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Korkmaz N, Uğurer O, Örün İ. Toxic effects of the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin on the hematological parameters and antioxidant enzyme systems of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023:10.1007/s10646-023-02675-2. [PMID: 37300635 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated changes in hematological and antioxidant parameters of carp exposed to two different doses of synthetic pyrethroid permethrin (control, vehicle, 10 ppm, and 20 ppm) for two different periods (4 days and 21 days). Hematological analyses were then performed on a veterinary Ms4 (Melet Schloesing, France) blood counter using commercially available kits (Cat. No. WD1153). Buege and Aust for MDA, Luck for CAT, McCord and Frivovich for SOD, Lawrence and Burk methods for GSH-Px were used to determine antioxidant parameters. Decreases in RBC count, Hb amount, Hct value, granulocyte ratios, and increases in total WBC and lymphocyte ratios were statistically significant in both dose groups treated with permethrin compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in monocyte ratios (p > 0.05). Overall, permethrin exposure caused an increase in MDA levels in the liver and gill tissues of carp in both dose and duration groups compared to the control group. Also, no statistically significant difference between the two dose groups in the liver tissue was observed in terms of duration (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, the increase in MDA levels in PERM10 and PERM20 dose groups in the gill tissues over 21 days was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, permethrin exposure increased CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px enzyme activities in the gill tissue, while impacting in the opposite direction the liver tissue. Finally, regarding MDA, CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px levels, the control, and control acetone dose groups of all experimental groups were observed to be similar (p > 0.05). As a result, permethrin produced a toxic effect on Cyprinus carpio, triggering changes in blood parameters and inducing the antioxidant enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuh Korkmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey.
| | - Orhan Uğurer
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Örün
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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Hao F, Bu Y, Huang S, Li W, Feng H, Wang Y. Effects of pyrethroids on the cerebellum and related mechanisms: a narrative review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:229-243. [PMID: 37417402 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2229384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids (PYRs) are a group of synthetic organic chemicals that mimic natural pyrethrins. Due to their low toxicity and persistence in mammals, they are widely used today. PYRs exhibit higher lipophilicity than other insecticides, which allows them to easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier and directly induce toxic effects on the central nervous system. Several studies have shown that the cerebellum appears to be one of the regions with the largest changes in biomarkers. The cerebellum, which is extremely responsive to PYRs, functions as a crucial region for storing motor learning memories. Exposure to low doses of various types of PYRs during rat development resulted in diverse long-term effects on motor activity and coordination functions. Reduced motor activity may result from developmental exposure to PYRs in rats, as indicated by delayed cerebellar morphogenesis and maturation. PYRs also caused adverse histopathological and biochemical changes in the cerebellum of mothers and their offspring. By some studies, PYRs may affect granule cells and Purkinje cells, causing damage to cerebellar structures. Destruction of cerebellar structures and morphological defects in Purkinje cells are known to be directly related to functional impairment of motor coordination. Although numerous data support that PYRs cause damage to cerebellar structures, function and development, the mechanisms are not completely understood and require further in-depth studies. This paper reviews the available evidence on the relationship between the use of PYRs and cerebellar damage and discusses the mechanisms of PYRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Ye Bu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Wanqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Huiwen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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Aoiadni N, Chiab N, Jdidi H, Gargouri Bouzid R, El Feki A, Fetoui H, Ghorbel Koubaa F. The pyrethroid insecticide permethrin confers hepatotoxicity through DNA damage and mitochondria-associated apoptosis induction in rat: Palliative benefits of Fumaria officinalis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23172. [PMID: 35861702 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Permethrin (PER) is a pyrethroid pesticide that is extensively used as an insecticide in world because of its high activity and its low mammalian toxicity. The current study was conducted to investigate the protective action of Fumaria officinalis against PER-induced liver injury in male rats. However, HPLC-DAD showed the richness of 6 components in F. officinalis (F) including quercetin, ferulic acid, and naringenin which were the most abundant. Total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins were studied by phytochemical screening. In vitro, antioxidant properties showed that F. officinalis exhibited the highest DPPH radical, FRAP, and H2 O2 tests and total antioxidant capacity. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: negative control group (C), positive control group (F) (200 mg F. officinalis/kg BW), PER group (34.05 mg permethrin/kg BW), and PER + F group (34.05 mg permethrin/kg BW and 200 mg F. officinalis/kg BW). Oral administration of PER led to promote a decrease of body weight and Ca2+ -ATPases and Mg2+ -ATPases activities and an increase of plasma C-reactive protein level, transaminases, and hepatic ϒ-GT activities as well as hepatic and mitochondrial oxidative stress. An increase in plasma lactate-to pyruvate ratio and a reduction in complexes enzymes I, III, and IV activities were also observed. In addition, histoarchitecture of liver in PER-treated rats showed apoptosis and necrosis as confirmed by DNA fragmentation. F. officinalis significantly exerted hepatoprotective effect by modulating hepatic alteration and mitochondrial dysfunction as well as genotoxicity. This effect could be attributed to phenolics compounds such as polyphenols, condensed tannins, and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissaf Aoiadni
- Laboratory of Animal Eco-Physiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nour Chiab
- Laboratory of Plant improvement and Agri-Resources Valorization, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Jdidi
- Laboratory of Animal Eco-Physiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhia Gargouri Bouzid
- Laboratory of Plant improvement and Agri-Resources Valorization, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelfattah El Feki
- Laboratory of Animal Eco-Physiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health (LR17ES06), Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ghorbel Koubaa
- Laboratory of Animal Eco-Physiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Sun YJ, Liang YJ, Yang L, Long DX, Wang HP, Wu YJ. Long-term low-dose exposure of permethrin induces liver and kidney damage in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:46. [PMID: 35804463 PMCID: PMC9270817 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Permethrin is one of the pyrethroid insecticides, which is widely used in agriculture and public health. Although acute toxicity of the insecticide has been studied, the chronic toxicity upon the long-term exposure has not been clear yet. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the organ toxicities of permethrin following its long-term low-dose exposure. METHODS Male Wistar rats were daily administrated orally with permethrin (75 mg/kg body weight/day, gavage) for 90 days, and then the samples of biofluids (blood and urine) and organs including liver and kidney were collected. The serum and urine samples were measured by biochemical assay and the tissues of kidney and liver were examined and analyzed by histopathological method. RESULTS The results showed that no change was found in serum and urine biochemical parameters for the toxicity; however, significant changes including hyperchromatic nuclei swollen in the hepatic parenchymal cells and the swelling proximal tubules in the kidneys were observed in the tissue structures of liver and kidneys in the histopathological sections. CONCLUSION These results indicate that low-dose long-term exposure of permethrin can cause chronic toxicity with slight liver and kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jian Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Road, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Road, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Road, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Ding-Xin Long
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Road, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Road, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxilu Road, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
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Sule RO, Condon L, Gomes AV. A Common Feature of Pesticides: Oxidative Stress-The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pesticide-Induced Toxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5563759. [PMID: 35096268 PMCID: PMC8791758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5563759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are important chemicals or biological agents that deter or kill pests. The use of pesticides has continued to increase as it is still considered the most effective method to reduce pests and increase crop growth. However, pesticides have other consequences, including potential toxicity to humans and wildlife. Pesticides have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and birth defects. Labels on pesticides also suggest limiting exposure to these hazardous chemicals. Based on experimental evidence, various types of pesticides all seem to have a common effect, the induction of oxidative stress in different cell types and animal models. Pesticide-induced oxidative stress is caused by both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are associated with several diseases including cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. ROS and RNS can activate at least five independent signaling pathways including mitochondrial-induced apoptosis. Limited in vitro studies also suggest that exogenous antioxidants can reduce or prevent the deleterious effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed O. Sule
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Liam Condon
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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López-Aceves TG, Coballase-Urrutia E, Estrada-Rojo F, Vanoye-Carlo A, Carmona-Aparicio L, Hernández ME, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Navarro L, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Pérez-Torres A, Medina-Campos ON, Martínez-Fong D, Sánchez-Valle V, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Granados-Rojas L, Pulido-Camarillo E, Rodríguez-Mata V, León-Sicairos CDR. Exposure to Sub-Lethal Doses of Permethrin Is Associated with Neurotoxicity: Changes in Bioenergetics, Redox Markers, Neuroinflammation and Morphology. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120337. [PMID: 34941771 PMCID: PMC8704605 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin (PERM) is a member of the class I family of synthetic pyrethroids. Human use has shown that it affects different systems, with wide health dysfunctions. Our aim was to determine bioenergetics, neuroinflammation and morphology changes, as redox markers after subacute exposure to PERM in rats. We used MDA determination, protein carbonyl assay, mitochondrial O2 consumption, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a deep histopathological analysis of the hippocampus. PERM (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight/day, o.v.) increased lipoperoxidation and carbonylated proteins in a dose-dependent manner in the brain regions. The activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, reductase, S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase showed an increase in all the different brain areas, with dose-dependent effects in the cerebellum. Cytokine profiles (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) increased in a dose-dependent manner in different brain tissues. Exposure to 150 mg/kg of permethrin induced degenerated and/or dead neurons in the rat hippocampus and induced mitochondrial uncoupling and reduction of oxidative phosphorylation and significantly decreased the respiratory parameters state 3-associated respiration in complex I and II. PERM exposure at low doses induces reactive oxygen species production and imbalance in the enzymatic antioxidant system, increases gene expression of pro-inflammatory interleukins, and could lead to cell damage mediated by mitochondrial functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Guadalupe López-Aceves
- Regional Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán 80000, Mexico; (T.G.L.-A.); (C.d.R.L.-S.)
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - Elvia Coballase-Urrutia
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Estrada-Rojo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.E.-R.); (L.N.)
| | - América Vanoye-Carlo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - Liliana Carmona-Aparicio
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - María Eugenia Hernández
- Subdirection of Clinical Research, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City 14370, Mexico;
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04150, Mexico; (J.P.-C.); (O.E.A.-T.); (O.N.M.-C.)
| | - Luz Navarro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.E.-R.); (L.N.)
| | - Omar E. Aparicio-Trejo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04150, Mexico; (J.P.-C.); (O.E.A.-T.); (O.N.M.-C.)
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.P.-T.); (E.P.-C.); (V.R.-M.)
| | - Omar N. Medina-Campos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04150, Mexico; (J.P.-C.); (O.E.A.-T.); (O.N.M.-C.)
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fong
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Vicente Sánchez-Valle
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Noemi Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - Leticia Granados-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - Evelyn Pulido-Camarillo
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.P.-T.); (E.P.-C.); (V.R.-M.)
| | - Verónica Rodríguez-Mata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.P.-T.); (E.P.-C.); (V.R.-M.)
| | - Claudia del R. León-Sicairos
- Regional Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán 80000, Mexico; (T.G.L.-A.); (C.d.R.L.-S.)
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Chrustek A, Hołyńska-Iwan I, Olszewska-Słonina D. The influence of pyrethroides: permethrin, deltamethrin
and alpha-cypermetrin on oxidative damage. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids, synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolim,
are commonly used for plant protection in the forestry, agricultural, pharmaceutical industry
as well as in medicine and veterinary medicine. They can enter the body by inhalation,
ingestion and skin contact. It was assumed that they are characterized by low toxicity to humans,
are quickly metabolized and do not accumulate in tissues, and are excreted in the urine. Despite
the existing restrictions, their use carries a great risk, because these compounds and their metabolites
can get into the natural environment, contaminating water, soil and food. The consequences
of using pyrethroids as a direct threat to animal and human health have been described
for many years. They are published on an ongoing basis informing about poisoning with these
compounds in humans and animals, and about fatalities after their taking. Children are most at
risk because pyrethroids can be found in breast milk. These compounds have nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic,
immunotoxic, neurotoxic effects and have a negative effect on the reproductive system
and the fetus. Pyrethroids such as permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin are approved
by the World Health Organization for daily use; however, numerous scientific studies indicate
that they can cause oxidative stress. They lead to DNA, protein, lipid damage and induction of
apoptosis. The purpose of the work was to collect and systematize the available knowledge regarding
the induction of oxidative stress by selected pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chrustek
- Katedra Patobiochemii i Chemii Klinicznej, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
| | - Iga Hołyńska-Iwan
- Katedra Patobiochemii i Chemii Klinicznej, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Katedra Patobiochemii i Chemii Klinicznej, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
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Abstract
Human and animal welfare primarily depends on the availability of food and surrounding environment. Over a century and half, the quest to identify agents that can enhance food production and protection from vector borne diseases resulted in the identification and use of a variety of pesticides, of which the pyrethroid based ones emerged as the best choice. Pesticides while improved the quality of life, on the other hand caused enormous health risks. Because of their percolation into drinking water and food chain and usage in domestic settings, humans unintentionally get exposed to the pesticides on a daily basis. The health hazards of almost all known pesticides at a variety of doses and exposure times are reported. This review provides a comprehensive summation on the historical, epidemiological, chemical and biological (physiological, biochemical and molecular) aspects of pyrethroid based insecticides. An overview of the available knowledge suggests that the synthetic pyrethroids vary in their chemical and toxic nature and pose health hazards that range from simple nausea to cancers. Despite large number of reports, studies that focused on identifying the health hazards using doses that are equivalent or relevant to human exposure are lacking. It is high time such studies are conducted to provide concrete evidence on the hazards of consuming pesticide contaminated food. Policy decisions to decrease the residual levels of pesticides in agricultural products and also to encourage organic farming is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Melatonin ameliorates cypermethrin-induced impairments by regulating oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in porcine Sertoli cells. Theriogenology 2021; 167:67-76. [PMID: 33774368 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cypermethrin (CYP) is a widely used insecticide that may be harmful to nontarget species. However, the toxicity of CYP to porcine Sertoli cells (SCs) and its associated mechanism is not known. We investigated the toxicity of CYP and showed that CYP induced cytotoxicity in porcine SCs in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic investigations revealed that CYP induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in porcine SCs, which provoked mitochondria-associated apoptosis. CYP also stimulated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to induce porcine SC apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation via the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) expression. The natural antioxidant melatonin had an obvious protective effect against CYP-induced porcine SC toxicity. Overall, our results reveal that the mechanism underlying CYP-induced toxicity in porcine SCs involves oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis and suggest that melatonin may be used as a highly effective protective agent against oxidative stress.
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Zhu Q, Yang Y, Lao Z, Zhong Y, Zhang K, Zhao S. Acute and chronic toxicity of deltamethrin, permethrin, and dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids in mice. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:4210-4221. [PMID: 32596996 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroids, a class of insecticides, that act on the nervous system of insects. Frequent consumption of foods with pyrethroid residues increase the risk of developmental and neurological diseases in humans. Assessing the toxicity of novel synthetic pyrethroids to mammals is also critical to the development of agrochemicals. RESULTS Using mice as models, the acute and chronic toxicity of deltamethrin, permethrin, dihaloacetylated pyrethroids to mammals was researched by gavage administration. Acute toxicity assessment displayed that the median lethal dose (LD50 ) of deltamethrin, permethrin and dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids DCA-O, DCA-01, and DCA-11 tested were greater than 500 mg/kg of weight. Furthermore, chronic toxicity assessment demonstrated that deltamethrin, permethrin caused epidermal damage near the genitals, while dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids DCA-O, DCA-01, and DCA-11 showed no relevant symptoms. However, both the acute and chronic toxicity assessment suggested that pyrethroids exposure induced mice loss weight. Additionally, the elevated plus maze (EPM) test showed that pyrethroids caused anxiety-like behaviors and no motor defects in Kunming mice. Beside, during the sucrose preference test (SPT), 60-day pyrethroids exposure increased excitatory behaviors in mice. However, the neurochemical studies displayed that pyrethroids exposure increased the total amount of glutamate (Gln), glutamine (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the mice's blood. CONCLUSION Pyrethroids exposure induced weight loss in mice, although the acute oral toxicity of deltamethrin, permethrin and dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids DCA-O, DCA-01, and DCA-11 was low. However, regarding chronic toxicity, deltamethrin, permethrin and dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids DCA-O, DCA-01, and DCA-11 induced anxiety-like behaviors, excitatory behaviors, Gln-Glu-GABA circulatory dysfunction in blood. Particularly, deltamethrin, though permethrin also had reproductive toxicity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Zhu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhiting Lao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhong
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Health, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P. R. China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Zhu Q, Yang Y, Zhong Y, Lao Z, O'Neill P, Hong D, Zhang K, Zhao S. Synthesis, insecticidal activity, resistance, photodegradation and toxicity of pyrethroids (A review). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126779. [PMID: 32957265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of highly effective, broad-spectrum, less toxic, biodegradable synthetic pesticides. However, despite the extremely wide application of pyrethroids, there are many problems, such as insecticide resistance, lethal/sub-lethal toxicity to mammals, aquatic organisms or other beneficial organisms. The objectives of this review were to cover the main structures, synthesis, steroisomers, mechanisms of action, anti-mosquito activities, resistance, photodegradation and toxicities of pyrethroids. That was to provide a reference for synthesizing or screening novel pyrethroids with low insecticide resistance and low toxicity to beneficial organisms, evaluating the environmental pollution of pyrethroids and its metabolites. Besides, pyrethroids are mainly used for the control of vectors such as insects, and the non-target organisms are mammals, aquatic organisms etc. While maintaining the insecticidal activity is important, its toxic effects on non-target organisms should be also considered. Pyrethroid resistance is present not only in insect mosquitoes but also in environmental microorganisms, which results in anti-pyrethroids resistance (APR) strains. Besides, photodegradation product dibenzofurans is harmful to mammals and environment. Additionally, pyrethroid metabolites may have higher hormonal interference than the parents. Particularly, delivery of pyrethroids in nanoform can reduce the discharge of more toxic substances (such as organic solvents, etc.) to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Zhu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Zhong
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiting Lao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Paul O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Health, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suqing Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Awoyemi OM, Kumar N, Schmitt C, Subbiah S, Crago J. Behavioral, molecular and physiological responses of embryo-larval zebrafish exposed to types I and II pyrethroids. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:526-537. [PMID: 30553213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are potent neurotoxicants that may elicit multiple pathways of toxicity in non-target organisms. Comparative studies on the mechanistic and developmental effects of types I and II pyrethroids against non-target aquatic species are limited. This study assessed the effects of the two pyrethroid types against embryo-larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) at environmentally relevant and laboratory concentrations. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to type-I (permethrin, bifenthrin) and type-II (deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, esfenvalerate) pyrethroids at 1000, 10, 0.1, 0.01, 0.0 μg/L, starting at 5-h post-fertilization (hpf) through 5-d post-fertilization (dpf) under static exposure conditions. Swimming behavior (distance traveled and velocity) was assessed at 5-dpf. The relative expression of Nrf2a, GST, Casp-9 and p53 mRNA transcripts, carboxyl esterase (CES) activity and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. The stability of the pyrethroids across 5 days was analyzed. Bifenthrin-(10 μg/L) and esfenvalerate-(1000 μg/L) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced total distance traveled by larvae while 1000 μg/L deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin were lethal causing body axis curvature and pericardial edema. At environmentally relevant concentrations-(μg/L) compared to control, permethrin-(0.122) upregulated Nrf2a and Casp-9 expressions while λ-cyhalothrin-(0.053) downregulated Nrf2a and fenvalerate-0.037 downregulated GST. At laboratory concentrations-(μg/L), permethrin-(1000) upregulated Nrf2a, Casp-9 and p53 expressions, bifenthrin-(10) upregulated Casp-9 while fenvalerate-(0.1) and esfenvalerate-(1000) downregulated GST. There was concentration dependent increase in CES activity which correlated positively with total ROS. Pyrethroid concentrations decreased significantly by day 5. This study showed disparity in the mechanistic effects across the pyrethroids types and their instability in aqueous media may underestimate toxicity against non-target aquatic species when exposed in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olushola M Awoyemi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Cassandra Schmitt
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Jordan Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
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13
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Chrustek A, Hołyńska-Iwan I, Dziembowska I, Bogusiewicz J, Wróblewski M, Cwynar A, Olszewska-Słonina D. Current Research on the Safety of Pyrethroids Used as Insecticides. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2018; 54:E61. [PMID: 30344292 PMCID: PMC6174339 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins extracted from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. They are 2250 times more toxic to insects than to vertebrates due to insects' smaller size, lower body temperature and more sensitive sodium channels. In particular, three pyrethroid compounds, namely deltamethrin, permethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin, are commonly used as insecticides and are recommended for in-home insect control because they are considered to be relatively non-toxic to humans in all stages of life. However, recent data show that they are not completely harmless to human health as they may enter the body through skin contact, by inhalation and food or water, and absorption level depending on the type of food. Permethrin seems to have an adverse effect on fertility, the immune system, cardiovascular and hepatic metabolism as well as enzymatic activity. Deltamethrin induces inflammation, nephro- and hepatotoxicity and influences the activity of antioxidant enzymes in tissues. Alpha-cypermethrin may impair immunity and act to increase glucose and lipid levels in blood. The aim of the review is to provide comprehensive information on potential hazards associated to human exposure to deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin. The results of presented studies prove that the insecticides must be used with great caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chrustek
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
| | - Iga Hołyńska-Iwan
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
| | - Inga Dziembowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bogusiewicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Torun, Poland.
| | - Marcin Wróblewski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-092 Torun, Poland.
| | - Anna Cwynar
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Torun, Poland.
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14
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Mangia C, Vismarra A, Genchi M, Epis S, Bandi C, Grandi G, Bell-Sakyi L, Otranto D, Passeri B, Kramer L. Exposure to amitraz, fipronil and permethrin affects cell viability and ABC transporter gene expression in an Ixodes ricinus cell line. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:437. [PMID: 30064465 PMCID: PMC6069974 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins has been implicated in resistance of ticks to acaricides. Tick cell lines are useful for investigating resistance mechanisms, as development of an in vitro model for the study of acaricide resistance would contribute to improving knowledge of the molecular basis behind drug processing and exclusion in ticks. In the present study, cultures of the Ixodes ricinus-derived cell line IRE/CTVM19 were treated with the acaricides amitraz, permethrin or fipronil to determine modulation of ABC transporter gene expression. Cells were treated with different drug concentrations (25, 50, 100, 150 μM) and incubated for ten days. Cell morphology, viability, metabolic activity and relative expression of ABC (B1, B6, B8 and B10) genes were determined at day 10 post-treatment. RESULTS Cell morphology determined by light microscopy was altered following treatment with all drugs, but only at high concentrations, while total cell numbers decreased with increasing drug dose. Cell viability determined by trypan blue exclusion was not significantly different from untreated controls (P > 0.1) following treatment with amitraz and permethrin, but high concentrations of fipronil caused decrease (up to 37%, P < 0.01) in viability. At all drug concentrations, fipronil and permethrin induced dose-dependent reduction in cell metabolic activity measured by MTT assay (P < 0.01). Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the drugs significantly affected expression of ABC genes. In particular, fipronil treatment downregulated ABCB1 (P < 0.001) and upregulated ABCB6, ABCB8 and ABCB10 (P < 0.01); amitraz treatment down regulated ABCB1 (significant difference between 25 and 150 μM, P < 0.001) and upregulated ABCB8 and ABCB10 at lower concentrations (25 and 50 μM, P < 0.05); and permethrin upregulated ABCB6, ABCB8 and ABCB10 only at 150 μM (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The adverse effects on cell viability and metabolic activity, and changes in expression of different ABC transporter genes, detected in IRE/CTVM19 cells following treatment with amitraz, permethrin and fipronil, support the proposed application of tick cell lines as in vitro models for the study of resistance to these acaricides in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mangia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Alice Vismarra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Genchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Grandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-757 56, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Benedetta Passeri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
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15
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Schaller M, Schöfer H, Homey B, Hofmann M, Gieler U, Lehmann P, Luger TA, Ruzicka T, Steinhoff M. Rosacea Management: Update on general measures and topical treatment options. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2017; 14 Suppl 6:17-27. [PMID: 27869379 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although there is presently no cure for rosacea, there are several recommended treatment options available to control many of the symptoms and to prevent them from getting worse. In addition to self-help measures like avoidance of trigger factors and proper skin care, rosacea management should include topical medications as one of the first-line choices for patients with erythematous and mild to severe papulopustular rosacea. Since mixed forms of characteristic rosacea symptoms are more common, medical treatment must be symptom-tailored for each individual case and will often involve a combination therapy. Approved topical agents for the major symptoms of rosacea encompass brimonidine for erythema and ivermectin, metronidazole or azelaic acid for inflammatory lesions, all of which have shown their efficacy in numerous valid, well-controlled trials. In addition, there are several other, not approved topical treatments which are possible options that require further validation in larger well-controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Schöfer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - B Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Gieler
- Clinics for Dermatology and Allergology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - P Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, HELIOS Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
| | - T A Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - T Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - M Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and, UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Schaller M, Schöfer H, Homey B, Hofmann M, Gieler U, Lehmann P, Luger TA, Ruzicka T, Steinhoff M. Rosazea-Management: Update über allgemeine Maßnahmen und topische Therapieoptionen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14 Suppl 6:17-28. [PMID: 27869373 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13143_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obwohl bislang für die Rosazea keine kurative Therapie besteht, können verschiedene Optionen zur Behandlung der Symptome und zur Vorbeugung von Exazerbationen empfohlen werden. Neben Selbsthilfemaßnahme wie der Vermeidung von Triggerfaktoren und einer geeigneten Hautpflege sollte das Rosazea-Management bei Patienten mit erythematöser und leichter bis schwerer papulopustulöser Rosazea die Anwendung topischer Präparate als First-Line-Therapie umfassen. Da Überlappungen der charakteristischen Rosazea-Symptome im klinischen Alltag die Regel sind, sollte die medikamentöse Therapie auf die individuellen Symptome zugeschnitten werden; auch eine Kombinationstherapie kann erforderlich sein. Zu den für die Behandlung der Hauptsymptome der Rosazea zugelassenen Wirkstoffen gehören Brimonidin gegen das Erythem sowie Ivermectin, Metronidazol oder Azelainsäure gegen entzündliche Läsionen. Ihre Wirksamkeit wurde in zahlreichen validen, gut kontrollierten Studien belegt. Darüber hinaus existieren verschiedene nicht zugelassene topische Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, deren Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit noch in größeren, kontrollierten Studien zu untersuchen ist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schaller
- Universitäts-Hautklinik, Klinikum der Universität Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - H Schöfer
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Deutschland
| | - B Homey
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - M Hofmann
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutschland
| | - U Gieler
- Zentrum für Psychosomatische Medizin, Psychosomatische Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen, Deutschland
| | - P Lehmann
- Zentrum für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Dermatochirurgie, Helios Kliniken Wuppertal, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Deutschland
| | - T A Luger
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Allgemeine Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Deutschland
| | - T Ruzicka
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - M Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology, University Collge Dublin, Dublin, Irland
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17
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Wang X, Martínez MA, Dai M, Chen D, Ares I, Romero A, Castellano V, Martínez M, Rodríguez JL, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Yuan Z. Permethrin-induced oxidative stress and toxicity and metabolism. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:86-104. [PMID: 27183507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin (PER), the most frequently used synthetic Type I pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used in the world because of its high activity as an insecticide and its low mammalian toxicity. It was originally believed that PER exhibited low toxicity on untargeted animals. However, as its use became more extensive worldwide, increasing evidence suggested that PER might have a variety of toxic effects on animals and humans alike, such as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, reproductive, genotoxic, and haematotoxic effects, digestive system toxicity, and cytotoxicity. A growing number of studies indicate that oxidative stress played critical roles in the various toxicities associated with PER. To date, almost no review has addressed the toxicity of PER correlated with oxidative stress. The focus of this article is primarily to summarise advances in the research associated with oxidative stress as a potential mechanism for PER-induced toxicity as well as its metabolism. This review summarises the research conducted over the past decade into the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative stress as a consequence of PER treatments, and ultimately their correlation with the toxicity and the metabolism of PER. The metabolism of PER involves various CYP450 enzymes, alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenases for oxidation and the carboxylesterases for hydrolysis, through which oxidative stress might occur, and such metabolic factors are also reviewed. The protection of a variety of antioxidants against PER-induced toxicity is also discussed, in order to further understand the role of oxidative stress in PER-induced toxicity. This review will throw new light on the critical roles of oxidative stress in PER-induced toxicity, as well as on the blind spots that still exist in the understanding of PER metabolism, the cellular effects in terms of apoptosis and cell signaling pathways, and finally strategies to help to protect against its oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Menghong Dai
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Castellano
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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18
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Proskocil BJ, Bruun DA, Garg JA, Villagomez CC, Jacoby DB, Lein PJ, Fryer AD. The influence of sensitization on mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticide-induced airway hyperreactivity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 53:738-47. [PMID: 25897622 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0444oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that antigen sensitization increases vulnerability to airway hyperreactivity induced by the organophosphorus pesticide (OP) parathion. Sensitization also changes the mechanism of parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity to one that is dependent on IL-5. To determine whether this effect can be generalized to other OPs, and to other classes of pesticides, we measured airway responsiveness to vagal stimulation or intravenous acetylcholine in nonsensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs 24 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of the OPs diazinon or chlorpyrifos, or the pyrethroid permethrin. Sensitization exacerbated the effects of chlorpyrifos on bronchoconstriction in response to vagal stimulation or intravenous acetylcholine. Pretreatment with function-blocking IL-5 antibody prevented chlorpyrifos-induced airway hyperreactivity in sensitized, but not in nonsensitized, guinea pigs. In sensitized guinea pigs, blocking IL-5 decreased eosinophil activation, as measured by decreased eosinophil major basic protein in the trachea. In contrast, sensitization did not alter diazinon-induced airway hyperreactivity, and permethrin did not cause airway hyperreactivity in either nonsensitized or sensitized guinea pigs. None of the pesticides affected inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or blood. We have previously shown that three different OPs cause airway hyperreactivity via loss of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function. Similar to parathion, but unlike diazinon, the mechanism of chlorpyrifos-induced airway hyperreactivity is changed by sensitization. Thus, OP-induced airway hyperreactivity is dependent on sensitization status and on the OP used, which may influence therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky J Proskocil
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Donald A Bruun
- 2 Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Jasmine A Garg
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Chloe C Villagomez
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - David B Jacoby
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Pamela J Lein
- 2 Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Allison D Fryer
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
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19
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Wong CT, Wais J, Crawford DA. Prenatal exposure to common environmental factors affects brain lipids and increases risk of developing autism spectrum disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T. Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Joshua Wais
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dorota A. Crawford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
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20
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Rosita G, Manuel C, Franco M, Cinzia N, Donatella F, Emiliano L, Luca M, Roberta G. Permethrin and its metabolites affect Cu/Zn superoxide conformation: fluorescence and in silico evidences. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:208-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Permethrin and its metabolites affect the structure and activity of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), as it results from intrinsic fluorescence, 8-ANS fluorescence techniques and in silico studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabbianelli Rosita
- Scuola del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute Università di Camerino
- Via Gentile III da Varano
- Camerino
- Italy
| | - Carloni Manuel
- Scuola del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute Università di Camerino
- Via Gentile III da Varano
- Camerino
- Italy
| | - Marmocchi Franco
- Scuola del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute Università di Camerino
- Via Gentile III da Varano
- Camerino
- Italy
| | - Nasuti Cinzia
- Scuola del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute Università di Camerino
- Via Gentile III da Varano
- Camerino
- Italy
| | - Fedeli Donatella
- Scuola del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute Università di Camerino
- Via Gentile III da Varano
- Camerino
- Italy
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21
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Dhivya Vadhana MS, Siva Arumugam S, Carloni M, Nasuti C, Gabbianelli R. Early life permethrin treatment leads to long-term cardiotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1029-1034. [PMID: 23806482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental, nutritional or hormonal influences in early life may have long-term effects changing homeostatic processes and physiological parameters in adulthood. NF-kB and Nrf2, two of the main transcription factors regulating genes involved in pro-inflammatory and antioxidant responses respectively, can be modified by various stimuli. NF-kB controls immediate early genes and is required for cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth, while Nrf2 protects the heart from oxidative stress-induced cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of early life permethrin treatment (1/50 of LD50, from 6th to 21st day of life) on the development of cardiotoxicity in 500-day-old rats. Nrf2 and NF-kB gene expression, calcium level and heart surface area were chosen as biomarkers of toxicity. Six candidate reference genes were first examined and GAPDH resulted the most stable one for RT-qPCR. The comparative expression analysis of the target genes showed 1.62-fold increase in Nrf2 mRNA level, while the NF-kB mRNA in treated rats was not significantly changed compared to control ones. A significant decrease in heart surface area was observed in treated rats (296.59 ± 8.09, mm(2)) with respect to the control group (320.86 ± 4.93, mm(2)). Finally, the intracellular calcium influx in heart of early life treated rats increased 4.33-fold compared to the control one. In conclusion, early life pesticide exposure to low doses of permethrin insecticide, has long-term consequences leading to cardiac hypotrophy, increased calcium and Nrf2 gene expression levels in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dhivya Vadhana
- School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, Via Lili, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
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22
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Gabbianelli R, Palan M, Flis DJ, Fedeli D, Nasuti C, Skarydova L, Ziolkowski W. Imbalance in redox system of rat liver following permethrin treatment in adolescence and neonatal age. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:1103-10. [PMID: 23713974 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.796427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different permethrin treatments on the redox system of rat liver, is presented. Two types of oral administration were chosen: (i) sub-chronic treatment (1/10 of LD50 for 60 days) during adolescence (5 weeks old) and (ii) sub-acute treatment (1/44 of LD50 for 15 days) during early life (from postnatal days 6-21). The results show that adolescent permethrin treatment induces damage to the liver redox system, increasing lipid and protein peroxidation and reducing membrane fluidity in the hydrophilic--hydrophobic region of the bilayer. In addition, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and GSH levels resulted decreased, while glutathione transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) levels increased. The rats treated in early life with permethrin and sacrificed in adult age, showed less signs of damage compared to those exposed during adolescence in which lipid peroxidation was increased by 32%, whereas for the first group the raise was only 11%. Moreover, fluidity improved in the deeper hydrophobic membrane region of the treated group, while the level of CAT was significantly lower compared to the control one. Although sub-chronic treatment increased CAT and GST and decreased GPx and GSH levels, the present data suggest that a shorter exposure to permethrin during neonatal age decreased CAT level and it could represent an important risk factor for the onset of long-term liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Gabbianelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC , Italy
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23
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Carloni M, Nasuti C, Fedeli D, Montani M, Vadhana MSD, Amici A, Gabbianelli R. Early life permethrin exposure induces long-term brain changes in Nurr1, NF-kB and Nrf-2. Brain Res 2013; 1515:19-28. [PMID: 23566817 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure during brain development represents an important risk factor for the onset of brain-aging processes. Here, the impact of permethrin administered to rats from 6th to 21st day of life, at a dose near to "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL), was studied when animals reached 500 day-old. The permethrin treatment induced a decrease in Nurr1 gene expression in striatum, an increase in hippocampus and cerebellum, while the protein level changed only in striatum where it was increased. NF-kB p65 gene expression was increased in cerebellum, while its protein level augmented in cerebellum and in prefrontal cortex and decreased in hippocampus of treated rats compared to control ones. Nrf-2 gene expression resulted significantly higher only in cerebellum of treated animals. The results suggest that early life permethrin treatment induces long-lasting effects leading to dopaminergic neuronal disorders, monitored by Nurr1 alteration. Moreover the impairment of NF-kB and Nrf-2, important for the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory systems, confirms that the neonatal permethrin treatment can influence genes involved with the onset of brain-ageing processes.
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24
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Fedeli D, Montani M, Carloni M, Nasuti C, Amici A, Gabbianelli R. Leukocyte Nurr1 as peripheral biomarker of early-life environmental exposure to permethrin insecticide. Biomarkers 2012; 17:604-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.706641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Shelton JF, Hertz-Picciotto I, Pessah IN. Tipping the balance of autism risk: potential mechanisms linking pesticides and autism. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:944-51. [PMID: 22534084 PMCID: PMC3404662 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been increasing in many parts of the world and a portion of cases are attributable to environmental exposures. Conclusive replicated findings have yet to appear on any specific exposure; however, mounting evidence suggests gestational pesticides exposures are strong candidates. Because multiple developmental processes are implicated in ASDs during gestation and early life, biological plausibility is more likely if these agents can be shown to affect core pathophysiological features. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to examine shared mechanisms between autism pathophysiology and the effects of pesticide exposures, focusing on neuroexcitability, oxidative stress, and immune functions and to outline the biological correlates between pesticide exposure and autism risk. METHODS We review and discuss previous research related to autism risk, developmental effects of early pesticide exposure, and basic biological mechanisms by which pesticides may induce or exacerbate pathophysiological features of autism. DISCUSSION On the basis of experimental and observational research, certain pesticides may be capable of inducing core features of autism, but little is known about the timing or dose, or which of various mechanisms is sufficient to induce this condition. CONCLUSIONS In animal studies, we encourage more research on gene × environment interactions, as well as experimental exposure to mixtures of compounds. Similarly, epidemiologic studies in humans with exceptionally high exposures can identify which pesticide classes are of greatest concern, and studies focused on gene × environment are needed to determine if there are susceptible subpopulations at greater risk from pesticide exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie F Shelton
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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26
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Olive leaf extract modulates permethrin induced genetic and oxidative damage in rats. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:459-64. [PMID: 22262123 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Permethrin is a common synthetic chemical, widely used as an insecticide in agriculture and other domestic applications. The previous reports indicated that permethrin is a highly toxic synthetic pyrethroid pesticide to human and environmental health. Therefore, the present experiment was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of olive leaf extract in modulating the permethrin induced genotoxic and oxidative damage in rats. The animals used were broadly divided into four (A, B, C and D) experimental groups. Group A rats served as control animals and received distilled water intraperitoneally (n = 5). Groups B and C rats received intraperitoneal injections of permethrin (60 mg kg(-1) b.w) and olive leaf extract (500 mg kg(-1) b.w), respectively. Group D rats received permethrin (60 mg kg(-1) b.w) plus olive leaf extract (500 mg kg(-1) b.w). Rats were orally administered their respective feed daily for 21 days. At the end of the experiment rats were anesthetized and serum and bone marrow cell samples were obtained. Genotoxic damage was assessed by micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays. Total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status were also measured in serum samples to assess oxidative status. Treatment of Group B with permethrin resulted in genotoxic damage and increased total oxidant status levels. Permethrin treatment also significantly decreased (P < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity level when compared to Group A rats. Group C rats showed significant increases (P < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity level and no alterations in cytogenetic parameters. Moreover, simultaneous treatments with olive leaf extract significantly modulated the toxic effects of permethrin in Group D rats. It can be concluded that olive leaf extract has beneficial influences and could be able to antagonize permethrin toxicity. As a result, this investigation clearly revealed the protective role of olive leaf extract against the genetic and oxidative damage by permethrin in vivo for the first time.
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27
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The impact of early life permethrin exposure on development of neurodegeneration in adulthood. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Vadhana D, Carloni M, Fedeli D, Nasuti C, Gabbianelli R. Perturbation of Rat Heart Plasma Membrane Fluidity Due to Metabolites of Permethrin Insecticide. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2011; 11:226-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-011-9116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Vadhana MSD, Carloni M, Nasuti C, Fedeli D, Gabbianelli R. Early life permethrin insecticide treatment leads to heart damage in adult rats. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:731-8. [PMID: 21616133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Early life environmental exposure to xenobiotics could represent a critical period for the onset of permanent alterations in the structure and function of different organs. Cardiovascular diseases can be related to various factors including environmental toxicants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of early life permethrin treatment (1/50 LD(50), from 6th to 21st day of life) on heart of adult rats. Increased DNA damage, decreased heart cell membrane fluidity, increased cholesterol content, protein and lipid oxidation were measured in heart cells from adult rats treated with permethrin during the neonatal period with respect to control rats. Moreover, the same group showed higher levels of cholesterol, IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ, rat-Rantes and IL-10 cytokines and decreased albumin content in plasma. Lower cholesterol levels and perturbation in the phospholipid lateral diffusion together with decreased GSH levels and increased GPx activity were measured in heart mitochondria of the treated group. Our findings support the evidence that the neonatal period has a critical role in the development of heart disease in adulthood. We hypothesize that the alterations observed in adult rats could depend on epigenetic changes that occurred during this period which influence gene expression throughout the rat's life, leading to alterations of certain parameters related to cardiac function.
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30
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Türkez H, Toğar B. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract counteracts genotoxicity and oxidative stress of permethrin in human lymphocytes. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:531-7. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Turkey
| | - Başak Toğar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Turkey
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31
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Chargui I, Falcioni ML, Cheikh HB, Gabbianelli R. Erythrocyte antioxidants enzymes imbalance following subcutaneous pyrethroid treatments in rats of different sex. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:116-120. [PMID: 21787640 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin and deltamethrin are insecticides used all over the world in agriculture to control pests. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of subcutaneous permethrin and/or deltamethrin treatments on erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes activity in rats of different sex. The results obtained show that permethrin decreases SOD and GPx activity in female rats, while it increases SOD activity in male rats. Deltamethrin treatment reduces GPx activity in male rats, while permethrin has a similar effect but only for short time treatments. A catalase activity decrease was observed in both sexes following pyrethroid treatment but when both the pyrethroids were administrated in male rats, the enzyme activity has increased. In conclusion, this study points out for the first time the importance of rat gender on erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes, which are influenced not only by the length and the type of insecticide treatment but importantly by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Chargui
- Laboratory of Histology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Tunisia
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32
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Purine Bases Oxidation and Repair Following Permethrin Insecticide Treatment in Rat Heart Cells. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2010; 10:199-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-010-9079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Falcioni ML, Nasuti C, Bergamini C, Fato R, Lenaz G, Gabbianelli R. The primary role of glutathione against nuclear DNA damage of striatum induced by permethrin in rats. Neuroscience 2010; 168:2-10. [PMID: 20359525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are one of the most widely used class of insecticides and their toxicity is dominated by pharmacological actions upon the CNS. This study reports as the subchronic treatment (60 days) with permethrin (PERM) (1/10 of LD(50)) induced nuclear DNA damage in rat striatum cells. Comet assay outcomes showed that PERM produced single- and double-strand breaks in striatum cells, the DNA damage was not related to oxidation at pyrimidine and purine bases. Vitamin E (280 mg/kg body weight/day) and vitamin E+coenzyme Q(10) (10 mg/kg/3 ml) supplementation could protect PERM treated rats against nuclear DNA damage. With the aim to evaluate the cause of nuclear DNA damage observed in striatum of rat treated with PERM, in vitro studies on striatum submitochondrial particles (SMPs) and on striatum cells treated with 10 muM PERM alone or plus 16 or 32 nM GSH were performed. SMPs incubated with PERM showed a decrease in superoxide anion release from the electron transport chain by inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. The effect could be related to the decrease of membrane fluidity measured in the hydrophilic-hydrophobic region of the mitochondrial membrane. This result discarded the involvement of the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the nuclear DNA damage. On the contrary, GSH played a crucial role on striatum since it was able to protect the cells against nuclear DNA damage induced by PERM. In conclusion our outcomes suggested that nuclear DNA damage of striatum cells was directly related to GSH depletion due to PERM insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Falcioni
- School of Advanced Studies "Ageing and Nutrition", University of Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy
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