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Bulbul SN, Mamur S, Yuzbasioglu D, Unal F. Safety assessment of high fructose corn syrup and fructose used as sweeteners in foods. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:584-595. [PMID: 38347751 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2318570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) and Fructose (FR) are widely used sweeteners in many foods and beverages. This study aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effects of HFCS (5%-30%) and FR (62.5-2000 μg/mL) using MTT assay in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) cells, and genotoxic effects of using Chromosome Aberrations (CAs), Sister Chromatid Exchanges (SCEs), Micronuclei (MN) and comet assays in human lymphocytes. HFCS significantly reduced the cell viability in HepG2 cells at between 7.5% and 30% for 24 and 48 h. 30% HFCS caused a very significant toxic effect. FR had a cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells at all treatments. However, as fructose concentration decreased, the cell viability decreased. HFCS (10%-20%) and FR (250-2000 μg/mL) decreased the mitotic index at higher concentrations. IC50 value was found to be a 15% for 48 h. IC50 value of FR was detected as 62.5 μg/mL for 24 h and 48 h. HFCS significantly increased CAs frequency at 15% and 20%. FR significantly increased the frequency of CAs at 250, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL for 48 h. Both sweeteners increased the frequency of SCEs at all concentrations. HFCS (15% and 20%) and FR (250, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL) induced MN frequency at higher concentrations. HFCS caused DNA damage in comet assay at 10% -30%. FR increased tail intensity and moment at 125-2000 μg/mL and tail length at 62.5, 250 and 500 μg/mL. Therefore, HFCS and FR are clearly seen to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, especially at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabire Nur Bulbul
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevcan Mamur
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yuzbasioglu
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Unal
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Geng X, Li Y, Wang R, Jiang S, Liang Y, Li T, Li C, Tao J, Li Z. Enhanced High-Fructose Corn Syrup Production: Immobilizing Serratia marcescens Glucose Isomerase on MOF (Co)-525 Reduces Co 2+ Dependency in Glucose Isomerization to Fructose. Foods 2024; 13:527. [PMID: 38397503 PMCID: PMC10888103 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating demand for processed foods has led to the widespread industrial use of glucose isomerase (GI) for high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) production. This reliance on GIs necessitates continual Co2+ supplementation to sustain high catalytic activity across multiple reaction cycles. In this study, Serratia marcescens GI (SmGI) was immobilized onto surfaces of the metal-organic framework (MOF) material MOF (Co)-525 to generate MOF (Co)-525-GI for use in catalyzing glucose isomerization to generate fructose. Examination of MOF (Co)-525-GI structural features using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet spectroscopy revealed no structural changes after SmGI immobilization and the addition of Co2+. Notably, MOF (Co)-525-GI exhibited optimal catalytic activity at pH 7.5 and 70 °C, with a maximum reaction rate (Vmax) of 37.24 ± 1.91 μM/min and Km value of 46.25 ± 3.03 mM observed. Remarkably, immobilized SmGI exhibited sustained high catalytic activity over multiple cycles without continuous Co2+ infusion, retaining its molecular structure and 96.38% of its initial activity after six reaction cycles. These results underscore the potential of MOF (Co)-525-GI to serve as a safer and more efficient immobilized enzyme technology compared to traditional GI-based food-processing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Geng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (X.G.); (S.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (R.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Song Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (X.G.); (S.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Yingchao Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (X.G.); (S.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (R.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Jin Tao
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co., Ltd., Changchun 130033, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (X.G.); (S.J.); (T.L.)
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Wang Y, Yuan X, Liu J, Jia X. Recent Advances in Zeolites-Catalyzed Biomass Conversion to Hydroxymethylfurfural: The Role of Porosity and Acidity. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300399. [PMID: 37889167 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is an attractive raw material for the production of fuel oil and chemical intermediates due to its abundant reserves, low price, easy biodegradability, and renewable use. Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a valuable platform chemically derived from biomass that has gained significant research interest owing to its economic and environmental benefits. In this review, recent advances in biomass catalytic conversion systems for 5-HMF production were examined with a focus on the catalysts selection and feedstocks' impact on the 5-HMF selectivity and yield. Specifically, the potential of zeolite-based catalysts for efficient biomass catalysis was evaluated given their unique pore structure and tunable (Lewis and Brønsted) acidity. The benefits of hierarchical modifications and the interactions between porosity and acidity in zeolites, which are critical factors for the development of green catalytic systems to convert biomass to 5-HMF efficiently, were summarized and assessed. This Review suggests that zeolite-based catalysts hold significant promise in facilitating the sustainable utilization of biomass resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
- Department of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, P.R. China
| | - Xicheng Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
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Hydrolysis of Oat Starch by Amyloglucosidase and Pullulanase. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Xing X, Guan Y, Zhang L, Shi X, Wu H, Gao H, Xu S. Efficient formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose through H-β zeolite catalyst in the recyclable water-tetrahydrofuran biphasic system. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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