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Kuca K, Valle da Silva JA, Nepovimova E, Pham NL, Wu W, Valis M, Wu Q, França TCC. Pralidoxime-like reactivator with increased lipophilicity - Molecular modeling and in vitro study. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110734. [PMID: 37788753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) reactivators (2-PAM, trimedoxime, obidoxime, asoxime) have become an integral part of antidotal treatment in cases of nerve agent and organophosphorus (OP) pesticide poisonings. They are often referred to as specific antidotes due to their ability to restore AChE function when it has been covalently inhibited by an OP compound. Currently available commercial reactivators exhibit limited ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, where reactivation of inhibited AChE is crucial. Consequently, there have been numerous efforts to discover more brain-penetrating AChE reactivators. In this study, we examined a derivative of 2-PAM designed to possess increased lipophilicity. This enhanced lipophilicity was achieved through the incorporation of a benzyl group into its molecular structure. Initially, a molecular modeling study was conducted, followed by a comparison of its reactivation efficacy with that of 2-PAM against 10 different AChE inhibitors in vitro. Unfortunately, this relatively significant structural modification of 2-PAM resulted in a decrease in its reactivation potency. Consequently, this derivative cannot be considered as a broad-spectrum AChE reactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jorge Alberto Valle da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ngoc Lam Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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2
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Li Y, Huang L, Zhang Z, Huang J, Xing H, Wang L, Sui X, Luo Y, Wang Y, Yang J. An in vitro nerve agent brain poisoning transwell model for convenient and accurate antidote evaluation. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105541. [PMID: 36572320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agent (NA) can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) causing seriously injury at extremely low doses. However, the cruel reality is that the lack of effective cerebral antidotes for treatment of NA poisoning. There is an urgent requirement for the large-scale evaluation and screening of antidotes. An effective NA antidote should include two characteristics: a) to permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB); 2) to reactivate the inhibited AChE in brain. Existing methods for evaluating reactivators in vitro can only examine the reactivation effect, while the current Transwell model can only evaluate the drug penetration performance for crossing the barrier. In this work, brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs) were inoculated to establish a Transwell model. AChE, NAs and antidotes of reactivators were added into the different chambers to simulate central poisoning and peripheral drug administration. This method can evaluate the reactivation ability and brain penetration ability of compounds at same time, which is a rapidly and accurately way for drug preliminary screening. In addition to small-molecule drugs, a liposomal nanoantidote loaded with the reactivator Asoxime chloride (HI-6)was prepared. This nanoantidote show high reactivation rate against the NA (sarin), evaluated by both this modified model in vitro and animal test, gaining the consistence results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Quality-control department, Military Hospital of 78 Group of PLA, Mudanjiang 157000, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zinan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huanchun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Bajgar J, Kuca K, Kassa J. Inhibition of cholinesterases following percutaneous intoxication with V agents in rats. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1564773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bajgar
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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4
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Ebrahim AM, Plonka AM, Rui N, Hwang S, Gordon WO, Balboa A, Senanayake SD, Frenkel AI. Capture and Decomposition of the Nerve Agent Simulant, DMCP, Using the Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58326-58338. [PMID: 33327718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWA) is an area of intense research aimed at developing new filtration materials to protect soldiers and civilians in case of state-sponsored or terrorist attack. In this study, we employed complementary structural, chemical, and dynamic probes and in situ data collection, to elucidate the complex chemistry, capture, and decomposition of the CWA simulant, dimethyl chlorophosphonate (DMCP). Our work reveals key details of the reactive adsorption of DMCP and demonstrates the versatility of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) as a plausible material for CWA capture and decomposition. The in situ synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and pair distribution function (PDF) studies, combined with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zinc K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and Raman spectroscopies, showed that the unique structure, chemical state, and topology of ZIF-8 enable accessibility, adsorption, and hydrolysis of DMCP into the pores and revealed the importance of linker chemistry and Zn2+ sites for nerve agent decomposition. DMCP decontamination and decomposition product(s) formation were observed by thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and phosphorus (P) K-edge XANES studies. Differential PDF analysis indicated that the average structure of ZIF-8 (at the 30 Å scale) remains unchanged after DMCP dosing and provided information on the dynamics of interactions of DMCP with the ZIF-8 framework. Using in situ PXRD and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), we showed that nearly 90% regeneration of the ZIF-8 structure and complete liberation of DMCP and decomposition products occur upon heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani M Ebrahim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Anna M Plonka
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ning Rui
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Electron Microscopy Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Wesley O Gordon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Alex Balboa
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Sanjaya D Senanayake
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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Kuruba R, Wu X, Reddy DS. Benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus, neuroinflammation, and interneuron neurodegeneration after acute organophosphate intoxication. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2845-2858. [PMID: 29802961 PMCID: PMC6066461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents and some pesticides such as diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) cause neurotoxic manifestations that include seizures and status epilepticus (SE), which are potentially lethal and carry long-term neurological morbidity. Current antidotes for organophosphate (OP) intoxication include atropine, 2-PAM and diazepam (a benzodiazepine for treating seizures and SE). There is some evidence for partial or complete loss of diazepam anticonvulsant efficacy when given 30 min or later after exposure to an OP; this condition is known as refractory SE. Effective therapies for OP-induced SE are lacking and it is unclear why current therapies do not work. In this study, we investigated the time-dependent efficacy of diazepam in the nerve agent surrogate DFP model of OP intoxication on seizure suppression and neuroprotection in rats, following an early and late therapy. Diazepam (5 mg/kg, IM) controlled seizures when given 10 min after DFP exposure ("early"), but it was completely ineffective at 60 or 120 min ("late") after DFP. DFP-induced neuronal injury, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration of principal cells and GABAergic interneurons were significantly reduced by early but not late therapy. These findings demonstrate that diazepam failed to control seizures, SE and neuronal injury when given 60 min or later after DFP exposure, confirming the benzodiazepine-refractory SE and brain damage after OP intoxication. In addition, this study indicates that degeneration of inhibitory interneurons and inflammatory glial activation are potential mechanisms underlying these morbid outcomes of OP intoxication. Therefore, novel anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant antidotes, superior to benzodiazepines, are desperately needed for controlling nerve agent-induced SE and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Kuruba
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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6
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Wu X, Kuruba R, Reddy DS. Midazolam-Resistant Seizures and Brain Injury after Acute Intoxication of Diisopropylfluorophosphate, an Organophosphate Pesticide and Surrogate for Nerve Agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:302-321. [PMID: 30115757 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OP) such as the pesticide diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and the nerve agent sarin are lethal chemicals that induce seizures, status epilepticus (SE), and brain damage. Midazolam, a benzodiazepine modulator of synaptic GABA-A receptors, is currently considered as a new anticonvulsant for nerve agents. Here, we characterized the time course of protective efficacy of midazolam (0.2-5 mg/kg, i.m.) in rats exposed to DFP, a chemical threat agent and surrogate for nerve agents. Behavioral and electroencephalogram (EEG) seizures were monitored for 24 hours after DFP exposure. The extent of brain injury was determined 3 days after DFP exposure by unbiased stereologic analyses of valid markers of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Seizures were elicited within ∼8 minutes after DFP exposure that progressively developed into persistent SE lasting for hours. DFP exposure resulted in massive neuronal injury or necrosis, neurodegeneration of principal cells and interneurons, and neuroinflammation as evident by extensive activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus, amygdala, and other brain regions. Midazolam controlled seizures, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation when given early (10 minutes) after DFP exposure, but it was less effective when given at 40 minutes or later. Delayed therapy (≥40 minutes), a simulation of the practical therapeutic window for first responders or hospital admission, was associated with reduced seizure protection and neuroprotection. These results strongly reaffirm that the DFP-induced seizures and brain damage are progressively resistant to delayed treatment with midazolam, confirming the benzodiazepine refractory SE after OP intoxication. Thus, novel anticonvulsants superior to midazolam or adjunct therapies that enhance its efficacy are needed for effective treatment of refractory SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Ramkumar Kuruba
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
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7
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Ivosevic A, Miletic N, Vulovic M, Vujkovic Z, Bursac SN, Cetkovic SS, Skrbic R, Stojiljkovic MP. Mechanism and Clinical Importance of Respiratory Failure Induced by Anticholinesterases. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Respiratory failure is the predominant cause of death in humans and animals poisoned with anticholinesterases. Organophosphorus and carbamate anticholinesterases inhibit acetylcholinesterase irreversibly and reversibly, respectively. Some of them contain a quaternary atom that makes them lipophobic, limiting their action at the periphery, i.e. outside the central nervous system. They impair respiratory function primarily by inducing a desensitization block of nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular synapse. Lipophilic anticholinesterases inhibit the acetylcholinesterase both in the brain and in other tissues, including respiratory muscles. Their doses needed for cessation of central respiratory drive are significantly less than doses needed for paralysis of the neuromuscular transmission. Antagonist of muscarinic receptors atropine blocks both the central and peripheral muscarinic receptors and effectively antagonizes the central respiratory depression produced by anticholinesterases. To manage the peripheral nicotinic receptor hyperstimulation phenomena, oximes as acetylcholinesterase reactivators are used. Addition of diazepam is useful for treatment of seizures, since they are cholinergic only in their initial phase and can contribute to the occurrence of central respiratory depression. Possible involvement of central nicotinic receptors as well as the other neurotransmitter systems – glutamatergic, opioidergic – necessitates further research of additional antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ivosevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Natasa Miletic
- Medical Faculty , University of East Sarajevo , Foča , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Maja Vulovic
- Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Zoran Vujkovic
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Republic of Srpska, Medical Faculty , University of Banja Luka , Banja Luka , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Snjezana Novakovic Bursac
- Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation „Dr Miroslav Zotovic“ , Banja Luka , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | | | - Ranko Skrbic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty , University of Banja Luka , Banja Luka , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Milos P. Stojiljkovic
- Medical Faculty , University of East Sarajevo , Foča , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty , University of Banja Luka , Banja Luka , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
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8
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Yang J, Fan L, Wang F, Luo Y, Sui X, Li W, Zhang X, Wang Y. Rapid-releasing of HI-6 via brain-targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles for nerve agent detoxification. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9537-9547. [PMID: 26730700 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The toxic nerve agent (NA) soman is the most toxic artificially synthesized compound that can rapidly penetrate into the brain and irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, leading to immediate death. However, there are currently few brain-targeted nanodrugs that can treat acute chemical brain poisoning owing to the limited drug-releasing speed. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a nanodrug against NA toxicity that has high blood-brain barrier penetration and is capable of rapid drug release. Transferrin-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (TF-MSNs) were conjugated with the known AChE reactivator HI-6. This nanodrug rapidly penetrated the blood-brain barrier in zebrafish and mice and restored cerebral AChE activity via the released HI-6, preventing the brain damage caused by soman poisoning and increasing the survival rate in mice. Furthermore, there was no toxicity associated with the MSNs in mice or rats. These results demonstrate that TF-MSNs loaded with HI-6 represent the most effective antidote against NA poisoning by soman reported to date, and suggest that MSNs are a safe alternative to conventional drugs and an optimal nanocarrier for treating brain poisoning, which requires acute pulse cerebral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Lixue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Feijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Wanhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Soochow, 215123, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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9
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Voicu VA, Medvedovici AV, Sakurada K, Ohta H, Rădulescu FȘ, Miron DS. The forgotten or underestimated relevance of biopharmaceutical-based assessments for the oral absorption studies of oxime reactivators. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:743-52. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1179282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Voicu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Psychopharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davilla’, Bucharest, Romania
- Medical Science Section, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Koichi Sakurada
- Department of Forensic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikoto Ohta
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, Toxicology Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, National Police Agency, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Dalia Simona Miron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
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Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Figueiredo TH, Apland JP, Prager EM, Pidoplichko VI, Miller SL, Braga MFM. Long-term neuropathological and behavioral impairments after exposure to nerve agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:17-28. [PMID: 27002925 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the deleterious effects of acute nerve agent exposure is the induction of status epilepticus (SE). If SE is not controlled effectively, it causes extensive brain damage. Here, we review the neuropathology observed after nerve agent-induced SE, as well as the ensuing pathophysiological, neurological, and behavioral alterations, with an emphasis on their time course and longevity. Limbic structures are particularly vulnerable to damage by nerve agent exposure. The basolateral amygdala (BLA), which appears to be a key site for seizure initiation upon exposure, suffers severe neuronal loss; however, GABAergic BLA interneurons display a delayed death, perhaps providing a window of opportunity for rescuing intervention. The end result is a long-term reduction of GABAergic activity in the BLA, with a concomitant increase in spontaneous excitatory activity; such pathophysiological alterations are not observed in the CA1 hippocampal area, despite the extensive neuronal loss. Hyperexcitability in the BLA may be at least in part responsible for the development of recurrent seizures and increased anxiety, while hippocampal damage may underlie the long-term memory impairments. Effective control of SE after nerve agent exposure, such that brain damage is also minimized, is paramount for preventing lasting neurological and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James P Apland
- Neurotoxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Eric M Prager
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Volodymyr I Pidoplichko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven L Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Dolezal R, Korabecny J, Malinak D, Honegr J, Musilek K, Kuca K. Ligand-based 3D QSAR analysis of reactivation potency of mono- and bis-pyridinium aldoximes toward VX-inhibited rat acetylcholinesterase. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 56:113-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Prager EM, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Almeida-Suhett CP, Figueiredo TH, Apland JP, Rossetti F, Olsen CH, Braga MFM. The recovery of acetylcholinesterase activity and the progression of neuropathological and pathophysiological alterations in the rat basolateral amygdala after soman-induced status epilepticus: relation to anxiety-like behavior. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:64-74. [PMID: 24486384 PMCID: PMC4005290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents are powerful neurotoxins that irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. One of the consequences of AChE inhibition is the generation of seizures and status epilepticus (SE), which cause brain damage, resulting in long-term neurological and behavioral deficits. Increased anxiety is the most common behavioral abnormality after nerve agent exposure. This is not surprising considering that the amygdala, and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in particular, plays a central role in anxiety, and this structure suffers severe damage by nerve agent-induced seizures. In the present study, we exposed male rats to the nerve agent soman, at a dose that induce SE, and determined the time course of recovery of AChE activity, along with the progression of neuropathological and pathophysiological alterations in the BLA, during a 30-day period after exposure. Measurements were taken at 24 h, 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days after exposure, and at 14 and 30 days, anxiety-like behavior was also evaluated. We found that more than 90% of AChE is inhibited at the onset of SE, and AChE inhibition remains at this level 24 h later, in the BLA, as well as in the hippocampus, piriform cortex, and prelimbic cortex, which we analyzed for comparison. AChE activity recovered by day 7 in the BLA and day 14 in the other three regions. Significant neuronal loss and neurodegeneration were present in the BLA at 24 h and throughout the 30-day period. There was no significant loss of GABAergic interneurons in the BLA at 24 h post-exposure. However, by day 7, the number of GABAergic interneurons in the BLA was reduced, and at 14 and 30 days after soman, the ratio of GABAergic interneurons to the total number of neurons was lower compared to controls. Anxiety-like behavior in the open-field and the acoustic startle response tests was increased at 14 and 30 days post-exposure. Accompanying pathophysiological alterations in the BLA - studied in in vitro brain slices - included a reduction in the amplitude of field potentials evoked by stimulation of the external capsule, along with prolongation of their time course and an increase in the paired-pulse ratio. Long-term potentiation was impaired at 24 h, 7 days, and 14 days post-exposure. The loss of GABAergic interneurons in the BLA and the decreased interneuron to total number of neurons ratio may be the primary cause of the development of anxiety after nerve agent exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Prager
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Camila P Almeida-Suhett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - James P Apland
- Neurotoxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Franco Rossetti
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Cara H Olsen
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Farar V, Hrabovska A, Krejci E, Myslivecek J. Developmental adaptation of central nervous system to extremely high acetylcholine levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68265. [PMID: 23861875 PMCID: PMC3701655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme in termination of fast cholinergic transmission. In brain, acetylcholine (ACh) is produced by cholinergic neurons and released in extracellular space where it is cleaved by AChE anchored by protein PRiMA. Recently, we showed that the lack of AChE in brain of PRiMA knock-out (KO) mouse increased ACh levels 200-300 times. The PRiMA KO mice adapt nearly completely by the reduction of muscarinic receptor (MR) density. Here we investigated changes in MR density, AChE, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in brain in order to determine developmental period responsible for such adaptation. Brains were studied at embryonal day 18.5 and postnatal days (pd) 0, 9, 30, 120, and 425. We found that the AChE activity in PRiMA KO mice remained very low at all studied ages while in wild type (WT) mice it gradually increased till pd120. BChE activity in WT mice gradually decreased until pd9 and then increased by pd120, it continually decreased in KO mice till pd30 and remained unchanged thereafter. MR number increased in WT mice till pd120 and then became stable. Similarly, MR increased in PRiMA KO mice till pd30 and then remained stable, but the maximal level reached is approximately 50% of WT mice. Therefore, we provide the evidence that adaptive changes in MR happen up to pd30. This is new phenomenon that could contribute to the explanation of survival and nearly unchanged phenotype of PRiMA KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Farar
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre d’Etude de la Sensorimotricité, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8194, Paris, France
| | - Anna Hrabovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eric Krejci
- Centre d’Etude de la Sensorimotricité, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8194, Paris, France
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Time-Dependent Changes of Oxime K027 Concentrations in Different Parts of Rat Central Nervous System. Neurotox Res 2012; 23:63-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Partition of bispyridinium oximes (trimedoxime and K074) administered in therapeutic doses into different parts of the rat brain. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:1082-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Inhibition of blood and tissue cholinesterases by soman in guinea pigs in vivo. J Appl Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-009-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Ruark CD, Hack CE, Robinson PJ, Gearhart JM. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for organophosphates binding to trypsin and chymotrypsin. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:1-23. [PMID: 21120745 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.501716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) nerve agents such as sarin, soman, tabun, and O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX) do not react solely with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Evidence suggests that cholinergic-independent pathways over a wide range are also targeted, including serine proteases. These proteases comprise nearly one-third of all known proteases and play major roles in synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, neuroprotection, wound healing, cell signaling, inflammation, blood coagulation, and protein processing. Inhibition of these proteases by OP was found to exert a wide range of noncholinergic effects depending on the type of OP, the dose, and the duration of exposure. Consequently, in order to understand these differences, in silico biologically based dose-response and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methodologies need to be integrated. Here, QSAR were used to predict OP bimolecular rate constants for trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. A heuristic regression of over 500 topological/constitutional, geometric, thermodynamic, electrostatic, and quantum mechanical descriptors, using the software Ampac 8.0 and Codessa 2.51 (SemiChem, Inc., Shawnee, KS), was developed to obtain statistically verified equations for the models. General models, using all data subsets, resulted in R(2) values of .94 and .92 and leave-one-out Q(2) values of 0.9 and 0.87 for trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. To validate the general model, training sets were split into independent subsets for test set evaluation. A y-randomization procedure, used to estimate chance correlation, was performed 10,000 times, resulting in mean R(2) values of .24 and .3 for trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. The results show that these models are highly predictive and capable of delineating the complex mechanism of action between OP and serine proteases, and ultimately, by applying this approach to other OP enzyme reactions such as AChE, facilitate the development of biologically based dose-response models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Ruark
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Applied Biotechnology Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-5707, USA.
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Voicu VA, Bajgar J, Medvedovici A, Radulescu FS, Miron DS. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some oximes and associated therapeutic consequences: a critical review. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:719-29. [PMID: 20635332 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the use of oximes represents real progress in counteracting intoxications with organophosphates (OP), through potentiating antidotal effects of atropine. The penetration extent of these compounds through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to significantly reactivate phosphorylated or phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain still remains a debatable issue. Penetration of biological barriers by oximes was investigated mainly through determination of several quantitative parameters characterizing digestive absorption and BBB penetration. A weak penetration of biological barriers could be concluded from the available experimental data. The functional parameters/therapeutic effects following the penetration of oximes through BBB, more precisely the antagonism of OP-induced seizures and hypothermia, prevention of brain damage and respiratory center protection, leading to the final end-point, the survival of intoxicated organisms, are of high interest. It seems obvious that oximes are weakly penetrating the BBB, with minimal brain AChE reactivation (<5%) in important functional areas, such as the ponto-medullar. The cerebral protection achieved through administration of oximes is only partial, without major impact on the antagonism of OP-induced seizures, hypothermia and respiratory center inhibition. The antidotal effects probably result from synergic effects of other PD properties, different from the brain AChE reactivation process. Oxime structures especially designed for enhanced BBB penetration, through potentiating the hydrophobic characteristics, more often produce neurotoxic effects. Certainly, obtaining oximes with broad action spectrum (active against all OP types) would make a sense, but certainly, such a target is not achievable only through the increase in their penetrability in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Voicu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Psychopharmacology, Bucharest, Romania.
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Tabun-inhibited rat tissue and blood cholinesterases and their reactivation with the combination of trimedoxime and HI-6 in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:287-90. [PMID: 20167212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, intensive attempts to synthesize a universal reactivator able to reactivate cholinesterases inhibited by all types of nerve agents/organophosphates were not successful. Therefore, another approach using a combination of two reactivators differently reactivating enzyme was used: in rats poisoned with tabun and treated with combination of atropine (fixed dose) and different doses of trimedoxime and HI-6, changes of acetylcholinesterase activities (blood, diaphragm and different parts of the brain) were studied. An increase of AChE activity was observed following trimedoxime treatment depending on its dose; HI-6 had very low effect. Combination of both oximes showed potentiation of their reactivation efficacy; this potentiation was expressed for peripheral AChE (blood, diaphragm) and some parts of the brain (pontomedullar area, frontal cortex); AChE in the basal ganglia was relatively resistant. These observations suggest that the action of combination of oximes in vivo is different from that observed in vitro.
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Bajgar J. Protective effect of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, pyridostigmine) and eqbuche against VX poisoning and brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition in rats. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRALOVE) 2008; 51:223-228. [PMID: 19453088 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of the reversible cholinesterase inhibitors tacrine and pyridostigmine alone or in combination with different drugs against acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the pontomedullar area and cerebellum of rats caused by VX agent (O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate) in vivo (2xLD50) was studied along with survival of animals pretreated with different combinations of the drugs used. The best prophylactic effect was observed in a combination of pyridostigmine with benactyzine, trihexyphenidyle and HI-6. Tacrine alone or in other combinations has had no better prophylactic effect in comparison with these combinations containing pyridostigmine. Equine butyrylcholinesterase, also protected against VX poisoning very effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Bajgar
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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