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Chung J, Akter S, Han S, Shin Y, Choi TG, Kang I, Kim SS. Diagnosis by Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath in Exhaled Breath from Patients with Gastric and Colorectal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010129. [PMID: 36613569 PMCID: PMC9820758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One in three cancer deaths worldwide are caused by gastric and colorectal cancer malignancies. Although the incidence and fatality rates differ significantly from country to country, the rates of these cancers in East Asian nations such as South Korea and Japan have been increasing each year. Above all, the biggest danger of this disease is how challenging it is to recognize in its early stages. Moreover, most patients with these cancers do not present with any disease symptoms before receiving a definitive diagnosis. Currently, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are being used for the early prediction of several other diseases, and research has been carried out on these applications. Exhaled VOCs from patients possess remarkable potential as novel biomarkers, and their analysis could be transformative in the prevention and early diagnosis of colon and stomach cancers. VOCs have been spotlighted in recent studies due to their ease of use. Diagnosis on the basis of patient VOC analysis takes less time than methods using gas chromatography, and results in the literature demonstrate that it is possible to determine whether a patient has certain diseases by using organic compounds in their breath as indicators. This study describes how VOCs can be used to precisely detect cancers; as more data are accumulated, the accuracy of this method will increase, and it can be applied in more fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Chung
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Salima Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Han
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0524 (S.S.K.)
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0524 (S.S.K.)
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Aiyappa‐Maudsley R, Storr SJ, Rakha EA, Green AR, Ellis IO, Martin SG. CYP2S1 and CYP2W1 expression is associated with patient survival in breast cancer. J Pathol Clin Res 2022; 8:550-566. [PMID: 35902379 PMCID: PMC9535097 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family of enzymes metabolise a wide range of compounds and play important roles in breast cancer pathogenesis due to their involvement in estrogen metabolism and the production of carcinogenic metabolites during this process. The orphan CYPs, CYP2S1, and CYP2W1 are reportedly upregulated in breast cancer. However, their expression and association with clinicopathological and survival parameters have not been previously assessed in a large cohort of breast cancers. Protein expression of CYP2S1 and CYP2W1 was assessed in early-stage invasive breast cancers (n = 1,426) using immunohistochemistry and correlated with various clinicopathological parameters and survival. mRNA expression of CYP2S1 and CYP2W1 was also assessed in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) cohort. Low nuclear and cytoplasmic CYP2S1 was significantly associated with high-grade tumours (p ≤ 0.009), intermediate Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) group (p ≤ 0.025), high mitotic frequency (p ≤ 0.002), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative disease (p ≤ 0.011), and ductal carcinoma (p ≤ 0.022). Cytoplasmic CYP2S1 was additionally associated with patients ≥50 years (p < 0.001), estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumours (p = 0.011), and high nuclear pleomorphism (p = 0.003). Low cytoplasmic CYP2W1 was significantly associated with patients ≥50 years (p = 0.002), HER2-negative disease (p = 0.003), intermediate NPI (p = 0.013), and mitosis (p = 0.009). Low cytoplasmic CYP2S1 was significantly associated with adverse breast cancer specific survival (p = 0.034), which remained so in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.639; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.483-0.846; p = 0.002). Low nuclear CYP2W1 was significantly associated with adverse breast cancer specific survival (p = 0.012), with significance also maintained in multivariate analysis (HR: 0.677; 95% CI: 0.510-0.898; p = 0.007). No associations with survival were observed in the METABRIC cohort. CYP2S1 and CYP2W1 are associated with patient survival in breast cancer and may be important prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Aiyappa‐Maudsley
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamUK,Present address:
Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineUniversity of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan BuildingLiverpoolUK
| | - Sarah J Storr
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamUK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamUK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamUK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamUK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamUK
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Licznerska B, Baer-Dubowska W. What might the presence of 'orphan' CYP450 isoforms in breast epithelial cells mean for the future of targeted therapeutics? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 17:135-137. [PMID: 33112688 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1844182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Licznerska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań, Poland
| | - Wanda Baer-Dubowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań, Poland
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Janfaza S, Khorsand B, Nikkhah M, Zahiri J. Digging deeper into volatile organic compounds associated with cancer. Biol Methods Protoc 2019; 4:bpz014. [PMID: 32161807 PMCID: PMC6994028 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced and emitted through the metabolism of cancer cells or the body's immune system, are considered novel cancer biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. Of late, a large number of work has been done to find a relationship between VOCs' signature of body and cancer. Cancer-related VOCs can be used to detect several types of cancers at the earlier stages which in turn provide a significantly higher chance of survival. Here we aim to provide an updated picture of cancer-related VOCs based on recent findings in this field focusing on cancer odor database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Janfaza
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Babak Khorsand
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
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Zhao Y, Wan D, Yang J, Hammock BD, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Catalytic Activities of Tumor-Specific Human Cytochrome P450 CYP2W1 Toward Endogenous Substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:771-80. [PMID: 26936974 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CYP2W1 is a recently discovered human cytochrome P450 enzyme with a distinctive tumor-specific expression pattern. We show here that CYP2W1 exhibits tight binding affinities for retinoids, which have low nanomolar binding constants, and much poorer binding constants in the micromolar range for four other ligands. CYP2W1 converts all-transretinoic acid (atRA) to 4-hydroxyatRA and all-transretinol to 4-OH all-transretinol, and it also oxidizes retinal. The enzyme much less efficiently oxidizes 17β-estradiol to 2-hydroxy-(17β)-estradiol and farnesol to a monohydroxylated product; arachidonic acid is, at best, a negligible substrate. These findings indicate that CYP2W1 probably plays an important role in localized retinoid metabolism that may be intimately linked to its involvement in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (Y.Z., P.R.O.M.) and Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA (D.W., J.Y., B.D.H.)
| | - Debin Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (Y.Z., P.R.O.M.) and Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA (D.W., J.Y., B.D.H.)
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (Y.Z., P.R.O.M.) and Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA (D.W., J.Y., B.D.H.)
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (Y.Z., P.R.O.M.) and Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA (D.W., J.Y., B.D.H.)
| | - Paul R Ortiz de Montellano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (Y.Z., P.R.O.M.) and Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA (D.W., J.Y., B.D.H.)
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David R, Ebbels T, Gooderham N. Synergistic and Antagonistic Mutation Responses of Human MCL-5 Cells to Mixtures of Benzo[a]pyrene and 2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine: Dose-Related Variation in the Joint Effects of Common Dietary Carcinogens. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:88-96. [PMID: 26091049 PMCID: PMC4709171 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical carcinogens such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) may contribute to the etiology of human diet-associated cancer. Individually, these compounds are genotoxic, but the consequences of exposure to mixtures of these chemicals have not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVES We determined the mutagenic response to mixtures of BaP and PhIP at concentrations relevant to human exposure (micromolar to subnanomolar). METHODS Human MCL-5 cells (metabolically competent) were exposed to BaP or PhIP individually or in mixtures. Mutagenicity was assessed at the thymidine kinase (TK) locus, CYP1A activity was determined by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and qRT-PCR, and cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Mixtures of BaP and PhIP produced dose responses different from those of the individual chemicals; we observed remarkably increased mutant frequency (MF) at lower concentrations of the mixtures (not mutagenic individually), and decreased MF at higher concentrations of the mixtures, than the calculated predicted additive MF of the individual chemicals. EROD activity and CYP1A1 mRNA levels were correlated with TK MF, supporting involvement of the CYP1A family in mutation. Moreover, a cell cycle G2/M phase block was observed at high-dose combinations, consistent with DNA damage sensing and repair. CONCLUSIONS Mixtures of these genotoxic chemicals produced mutation responses that differed from those expected for the additive effects of the individual chemicals. The increase in MF for certain combinations of chemicals at low concentrations that were not genotoxic for the individual chemicals, as well as the nonmonotonic dose response, may be important for understanding the mutagenic potential of food and the etiology of diet-associated cancers. CITATION David R, Ebbels T, Gooderham N. 2016. Synergistic and antagonistic mutation responses of human MCL-5 cells to mixtures of benzo[a]pyrene and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine: dose-related variation in the joint effects of common dietary carcinogens. Environ Health Perspect 124:88-96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409557.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nigel Gooderham
- Address correspondence to N. Gooderham, Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. Telephone: 02075943188. E-mail:
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Lavra L, Catini A, Ulivieri A, Capuano R, Baghernajad Salehi L, Sciacchitano S, Bartolazzi A, Nardis S, Paolesse R, Martinelli E, Di Natale C. Investigation of VOCs associated with different characteristics of breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13246. [PMID: 26304457 PMCID: PMC4548242 DOI: 10.1038/srep13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) analysis for the screening of patients bearing breast cancer lesions has been demonstrated by using gas chromatography and artificial olfactory systems. On the other hand, in-vitro studies suggest that VOCs detection could also give important indications regarding molecular and tumorigenic characteristics of tumor cells. Aim of this study was to analyze VOCs in the headspace of breast cancer cell lines in order to ascertain the potentiality of VOCs signatures in giving information about these cells and set-up a new sensor system able to detect breast tumor-associated VOCs. We identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis a VOCs signature that discriminates breast cancer cells for: i) transformed condition; ii) cell doubling time (CDT); iii) Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors (ER, PgR) expression, and HER2 overexpression. Moreover, the signals obtained from a temperature modulated metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor can be classified in order to recognize VOCs signatures associated with breast cancer cells, CDT and ER expression. Our results demonstrate that VOCs analysis could give clinically relevant information about proliferative and molecular features of breast cancer cells and pose the basis for the optimization of a low-cost diagnostic device to be used for tumors characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lavra
- Labotatory of Biomedical Research "Fondazione Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico-Scientifica", Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Labotatory of Biomedical Research "Fondazione Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico-Scientifica", Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Leila Baghernajad Salehi
- Labotatory of Biomedical Research "Fondazione Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico-Scientifica", Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Labotatory of Biomedical Research "Fondazione Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico-Scientifica", Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Department of Pathology, Universitary Hospital Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical science and technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via di Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical science and technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via di Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Bandarra S, Fernandes AS, Magro I, Guerreiro PS, Pingarilho M, Churchwell MI, Gil OM, Batinic-Haberle I, Goncalves S, Rueff J, Miranda JP, Marques MM, Beland FA, Castro M, Gaspar JF, Oliveira NG. Mechanistic insights into the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by glycidamide in human mammary cells. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:721-9. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Szaefer H, Licznerska B, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Bartoszek A, Baer-Dubowska W. Modulation of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 Expression by Cabbage Juices and Indoles in Human Breast Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:879-88. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.690928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Englert NA, Turesky RJ, Han W, Bessette EE, Spivack SD, Caggana M, Spink DC, Spink BC. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of AHR gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: role of the proximal promoter GC-rich region. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:722-35. [PMID: 22728919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, contributes to carcinogenesis through its role in the regulation of cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1)-catalyzed metabolism of carcinogens. Here, we investigated genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that affect AhR expression. Analyses of the human AHR proximal promoter in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using luciferase assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed multiple specificity protein (Sp) 1 binding sequences that are transcriptional activators in vitro. The regulation of AhR expression was evaluated in long-term estrogen exposed (LTEE) MCF-7 cells, which showed increased AhR expression, enhanced CYP1 inducibility, and increased capacity to form DNA adducts when exposed to the dietary carcinogen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine. The increased AhR expression in LTEE cells was found not to result from increased mRNA stability, differential RNA processing, or decreased DNA methylation. Analysis of the AHR proximal promoter region using chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that enhanced expression of AhR in LTEE cells involves changes in histone modifications, notably decreased trimethylation of histone 3, lysine 27. Upon further examination of the GC-rich Sp1-binding region, we confirmed that it contains a polymorphic (GGGGC)(n) repeat. In a population of newborns from New York State, the allele frequency of (GGGGC)(n) was n = 4 > 5 ≫ 6, 2. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed the ability of sequences of this GC-rich region to form guanine-quadruplex structures in vitro. These studies revealed multiple levels at which AhR expression may be controlled, and offer additional insights into mechanisms regulating AhR expression that can ultimately impact carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal A Englert
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Elliott A, Joiakim A, Mathieu PA, Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Kocarek TA, Reiners JJ. p-Anilinoaniline enhancement of dioxin-induced CYP1A1 transcription and aryl hydrocarbon receptor occupancy of CYP1A1 promoter: role of the cell cycle. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1032-40. [PMID: 22344700 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.042549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is targeted by ubiquitination for degradation by the proteasome shortly after its activation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In silico screening identified p-anilinoaniline (pAA) as a putative inhibitor of an E2 ligase that partners with an E3 ligase implicated in AhR ubiquitination. We investigated whether pAA could modify AhR-dependent activation of its target gene CYP1A1. pAA (1-200 μM) alone did not affect AhR content, or stimulate CYP1A1 mRNA accumulation in human mammary epithelial MCF10A cultures. However, pretreatment with ≥100 μM pAA suppressed TCDD-induced CYP1A1 activation and AhR degradation via its functioning as an AhR antagonist. At a lower concentration (25 μM), pAA cotreatment increased TCDD-induced CYP1A1 mRNA accumulation, without inhibiting AhR turnover or altering CYP1A1 mRNA half-life. Whereas TCDD alone did not affect MCF10A proliferation, 25 μM pAA was cytostatic and induced a G(1) arrest that lasted ∼7 h and induced an S phase arrest that peaked 5 to 8 h later. TCDD neither affected MCF10A cell cycle progression nor did it alter pAA effects on the cell cycle. The magnitude of CYP1A1 activation depended upon the time elapsed between pAA pretreatment and TCDD addition. Maximal AhR occupancy of the CYP1A1 promoter and accumulation of CYP1A1 heterogeneous nuclear RNA and mRNA occurred when pAA-pretreated cultures were exposed to TCDD in late G(1) and early/mid S phase. TCDD-mediated induction of CYP2S1 was also cell cycle-dependent in MCF10A cultures. Similar studies with HepG2 cultures indicated that the cell cycle dependence of CYP1A1 induction is cell context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althea Elliott
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave., Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Fu J, Fang H, Paulsen M, Ljungman M, Kocarek TA, Runge-Morris M. Regulation of estrogen sulfotransferase expression by confluence of MCF10A breast epithelial cells: role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:597-606. [PMID: 21828262 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) catalyzes the sulfonation of estrogens, which limits estrogen mitogenicity. We recently reported that SULT1E1 expression is low in preconfluent MCF10A human breast epithelial cells but increases when the cells become confluent. Pulse-chase labeling experiments with 5-bromouridine demonstrated that the confluence-mediated increase in SULT1E1 expression was due to increased mRNA synthesis. Because aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation has been shown to suppress SULT1E1 expression and loss of cell-cell contact has been shown to activate the AhR in other cell types, we tested whether the confluence-associated changes in SULT1E1 expression were mediated by the AhR. Relative to confluent MCF10A cells, preconfluent cells had higher levels of CYP1A1 mRNA and greater activation of an AhR-responsive luciferase reporter, demonstrating that the AhR was active in the preconfluent cells. AhR and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator mRNA and protein levels were also higher in preconfluent than in confluent cultures. Treatment of preconfluent cells with the AhR antagonist, 3'-methoxy-4'-nitroflavone (MNF), or AhR knockdown significantly increased SULT1E1 expression. MCF10A cells stably transfected with a luciferase reporter containing ∼7 kilobases of the SULT1E1 5'-flanking region showed both MNF- and confluence-inducible luciferase expression. Preconfluent cells transiently transfected with the reporter showed both MNF treatment- and AhR knockdown-mediated luciferase induction, but mutation of a computationally predicted dioxin response element (DRE) at nucleotide (nt) -3476 did not attenuate these effects. These results demonstrate that SULT1E1 expression in MCF10A cells is transcriptionally regulated by confluence through a suppressive action of the AhR, which is not mediated through a DRE at nt -3476.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Fu
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Yin HP, Xu JP, Zhou XQ, Wang Y. Effects of vitamin E on reproductive hormones and testis structure in chronic dioxin-treated mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:152-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711408381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on reproductive hormones and testis structure in mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD). Five experimental groups of a combination of TCDD and vitamin E were designed as follows: 0 ng/kg/d and 0 mg/kg/d (control group), 100 ng/kg/d and 0 mg/kg/d (Group I), 100 ng/kg/d and 20 mg/kg/d (Group II), 100 ng/kg/d and 100 mg/kg/d (Group III), and 100 ng/kg/d and 500 mg/kg/d (Group IV) respectively. Vitamin E and TCDD were given by oral gavage for 7 weeks. The results demonstrated that TCDD decreased the levels of brain gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), testis luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), serum testosterone and testis spermatozoa number, and damaged testis structure. Vitamin E at 20 mg/kg alleviated the decrease of GnRH; vitamin E at 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg antagonized the decline of LH and FSH; vitamin E at 20 and 100 mg/kg reversed the decrease of testosterone and spermatozoa number; and vitamin E at 100 mg/kg decreased the damage of the testis structure caused by TCDD. The results indicate that vitamin E antagonizes the reproductive endocrine toxicity and alleviates the changes in testicular structure caused by TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Yin
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Gansu International Traval Healthcare Centre, Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Xu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Yanjing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Health Toxicology and Health Chemistry, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Deb S, Bandiera SM. Characterization and expression of extrahepatic CYP2S1. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 5:367-80. [PMID: 19368491 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902865586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About one-third of the CYP enzymes identified so far, including several novel CYP enzymes such as CYP2S1, CYP2U1 and CYP2W1, belong to the CYP2 family. As with other recently discovered CYP enzymes, detailed information about the catalytic activity and function of CYP2S1 is lacking. OBJECTIVE To review and compare the expression of CYP2S1 mRNA and protein in humans, mice and rats, and to critically examine evidence pertaining to CYP2S1 regulation and its catalytic activity. METHODS Information about mouse and human CYP2S1 was summarized from published reports. Data about rat CYP2S1 expression was taken from recent work by the authors. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS CYP2S1 shares molecular characteristics of both CYP1 and CYP2 family enzymes but shows a unique tissue profile of expression. Further studies are needed to identify selective substrates and to measure CYP2S1 protein levels before the role of CYP2S1 in xenobiotic metabolism and its relevance to physiological pathways and disease states can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Deb
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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15
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Wang XH, Zhou XQ, Xu JP, Wang Y, Lu J. The effects of vitamin E on NK cell activity and lymphocyte proliferation in treated mice by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 31:432-8. [PMID: 19259883 DOI: 10.1080/08923970902756056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate the effects of vitamin E on NK cell activity and lymphocyte proliferation in tr eated female mice by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In chronic TCDD trial, 45 mice were divided into 5 groups, and the levels of TCDD and vitamin E were 0 and 0, 100 and 0, 100 and 20, 100 and 100, and 100 ng/kg/d and 500 mg/kg/d, respectively. In acute TCDD trial, 24 mice were divided into three groups, and the levels of TCDD and vitamin E were 0 and 0, 30 and 0, and 30 microg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed chronic TCDD-treatment caused decrease tendencies of spleen NK cell activity and lymphocyte proliferation, and vitamin E 100mg/kg alleviated the decreases tendencies caused by chronic TCDD-treatment, and the lymphocyte proliferation in the group given vitamin E 100mg/kg was significantly higher than that of the chronic TCDD-treated group. Acute TCDD-treatment suppressed the NK cell activity and lymphocyte proliferation, and vitamin E 100mg/kg significantly alleviated the decrease caused by acute TCDD-treatment. These results suggested that TCDD resulted in immunotoxicity, and the toxicity of acute TCDD-treatment was severe compared with chronic TCDD, while vitamin E alleviated the immunotoxicity from TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Deb S, Bandiera SM. Characterization of a new cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP2S1, in rats: its regulation by aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists. Toxicology 2009; 267:91-8. [PMID: 19883719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the expression of CYP2S1 mRNA and protein in tissues from male and female rats and investigated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated regulation. CYP2S1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in all rat tissues examined, except for the adrenal gland, and no sex-dependent differences were observed. To study the regulation of CYP2S1 mRNA expression by AhR agonists, rats were treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC; 25mg/kg/dayx3 days) or with a single intraperitoneal injection of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at various dosages (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100mug/kg). CYP2S1 mRNA levels were increased in lung, stomach, jejunum and ileum following treatment with 3-MC and in lung, liver and kidney tissues following treatment with TCDD. Induction of CYP2S1 mRNA was greater with TCDD than 3-MC treatment and was more pronounced in lung than other tissues. Antiserum raised against a peptide corresponding to the C-terminus of CYP2S1 was used to measure relative CYP2S1 protein expression by immunoblot analysis. An immunoreactive CYP2S1 protein band with an approximate molecular weight of 50kDa was detected in microsomes of rat lung, stomach and kidney, but not other tissues. Unlike CYP2S1 mRNA, CYP2S1 protein levels were not increased after treatment with 3-MC or the highest dosage of TCDD, indicating that CYP2S1 protein expression was less sensitive than mRNA expression to AhR-mediated regulation. Our study is the first to characterize CYP2S1 mRNA and protein expression in rats, and from the results obtained, we conclude that AhR is involved in the transcriptional regulation of CYP2S1 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Deb
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z3
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17
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Expression of estrogenicity genes in a lineage cell culture model of human breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 120:35-45. [PMID: 19308726 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
TaqMan Gene Expression assays were used to profile the mRNA expression of estrogen receptor (ERalpha and ERbeta) and estrogen metabolism enzymes including cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULT1E1, SULT1A1, SULT2A1, and SULT2B1), steroid sulfatase (STS), aromatase (CYP19), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17betaHSD1 and 2), CYP1B1, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in an MCF10A-derived lineage cell culture model for basal-like human breast cancer progression and in ERalpha-positive luminal MCF7 breast cancer cells. Low levels of ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA were present in MCF10A-derived cell lines. SULT1E1 mRNA was more abundant in confluent relative to subconfluent MCF10A cells, a non-tumorigenic proliferative breast disease cell line. SULT1E1 was also expressed in preneoplastic MCF10AT1 and MCF10AT1K.cl2 cells, but was markedly repressed in neoplastic MCF10A-derived cell lines as well as in MCF7 cells. Steroid-metabolizing enzymes SULT1A1 and SULT2B1 were only expressed in MCF7 cells. STS and COMT were widely detected across cell lines. Pro-estrogenic 17betaHSD1 mRNA was most abundant in neoplastic MCF10CA1a and MCF10DCIS.com cells, while 17betaHSD2 mRNA was more prominent in parental MCF10A cells. CYP1B1 mRNA was most abundant in MCF7 cells. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) induced SULT1E1 and CYP19 mRNA but suppressed CYP1B1, STS, COMT, 17betaHSD1, and 17betaHSD2 mRNA in MCF10A lineage cell lines. In MCF7 cells, TSA treatment suppressed ERalpha, CYP1B1, STS, COMT, SULT1A1, and SULT2B1 but induced ERbeta, CYP19 and SULT2A1 mRNA expression. The results indicate that relative to the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, key determinants of breast estrogen metabolism are differentially regulated in the MCF10A-derived lineage model for breast cancer progression.
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18
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Krishnan S, Hvastkovs EG, Bajrami B, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Human cyt P450 mediated metabolic toxicity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) evaluated using electrochemiluminescent arrays. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 5:163-9. [PMID: 19156262 DOI: 10.1039/b815910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) arrays containing polymer ([Ru(bpy)(2)(PVP)(10)](2+), PVP = polyvinylpyridine), DNA, and selected enzymes were employed to elucidate cytochrome (cyt) P450 dependent metabolism of the tobacco specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Bioactivated NNK metabolites formed upon H(2)O(2)-enzymatic activation were captured as DNA adducts and detected simultaneously from 36 spot arrays by capturing and quantifying emitted ECL with an overhead CCD camera. Increased ECL emission was dependent on NNK exposure time. Of the enzymes tested, the activity toward NNK bioactivation was cyt P450 1A2 > 2E1 > 1B1 approximately chloroperoxidase (CPO) > myoglobin (Mb) in accordance with reported in vivo studies. Cyt P450/polyion films were also immobilized on 500 nm diameter silica nanospheres for product analysis by LC-MS. Analysis of the nanosphere film reaction media provided ECL array validation and quantitation of the bioactivated NNK hydrolysis product 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB) confirming production of reactive metabolites in the films. Chemical screening in this fashion allows rapid clarification of enzymes responsible for genotoxic activation as well as offering insight into cyt P450-related toxicity and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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19
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Kocarek TA, Duanmu Z, Fang HL, Runge-Morris M. Age- and sex-dependent expression of multiple murine hepatic hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A) genes. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1036-46. [PMID: 18725207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A) enzymes play important roles in hepatic steroid and xenobiotic metabolism. Unlike humans, which express one SULT2A, inspection of mouse genome information indicated the presence of seven SULT2A genes within a cluster on chromosome 7. The age- and sex-dependent expressions of the seven murine SULT2A family members were characterized in the livers of C57BL/6 mice using real-time RT-PCR. The transcripts for three of the SULT2A forms (NCBI reference/model sequences XM_001471624, NM_009286 and NM_001111296) were abundant in pre-pubertal male and female mouse liver but were essentially silenced in the livers of adult male mice. The mRNAs of three other SULT2A forms (NM_001101534, XM_894052 and NM_001081325) were also expressed in pre-pubertal male and female mouse liver, but at markedly reduced levels relative to those of the abundant forms. The mRNA levels of these lower-abundance forms were further suppressed in adult animals. A seventh SULT2A mRNA (XM_983034) was expressed in adult male and female mouse liver, but was not detected in pre-pubertal mouse liver of either sex. Full-length amplifications with primers targeting untranslated regions confirmed that all SULT2A forms were expressed. However, while the XM_001471624, NM_001111296, NM_001101534, XM_894052 and NM_001081325 transcripts were detected at their predicted sizes, the NM_009286 and XM_983034 transcripts each lacked two predicted exons. These results demonstrate that seven murine SULT2As display different profiles of age- and sex-dependent hepatic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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20
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Pérez-Cadahía B, Valdiglesias V, Pásaro E, Méndez J, Laffon B. Genetic Polymorphism in Cytochrome P450 1B1 in a Spanish Population. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:70-2. [PMID: 17577319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Elmegeed GA, Baiuomy AR, Abdel-Salam OME. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of novel synthesized melatonin analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:1285-92. [PMID: 17408809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluation of the reactivity of melatonin (1) towards various chemical reagents to produce new melatonin analogues containing heterocyclic moieties which would provide basic pharmacological activities. The pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole derivatives 3, 5, 12, 14 and pyrido[1,2-a]indole derivatives 9a, b were synthesized via straightforward and efficient methods and their structures were established based on the analytical and spectral data. Also, this work was extended to study the potential role of the novel synthesized melatonin analogues 3, 5, 9a and 12 as anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agents in comparison with melatonin. After s.c. administration all compounds induced significant anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the paw oedema response compared with the control group at all time points in the test. Compound 5 has the strongest anti-inflammatory activity which exceeds that of the parent reference, melatonin, followed by compounds 9a and 12, at the first 2h of administration. Effect of melatonin analogues on thermal pain, acetic acid-induced writhing and gastric lesions caused by indomethacin was also investigated. Compounds 5 and 12 were more potent as anti-nociceptive drugs; they are more potent in this respect than melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A Elmegeed
- Hormone Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
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22
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Karlgren M, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Tumour-specific expression of CYP2W1: its potential as a drug target in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:61-7. [PMID: 17150034 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new cytochrome P450, designated CYP2W1, was identified. This enzyme is expressed in transformed tissues and during fetal life, whereas in human adult tissues only low levels of expression have been detected. CYP2W1 has been shown to metabolise arachidonic acid and benzfetamine, as well as being able to metabolically activate several procarcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dihydrodiols, aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin. The gene expression is governed by gene methylation. The selective expression in some forms of cancers and the low expression in normal tissues render CYP2W1 as a possible drug target during cancer therapy. Here, the authors review the data currently available for this enzyme and discuss its potential as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karlgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Montano MM, Chaplin LJ, Deng H, Mesia-Vela S, Gaikwad N, Zahid M, Rogan E. Protective roles of quinone reductase and tamoxifen against estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2006; 26:3587-90. [PMID: 17160017 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that antiestrogen-liganded estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) transcriptionally activates the major detoxifying enzyme quinone reductase (QR) (NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase). Further studies on the functional role of ERbeta-mediated upregulation of antioxidative enzymes indicated protective effects against estrogen-induced oxidative DNA damage (ODD). We now report on in vivo and in vitro studies that show that ERbeta-mediated upregulation of QR are involved in the protection against estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Using the August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) model of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis, we observed that increased ODD and decreased QR expression occur early in the process of estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Prevention of ACI mammary gland tumorigenesis by tamoxifen was accompanied by decreased ODD and increased QR levels. These correlative findings were supported by our findings that downregulation of QR levels led to increased levels of estrogen quinone metabolites and enhanced transformation potential of 17beta-estradiol treated MCF10A non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells. Concurrent expression of ERbeta and treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen decreased tumorigenic potential of these MCF10A cells. We conclude that upregulation of QR, through induction by tamoxifen, can inhibit estrogen-induced ODD and mammary cell tumorigenesis, representing a possible novel mechanism of tamoxifen prevention against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Montano
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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