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Lee JJC, Chua MH, Wang S, Qu Z, Zhu Q, Xu J. Cyclotriphosphazene: A Versatile Building Block for Diverse Functional Materials. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400357. [PMID: 38837322 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cyclotriphosphazene (CP) is a cyclic inorganic compound with the chemical formula N3P3. This unique molecule consists of a six-membered ring composed of alternating nitrogen and phosphorus atoms, each bonded to two chlorine atoms. CP exhibits remarkable versatility and significance in the realm of materials chemistry due to its easy functionalization via facile nucleophilic substitution reactions in mild conditions as well as intriguing properties of resultant final CP-based molecules or polymers. CP has been served as an important building block for numerous functional materials. This review provides a general and broad overview of the synthesis of CP-based small molecules through nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), and their applications, including flame retardants, liquid crystals (LC), chemosensors, electronics, biomedical materials, and lubricants, have been summarized and discussed. It would be expected that this review would offer a timely summary of various CP-based materials and hence give an insight into further exploration of CP-based molecules in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Joo Cheng Lee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, Singapore, 627833
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
| | - Zhengyao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, Singapore, 627833
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore, 117543
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2
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Identification and Characterization of Novel Small-Molecule SMOX Inhibitors. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:medsci10030047. [PMID: 36135832 PMCID: PMC9504029 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The major intracellular polyamines spermine and spermidine are abundant and ubiquitous compounds that are essential for cellular growth and development. Spermine catabolism is mediated by spermine oxidase (SMOX), a highly inducible flavin-dependent amine oxidase that is upregulated during excitotoxic, ischemic, and inflammatory states. In addition to the loss of radical scavenging capabilities associated with spermine depletion, the catabolism of spermine by SMOX results in the production of toxic byproducts, including H2O2 and acrolein, a highly toxic aldehyde with the ability to form adducts with DNA and inactivate vital cellular proteins. Despite extensive evidence implicating SMOX as a key enzyme contributing to secondary injury associated with multiple pathologic states, the lack of potent and selective inhibitors has significantly impeded the investigation of SMOX as a therapeutic target. In this study, we used a virtual and physical screening approach to identify and characterize a series of hit compounds with inhibitory activity against SMOX. We now report the discovery of potent and highly selective SMOX inhibitors 6 (IC50 0.54 μM, Ki 1.60 μM) and 7 (IC50 0.23 μM, Ki 0.46 μM), which are the most potent SMOX inhibitors reported to date. We hypothesize that these selective SMOX inhibitors will be useful as chemical probes to further elucidate the impact of polyamine catabolism on mechanisms of cellular injury.
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3
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Di Paolo ML, Cervelli M, Mariottini P, Leonetti A, Polticelli F, Rosini M, Milelli A, Basagni F, Venerando R, Agostinelli E, Minarini A. Exploring the activity of polyamine analogues on polyamine and spermine oxidase: methoctramine, a potent and selective inhibitor of polyamine oxidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:740-752. [PMID: 30829081 PMCID: PMC6407594 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1584620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen polyamine analogues, asymmetric or symmetric substituted spermine (1-9) or methoctramine (10-14) analogues, were evaluated as potential inhibitors or substrates of two enzymes of the polyamine catabolic pathway, spermine oxidase (SMOX) and acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAOX). Compound 2 turned out to be the best substrate for PAOX, having the highest affinity and catalytic efficiency with respect to its physiological substrates. Methoctramine (10), a well-known muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist, emerged as the most potent competitive PAOX inhibitor known so far (Ki = 10 nM), endowed with very good selectivity compared with SMOX (Ki=1.2 μM vs SMOX). The efficacy of methoctramine in inhibiting PAOX activity was confirmed in the HT22 cell line. Methoctramine is a very promising tool in the design of drugs targeting the polyamine catabolism pathway, both to understand the physio-pathological role of PAOX vs SMOX and for pharmacological applications, being the polyamine pathway involved in various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- Roma Tre Section, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rina Venerando
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Science "A. Rossi Fanelli", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- International Polyamines Foundation – ONLUS –Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Di Paolo ML, Cozza G, Milelli A, Zonta F, Sarno S, Minniti E, Ursini F, Rosini M, Minarini A. Benextramine and derivatives as novel human monoamine oxidases inhibitors: an integrated approach. FEBS J 2019; 286:4995-5015. [PMID: 31291696 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two human monoamine oxidase isoforms (namely MAO A and MAO B) are enzymes involved in the catabolism of monoamines, including neurotransmitters, and for this reason are well-known and attractive pharmacological targets in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, for which novel pharmacological approaches are necessary. Benextramine is a tetraamine disulfide mainly known as irreversible α-adrenergic antagonist, but able to hit additional targets involved in neurodegeneration. As the molecular structures of monoamine oxidases contain nine cysteine residues, the aim of this study was to evaluate benextramine and eleven structurally related polyamine disulfides as potential MAO inhibitors. Most of the compounds were found to induce irreversible inactivation of MAOs with inactivation potency depending on both the polyamine structure and the enzyme isoform. The more effective compounds generally showed preference for MAO B. Structure-activity relationships studies revealed the key role played by the disulfide core of these molecules in the inactivation mechanism. Docking experiments pointed to Cys323, in MAO A, and Cys172, in MAO B, as target of this type of inhibitors thus suggesting that their covalent binding inside the MAO active site sterically impedes the entrance of substrate towards the FAD cofactor. The effectiveness of benextramine in inactivating MAOs was demonstrated in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. These results demonstrated for the first time that benextramine and its derivatives can inactivate human MAOs exploiting a mechanism different from that of the classical MAO inhibitors and could be a starting point for the development of pharmacological tools in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario "Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi", Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Francesca Zonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elirosa Minniti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
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5
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Razvi SS, Choudhry H, Hasan MN, Hassan MA, Moselhy SS, Abualnaja KO, Zamzami MA, Kumosani TA, Al-Malki AL, Halwani MA, Ibrahim A, Hamiche A, Bronner C, Asami T, Alhosin M. Identification of Deregulated Signaling Pathways in Jurkat Cells in Response to a Novel Acylspermidine Analogue-N 4-Erucoyl Spermidine. Epigenet Insights 2018; 11:2516865718814543. [PMID: 30515476 PMCID: PMC6262497 DOI: 10.1177/2516865718814543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are crucial in the cell proliferation and maintenance in all the eukaryotes. However, the requirement of polyamines in tumor cells is stepped up to maintain tumorigenicity. Many synthetic polyamine analogues have been designed recently to target the polyamine metabolism in tumors to induce apoptosis. N4-Erucoyl spermidine (designed as N4-Eru), a novel acylspermidine derivative, has been shown to exert selective inhibitory effects on both hematological and solid tumors, but its mechanisms of action are unknown. In this study, RNA sequencing was performed to investigate the anticancer mechanisms of N4-Eru-treated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line (Jurkat cells), and gene expression was examined through different tools. We could show that many key oncogenes including NDRG1, CACNA1G, TGFBR2, NOTCH1,2,3, UHRF1, DNMT1,3, HDAC1,3, KDM3A, KDM4B, KDM4C, FOS, and SATB1 were downregulated, whereas several tumor suppressor genes such as CDKN2AIPNL, KISS1, DDIT3, TP53I13, PPARG, FOXP1 were upregulated. Data obtained through RNA-Seq further showed that N4-Eru inhibited the NOTCH/Wnt/JAK-STAT axis. This study also indicated that N4-Eru-induced apoptosis could involve several key signaling pathways in cancer. Altogether, our results suggest that N4-Eru is a promising drug to treat ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shoeb Razvi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nihal Hasan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Hassan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen
| | - Said Salama Moselhy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khalid Omer Abualnaja
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A Zamzami
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha Abduallah Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Labeed Al-Malki
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed A Halwani
- Nanomedicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkhaleg Ibrahim
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Ali Hamiche
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Christian Bronner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Tadao Asami
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Alhosin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Bisi A, Cappadone C, Rampa A, Farruggia G, Sargenti A, Belluti F, Di Martino RMC, Malucelli E, Meluzzi A, Iotti S, Gobbi S. Coumarin derivatives as potential antitumor agents: Growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and multidrug resistance reverting activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:577-585. [PMID: 28109950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A small library of coumarins, carrying butynyl-amino chains, was synthesized continuing our studies in the field of MDR reverting ageEnts and in order to obtain multipotent agents to combat malignancies. In particular, the reported anticancer and chemopreventive natural product 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin was linked to different terminal amines, selected on the basis of our previously reported results. The anticancer behaviour and the MDR reverting ability of the new compounds were evaluated on human colon cancer cells, particularly prone to develop the MDR phenotype. Some of the new derivatives showed promising effects, directly acting as cytotoxic compounds and/or counteracting MDR phenomenon. Compound 1e emerged as the most interesting of this series, showing a multipotent biological profile and suggesting that conjugation of an appropriate coumarin core with a properly selected butynyl-amino chain allows to obtain novel hybrid molecules endowed with improved in vitro antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, 6, 40126 Italy.
| | - Concettina Cappadone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, 6, 40126 Italy
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Via delle Medaglie D'oro, 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Azzurra Sargenti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, 6, 40126 Italy
| | - Rita M C Di Martino
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, 6, 40126 Italy
| | - Emil Malucelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Meluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Via delle Medaglie D'oro, 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, 6, 40126 Italy
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7
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Leoni A, Locatelli A, Morigi R, Rambaldi M, Cappadone C, Farruggia G, Iotti S, Merolle L, Zini M, Stefanelli C. Substituted E-3-(3-indolylmethylene)1,3-dihydroindol-2-ones with antiproliferative activity. Study of the effects on HL-60 leukemia cells. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:382-90. [PMID: 24747749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new substituted E-3-(3-indolylmethylene)1,3-dihydroindol-2-ones is reported. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated according to protocols available at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD. The action of the most active compound 10 was further investigated in HL-60 leukemia cells. Results obtained show that it causes a block in cell cycle progression, with cell arrest in the G2/M phase, associated with activation of apoptosis accompanied with increased oxidative stress and deregulation of the homeostasis of divalent cations, with significant increase in the cellular concentrations of free Ca(2+) and Mg(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Leoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Morigi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Rambaldi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Concettina Cappadone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Merolle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Stefanelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini Campus, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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8
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Bonaiuto E, Milelli A, Cozza G, Tumiatti V, Marchetti C, Agostinelli E, Fimognari C, Hrelia P, Minarini A, Di Paolo ML. Novel polyamine analogues: From substrates towards potential inhibitors of monoamine oxidases. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:88-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Minarini A, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Rosini M, Lenzi M, Ferruzzi L, Turrini E, Hrelia P, Sestili P, Calcabrini C, Fimognari C. Exploiting RNA as a new biomolecular target for synthetic polyamines. Gene 2013; 524:232-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Minarini A, Zini M, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Marchetti C, Nicolini B, Falconi M, Farruggia G, Cappadone C, Stefanelli C. Synthetic polyamines activating autophagy: effects on cancer cell death. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:359-66. [PMID: 23887056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of symmetrically substituted long chain polymethylene tetramines, methoctramine (1) and its analogs 2-4 to kill cancer cells was studied. We found that an elevated cytotoxicity was correlated with a 12 methylene chain length separating the inner amine functions (6-12-6 carbon backbone), together with the introduction of diphenylethyl moieties on the terminal nitrogen atoms (compound 4) of a tetramine backbone. Compound 4 triggered dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and increased intracellular peroxide levels, leading to a caspase-independent HeLa cell death associated with a rapid activation of autophagy. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine inhibited cell death and activation of autophagy, indicating a link between oxidative stress and autophagy. Autophagy was rapidly triggered even by tetramines 2 and 3, indicating that is related to their polyamine structure. Autophagy did not protect HeLa cells against cytotoxicity elicited by compound 4. The present study shows that, by modifications of the methoctramine structure, it is possible to design polyamine derivatives highly cytotoxic against tumor cells and that the appropriate design of molecules bearing polyamine-like structures leads to powerful inducers of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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11
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of polymethylene tetraamine derivatives as NMDA receptor channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3901-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Bazzani S, Hoppe A, Holzhütter HG. Network-based assessment of the selectivity of metabolic drug targets in Plasmodium falciparum with respect to human liver metabolism. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:118. [PMID: 22937810 PMCID: PMC3543272 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The search for new drug targets for antibiotics against Plasmodium falciparum, a major cause of human deaths, is a pressing scientific issue, as multiple resistance strains spread rapidly. Metabolic network-based analyses may help to identify those parasite’s essential enzymes whose homologous counterparts in the human host cells are either absent, non-essential or relatively less essential. Results Using the well-curated metabolic networks PlasmoNet of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum and HepatoNet1 of the human hepatocyte, the selectivity of 48 experimental antimalarial drug targets was analyzed. Applying in silico gene deletions, 24 of these drug targets were found to be perfectly selective, in that they were essential for the parasite but non-essential for the human cell. The selectivity of a subset of enzymes, that were essential in both models, was evaluated with the reduced fitness concept. It was, then, possible to quantify the reduction in functional fitness of the two networks under the progressive inhibition of the same enzymatic activity. Overall, this in silico analysis provided a selectivity ranking that was in line with numerous in vivo and in vitro observations. Conclusions Genome-scale models can be useful to depict and quantify the effects of enzymatic inhibitions on the impaired production of biomass components. From the perspective of a host-pathogen metabolic interaction, an estimation of the drug targets-induced consequences can be beneficial for the development of a selective anti-parasitic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bazzani
- Institut für Biochemie, Charite-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Yıldırım T, Bilgin K, Çiftçi GY, Eçik ET, Şenkuytu E, Uludağ Y, Tomak L, Kılıç A. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and apoptosis of cyclotriphosphazene compounds as anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Andreani A, Bellini S, Burnelli S, Granaiola M, Leoni A, Locatelli A, Morigi R, Rambaldi M, Varoli L, Calonghi N, Cappadone C, Zini M, Stefanelli C, Masotti L, Shoemaker RH. Substituted E-3-(3-indolylmethylene)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-ones with antitumor activity. In depth study of the effect on growth of breast cancer cells. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5567-75. [PMID: 20684599 DOI: 10.1021/jm1007165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of new substituted E-3-(3-indolylmethylene)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-ones is reported. The antitumor activity was evaluated according to protocols available at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. The action of selected compounds was investigated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The ability of these derivatives to inhibit cellular proliferation was accompanied by increased level of p53 and its transcriptional targets p21 and Bax, interference in the cell cycle progression with cell accumulation in the G2/M phase, and activation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Andreani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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15
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Melchiorre C, Bolognesi ML, Minarini A, Rosini M, Tumiatti V. Polyamines in Drug Discovery: From the Universal Template Approach to the Multitarget-Directed Ligand Design Strategy. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5906-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Melchiorre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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16
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Minarini A, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Rosini M, Bolognesi ML, Melchiorre C. Synthetic polyamines: an overview of their multiple biological activities. Amino Acids 2009; 38:383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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