Acetylcholinesterase activity in Clytia hemisphaerica (Cnidaria)

The Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog of a purported maize cholinesterase gene encodes a GDSL-lipase

Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that is intimately associated with regulation of synaptic transmission in the cholinergic nervous system and in neuromuscular junctions of animals. However the presence of cholinesterase activity has been described also in non-metazoan organisms such as slime molds, fungi and plants. More recently, a gene purportedly encoding for acetylcholinesterase was cloned from maize. We have cloned the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of the Zea mays gene, At3g26430, and studied its biochemical properties. Our results indicate that the protein encoded by the gene exhibited lipase activity with preference to long chain substrates but did not hydrolyze choline esters. The At3g26430 protein belongs to the SGNH clan of serine hydrolases, and more specifically to the GDS(L) lipase family.

A soluble acetylcholinesterase provides chemical defense against xenobiotics in the pinewood nematode

The pinewood nematode genome encodes at least three distinct acetylcholinesterases (AChEs). To understand physiological roles of the three pinewood nematode AChEs (BxACE-1, BxACE-2, and BxACE-3), BxACE-3 in particular, their tissue distribution and inhibition profiles were investigated. Immunohistochemistry revealed that BxACE-1 and BxACE-2 were distributed in neuronal tissues. In contrast, BxACE-3 was detected from some specific tissues and extracted without the aid of detergent, suggesting its soluble nature unlike BxACE-1 and BxACE-2. When present together, BxAChE3 significantly reduced the inhibition of BxACE-1 and BxACE-2 by cholinesterase inhibitors. Knockdown of BxACE-3 by RNA interference significantly increased the toxicity of three nematicidal compounds, supporting the protective role of BxACE-3 against chemicals. In summary, BxACE-3 appears to have a non-neuronal function of chemical defense whereas both BxACE-1 and BxACE-2 have classical neuronal function of synaptic transmission.

Molecular characterization of Hydra acetylcholinesterase and its catalytic activity

A full-length cDNA encoding an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Hydra magnipapillata was isolated. All of the important aromatic residues that line a catalytic gorge in cholinesterases of other species were conserved, but the sequences of peripheral anionic and choline binding sites were not. Hydra AChE, expressed in Xenopus oocytes, showed AChE activity. The gene was expressed in both ectodermal and endodermal epithelial cells except for the tentacles and basal disk. AChE gene expression was not detected in the regenerating tips in either the head or the foot, indicating that regeneration is controlled by the non-neuronal cholinergic system in Hydra.