Ru/CeO2 with CNT exhibited superior activity as compared to the chemically synthesized Cs-Ru/CeO2-CNT catalyst. Besides the enhancement in dielectric property, the probable synergistic effect leads to increased interfacial polarization at the interface of the mechanically mixed catalyst, improving the overall heating and ammonia production rate. Moreover, the combined Ru-based catalyst also exhibited higher activity as compared to their individual activity toward ammonia synthesis. Numerous characterization techniques were performed, including thermal imaging camera and dielectric measurements, to better understand microwave interaction with the composite catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alazar Araia
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Changle Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Sean Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Ashley Caiola
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Brandon Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Jianli Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
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Song Y, Feng S, Qin W, Ma J. Mechanism of catalytic ozonation in expanded graphite aqueous suspension for the degradation of organic acids. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:739-750. [PMID: 34534044 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1983024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, expanded graphite (EG) was prepared by the oxidation and intercalation of the natural flake graphite using perchloric acid and potassium permanganate at different expansion temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600°C), and were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). EG prepared at 500°C was found to be highly effective for the mineralization of oxalic acid aqueous solution during ozonation at pH 3, which was ascribed to the formation of hydroxyl radicals from the surface reaction of surface hydroxyl groups on EG with ozone. The performance of expanded graphite in this catalytic system was basically unchanged after three repeated use. The presence of Cl-, SO42-, HPO42-/H2PO4- and NO3- could inhibit the degradation of oxalic acid in catalytic ozonation with EG. Degradations of oxamic acid and pyruvic acid in catalytic ozonation with EG were pH-dependent, which were lower than that of oxalic acid. The degradations of oxalic acid and oxamic acid were identified as mineralization process by the determination of TOC, while pyruvic acid may transform into organic products such as acetic acid by O3/EG. Manganese ion (Mn2+) could promote the degradation of oxalic acid by O3/EG at pH 3 because permanganate was produced by O3/EG in oxalic acid solution and then reacted with oxalic acid readily at acidic pH. Catalytic ozonation by EG exhibited great application potential for the destruction of refractory organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Feng
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Qin
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Kim D, Jang Y, Choi E, Chae JE, Jang S. Reinforced Nafion Membrane with Ultrathin MWCNTs/Ceria Layers for Durable Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1073. [PMID: 36363628 PMCID: PMC9698217 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For further commercializing proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, it is crucial to attain long-term durability while achieving high performance. In this study, a strategy for modifying commercial Nafion membranes by introducing ultrathin multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/CeO2 layers on both sides of the membrane was developed to construct a mechanically and chemically reinforced membrane electrode assembly. The dispersion properties of the MWCNTs were greatly improved through chemical modification with acid treatment, and the mixed solution of MWCNTs/CeO2 was uniformly prepared through a high-energy ball-milling process. By employing a spray-coating technique, the ultrathin MWCNTs/CeO2 layers were introduced onto the membrane surfaces without any agglomeration problem because the solvent rapidly evaporated during the layer-by-layer stacking process. These ultrathin and highly dispersed MWCNTs/CeO2 layers effectively reinforced the mechanical properties and chemical durability of the membrane while minimizing the performance drop despite their non-ion-conducting properties. The characteristics of the MWCNTs/CeO2 layers and the reinforced Nafion membrane were investigated using various in situ and ex situ measurement techniques; in addition, electrochemical measurements for fuel cells were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsu Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Jang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Eunho Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Ji Eon Chae
- Department of Mobility Power Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea
| | - Segeun Jang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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Song Z, Li J, Xu H, Li Y, Zeng Y, Guan B. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation by amorphous boron for degradation of atrazine in water. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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