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Wlazło Ł, Kwiecień M, Bis-Wencel H, Łopuszyński W, Buszewicz G, Karpińska K, Rodzyń I, Kasela M, Sobczak P, Nowakowicz-Dębek B. Assessment of health safety of pigs taking natural sorbents with feed. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:3. [PMID: 36609375 PMCID: PMC9817329 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study assessed the effect of smectites (bentonite and zeolite) used as natural sorbents in the diet of pigs on feed digestibility, health parameters, the severity of anatomo-histological changes in organs, and the accumulation of volatile pollutants in organs. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted using fattening pigs (crossbreds from multiple breeds) assigned to three groups - a control (C) and two experimental groups (A and B), with 240 pigs in each group (3 replicates × 80). The animals in group C received a standard complete diet, while groups A and B received diets with 1.5% composed smectite sorbents. The feed and faeces were analysed for content of dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, ether extract, and crude fibre. The content of P was determined using a Helios Alpha UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Whole blood was analysed for haematological parameters and serum for biochemical parameters. Tissue samples were collected for analysis of volatile substances and histological analysis. After slaughter, samples of the lungs, liver, kidneys and jejunum were collected for morphological evaluation, and samples of the perirenal fat, liver, kidneys, lungs and brain for headspace gas chromatography (GC) to determine the levels of volatile toxic substances. RESULTS A statistical increase in the digestibility of crude fibre and an increase in that of P were observed in both experimental groups (A and B) in comparison to the control. The whole blood and serum of the pigs from the control group had statistically significantly higher levels of creatinine, urea, and Mg and a higher WBC count compared to both experimental groups (A and B). CONCLUSIONS The feed additives were not shown to have a negative effect on the health parameters analysed or on accumulation of pollutants in selected tissues. No significant effect on the digestibility of most nutrients was observed; only an increase in the digestibility of crude fibre and a decrease in P digestibility were noted in the experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wlazło
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanna Bis-Wencel
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łopuszyński
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- grid.411484.c0000 0001 1033 7158Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Karpińska
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Rodzyń
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Kasela
- grid.411484.c0000 0001 1033 7158Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Sobczak
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Food Engineering and Machines, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Graphene Oxide Enhances Biogenesis and Release of Exosomes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5697-5731. [PMID: 36466784 PMCID: PMC9717435 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s385113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, which are nanovesicles secreted by almost all the cells, mediate intercellular communication and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. We aimed to investigate the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells. METHODS Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick and characterized by various analytical techniques. The expression levels of exosome markers were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Graphene oxide (10-50 μg/mL), cisplatin (2-10 μg/mL), and C6-ceramide (5-25 μM) inhibited the cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. We observed that graphene oxide (GO), cisplatin (CIS), and C6-Ceramide (C6-Cer) stimulated acetylcholine esterase and neutral sphingomyelinase activity, total exosome protein concentration, and exosome counts associated with increased level of apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In contrast, GW4869 treatment inhibits biogenesis and release of exosomes. We observed that the human ovarian cancer cells secreted exosomes with typical cup-shaped morphology and surface protein biomarkers. The expression levels of TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81 were significantly higher in GO-treated cells than in control cells. Further, cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in exosomes isolated from GO-treated SKOV3 cells than in those isolated from control cells. SKOV3 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine or GW4869 displayed a significant reduction in GO-induced exosome biogenesis and release. Furthermore, endocytic inhibitors decrease exosome biogenesis and release by impairing endocytic pathways. CONCLUSION This study identifies GO as a potential tool for targeting the exosome pathway and stimulating exosome biogenesis and release. We believe that the knowledge acquired in this study can be potentially extended to other exosome-dominated pathologies and model systems. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can provide a promising means to enhance exosome production in SKOV3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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Horky P, Nevrka P, Kopec T, Bano I, Skoric M, Skladanka J, Skalickova S. Is a new generation of mycotoxin clay adsorbents safe in a pig's diet? Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:31. [PMID: 35787737 PMCID: PMC9254414 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bentonites, as a clay mineral, serve in pig farms as adsorbents of toxic substances. They are mainly used to reduce the negative impact of mycotoxins to maintain the performance and health status of animals. The new genotypes of pigs are highly sensitive to a range of antinutrients, including mycotoxins. Currently, attention is focused on more effective adsorbents of mycotoxins with a higher adsorption capacity. Such materials are in great demand among feed manufacturers. However, there is a concern that these new materials may also adsorb too many essential nutrients and decrease animal performance. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of the new generation of purified bentonites on the efficiency and health status of the pigs. Results Forty-eight slaughtered pigs with an average weight of 31.2 ± 2.6 kg were included in the experiment. The pigs were divided into two groups (2 × 24 pigs). Pigs were slaughtered at an average weight of 66.3 ± 5.2. The first group had a diet without clay (control—C). The second group (treatment—T) was fed a diet with a clay additive (purified bentonite) of 1.5 kg/t. Animals were fed the experimental diet for 35 days. In group T, a higher daily weight gain (by 4.8%) and feed intake (by 2.9%) was observed while the feed conversion decreased by 1.9%. There were no significant differences between the groups of pigs during observation in the evaluation of hematological, biochemical parameters of the blood. Morpho-pathological analysis of the jejunum showed similar signs of moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in the mucosa in the groups C and T, contained similar number of goblet cells. Conclusion Taken together, the addition of the new generation of bentonite clays did not negatively influence the health status and the performance of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Horky
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Nevrka
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kopec
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iqra Bano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, 67210, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Misa Skoric
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho trida 1946/1, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Skladanka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Skalickova
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Maciaszek K, Brown DM, Stone V. An in vitro assessment of the toxicity of two-dimensional synthetic and natural layered silicates. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105273. [PMID: 34801683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural Layered Silicates (NLS) and Synthetic Layered Silicates (SLS) are a diverse group of clay minerals that have attracted great interest in various branches of industry. However, despite growing demand for this class of material, their impact on human health has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the potential toxic effects of a wide range of commercially available SLS and NLS of varying physicochemical properties (lithium (Li) or fluoride (F) content and size). Mouse BALB/c monocyte macrophage (J774A.1) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were chosen as in vitro models of alveolar macrophages. Montmorillonite, hectorite, Medium (med) F/High Li and Low F/Med Li particles, were cytotoxic to cells and induced potent pro-inflammatory responses. The remaining particles (No F/Very (V)Low Li, No F/Med Li, No F/Low Li, High F/Med Li and High F/Med Li washed) were non- to relatively low- cytotoxic and inflammogenic, in both type of cells. In an acellular condition none of the tested samples increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ROS generation was observed following exposure to sublethal concentrations of Med F/High Li, Low F/Med Li, montmorillonite and hectorite samples, in J774A.1 cells. Based on the results obtained in this study the toxic potency of tested samples was not associated with lithium or fluoride content, but appeared to be dependent on particle size, with the platelets of larger dimension and lower surface area being more potent than the smaller platelet particles with higher surface area. In addition, the increased bioactivity of Med F/High Li and Low F/Med Li was associated with endotoxin contamination. Obtained results demonstrated that layered silicate materials have different toxicological profiles and suggest that toxicological properties of a specific layered silicate should be investigated on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Brown
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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Masoudi F, Naghizadeh A, Zardast M, Gholami A, Farrokhfall K, Foadoddini M, Mehrpour O. Effects of bentonite nanoparticles inhalation on lung tissue and blood antioxidant indices in a rat model. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:11-21. [PMID: 32096459 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719900841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bentonite is an inorganic clay material that is often easily dispersed as fine particles by air and water circulation, and most people are exposed to different concentrations of bentonite particles. Therefore, the inhaled effects of bentonite nanoparticles (BNPs) were studied in Wistar rats. Seventy-five rats were divided into five groups of 15: four exposure groups (0.1, 0.5, 2, and 10 mg/m3 of BNPs) and one control group. The rats were exposed for 30, 60, and 90 days to BNPs for 5 days a week (6 h/day) in whole-body inhalation chambers. Blood samples were collected to measure the levels of antioxidant activity of the contents such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify nanoparticles. The results showed no significant difference in the effect of nanoparticles on levels of TAC and MDA in the studied groups based on the concentrations of nanoparticles. However, the level of MDA increased significantly with extending exposure time; there was a significant increase in the level of MDA content 90 days postexposure compared to 30 days postexposure at concentrations of 0.5, 2, and 10 mg/m3. Histopathological examination showed that inhalation exposure of rats to BNPs led to different histopathologic responses in the lung tissue, such as inflammatory infiltration, granulomatous inflammation, acute neutrophilic reaction in the early stages, and lung fibrosis. At the lowest concentration, BNPs have low or no toxicity, and inhalation of these nanoparticles at low concentrations does not affect the levels of MDA and TAC content. However, increased concentration and exposure time caused correspondingly greater increases in MDA and more damage to lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemehsadat Masoudi
- Department of Environment Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ali Naghizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Zardast
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Abdullah Gholami
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Farrokhfall
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Foadoddini
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
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Elliott CT, Connolly L, Kolawole O. Potential adverse effects on animal health and performance caused by the addition of mineral adsorbents to feeds to reduce mycotoxin exposure. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:115-126. [PMID: 31515765 PMCID: PMC6971152 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of feed with mycotoxins is a continuing feed quality and safety issue, leading to significant losses in livestock production and potential human health risks. Consequently, various methods have been developed to reduce the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed; however, feed supplementation with clay minerals or mineral adsorbents is the most prominent approach widely practiced by farmers and the feed industry. Due to a negatively charged and high surface area, pore volume, swelling ability, and high cation exchange capacity, mineral adsorbents including bentonite, zeolite, montmorillonite, and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate can bind or adsorb mycotoxins to their interlayer spaces, external surface, and edges. Several studies have shown these substances to be partly or fully effective in counteracting toxic effects of mycotoxins in farm animals fed contaminated diets and thus are extensively used in livestock production to reduce the risk of mycotoxin exposure. Nevertheless, a considerable number of studies have indicated that these agents may also cause undesirable effects in farm animals. The current work aims to review published reports regarding adverse effects that may arise in farm animals (with a focus on pig and poultry) and potential interaction with veterinary substances and nutrients in feeds, when mineral adsorbents are utilized as a technological feed additive. Furthermore, results of in vitro toxicity studies of both natural and modified mineral adsorbents on different cell lines are reported. Supplementation of mycotoxin-contaminated feed with mineral adsorbents must be carefully considered by farmers and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Connolly M, Zhang Y, Mahri S, Brown DM, Ortuño N, Jordá-Beneyto M, Maciaszek K, Stone V, Fernandes TF, Johnston HJ. The influence of organic modification on the cytotoxicity of clay particles to keratinocytes, hepatocytes and macrophages; an investigation towards the safe use of polymer-clay nanocomposite packaging. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:178-191. [PMID: 30797875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organically modified clays can be used as nanofillers in polymer-clay nanocomposites to create bio-based packaging with improved strength and barrier properties. The impact of organic modification on the physico-chemical properties and toxicity of clays has yet to be fully investigated but is essential to ensure their safe use. Two organoclays, named N116_HDTA and N116_TMSA, were prepared using a commercially available sodium bentonite clay and the organic modifiers hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTA) and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TMSA). An in vitro hazard assessment was performed using HaCaT skin cells, C3A liver cells, and J774.1 macrophage-like cells. Organic modification with HDTA and TMSA increased the hazard potential of the organoclays in all cell models, as evidenced by the higher levels of cytotoxicity measured. N116_TMSA caused the greatest loss in viability with IC50 values of 3.2, 3.6 and 6.1 μg/cm2 calculated using J774.1, HaCaT and C3A cell lines, respectively. Cytotoxic effects were dictated by the amount of free or displaced organic modifier present in the exposure suspensions. The parent bentonite clay also caused distinct cytotoxic effects in J774.1 macrophage-like cells with associated TNF-α release. Such information on the hazard profile of organoclays, can feed into risk assessments for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Connolly
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Sohaib Mahri
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - David M Brown
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalia Ortuño
- ITENE - Packaging, Transport. & Logistics Research Institute, C/ Albert Einstein, 1, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Maria Jordá-Beneyto
- ITENE - Packaging, Transport. & Logistics Research Institute, C/ Albert Einstein, 1, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Krystyna Maciaszek
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Teresa F Fernandes
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Helinor J Johnston
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
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Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Are nanoclay-containing polymer composites safe for food packaging applications?-An overview. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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Zhao G, Hu C, Xue Y. In vitro evaluation of chitosan-coated liposome containing both coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid: Cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017; 17:258-262. [PMID: 28722258 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan-coated liposome containing both coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid (CCAL) was a novel multifunctional nano delivery system exhibited long-term stability at room temperature and high encapsulation efficiency. Which containing two kinds of antioxidants (coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid) and two antibacterial agents (chitosan and alpha-lipoic acid). However, the further biocompatibility, such as cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity of CCAL, has not been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of CCAL. METHODS This article evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of CCAL by CCK8 assay, and antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was investigated. RESULTS For antioxidant activity study, CCAL displayed significant antioxidant effect when compared with control group (P<.01). Finally, CCAL also exhibited antimicrobial activity, and CCAL showed stronger bactericidal effect with Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS CCAL could be a potential antioxidant delivery system for cosmetics or pharmaceuticals without cytotoxicity and artificial preservatives free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhao
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caibiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Effects of soluble and particulate Cr(VI) on genome-wide DNA methylation in human B lymphoblastoid cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 792:12-8. [PMID: 26433257 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several previous studies highlighted the potential epigenetic effects of Cr(VI), especially DNA methylation. However, few studies have compared the effects of Cr(VI) on DNA methylation profiles between soluble and particulate chromate in vitro. Accordingly, Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K BeadChip array was used to analyze DNA methylation profiles of human B lymphoblastoid cells exposed to potassium dichromate or lead chromate, and the cell viability was also studied. Array based DNA methylation analysis showed that the impacts of Cr(VI) on DNA methylation were limited, only about 40 differentially methylated CpG sites, with an overlap of 15CpG sites, were induced by both potassium dichromate and lead chromate. The results of mRNA expression showed that after Cr(VI) treatment, mRNA expression changes of four genes (TBL1Y, FZD5, IKZF2, and KIAA1949) were consistent with their DNA methylation alteration, but DNA methylation changes of other six genes did not correlate with mRNA expression. In conclusion, both of soluble and particulate Cr(VI) could induce a small amount of differentially methylated sites in human B lymphoblastoid cells, and the correlations between DNA methylation changes and mRNA expression varied between different genes.
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Maisanaba S, Pichardo S, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Cameán AM, Jos A. Toxicological evaluation of clay minerals and derived nanocomposites: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:233-254. [PMID: 25732897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clays and clay minerals are widely used in many facets of our society. This review addresses the main clays of each phyllosilicate groups, namely, kaolinite, montmorillonite (Mt) and sepiolite, placing special emphasis on Mt and kaolinite, which are the clays that are more frequently used in food packaging, one of the applications that are currently exhibiting higher development. The improvements in the composite materials obtained from clays and polymeric matrices are remarkable and well known, but the potential toxicological effects of unmodified or modified clay minerals and derived nanocomposites are currently being investigated with increased interest. In this sense, this work focused on a review of the published reports related to the analysis of the toxicological profile of commercial and novel modified clays and derived nanocomposites. An exhaustive review of the main in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies, antimicrobial activity assessments, and the human and environmental impacts of clays and derived nanocomposites was performed. From the analysis of the scientific literature different conclusions can be derived. Thus, in vitro studies suggest that clays in general induce cytotoxicity (with dependence on the clay, concentration, experimental system, etc.) with different underlying mechanisms such as necrosis/apoptosis, oxidative stress or genotoxicity. However, most of in vivo experiments performed in rodents showed no clear evidences of systemic toxicity even at doses of 5000mg/kg. Regarding to humans, pulmonary exposure is the most frequent, and although clays are usually mixed with other minerals, they have been reported to induce pneumoconiosis per se. Oral exposure is also common both intentionally and unintentionally. Although they do not show a high toxicity through this pathway, toxic effects could be induced due to the increased or reduced exposure to mineral elements. Finally, there are few studies about the effects of clay minerals on wildlife, with laboratory trials showing contradictory outcomes. Clay minerals have different applications in the environment, thus with a strict control of the concentrations used, they can provide beneficial uses. Despite the extensive number of reports available, there is also a need of systematic in vitro-in vivo extrapolation studies, with still scarce information on toxicity biomarkers such as inmunomodulatory effects or alteration of the genetic expression. In conclusion, a case by case toxicological evaluation is required taking into account that different clays have their own toxicological profiles, their modification can change this profile, and the potential increase of the human/environmental exposure to clay minerals due to their novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Respiratory disease related mortality and morbidity on an island of Greece exposed to perlite and bentonite mining dust. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4982-95. [PMID: 24129114 PMCID: PMC3823331 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A morbidity and mortality study took place, focused on Milos Island, where perlite and bentonite mining sites are located. Official data concerning number and cause of deaths, regarding specific respiratory diseases and the total of respiratory diseases, for both Milos Island and the Cyclades Prefecture were used. Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were computed, adjusted specifically for age, gender and calendar year. Tests of linear trend were performed. By means of a predefined questionnaire, the morbidity rates of specific respiratory diseases in Milos, were compared to those of the municipality of Oinofita, an industrial region. Chi-square analysis was used and the confounding factors of age, gender and smoking were taken into account, by estimating binary logistic regression models. The SMRs for Pneumonia and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) were found elevated for both genders, although they did not reach statistical significance. For the total of respiratory diseases, a statistically significant SMR was identified regarding the decade 1989–1998. The morbidity study revealed elevated and statistically significant Odds Ratios (ORs), associated with allergic rhinitis, pneumonia, COPD and bronchiectasis. An elevated OR was also identified for asthma. After controlling for age, gender and smoking, the ORs were statistically significant and towards the same direction.
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14
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Ni S, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Wu W, Lai K, Yao K. Study of oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells exposed to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72370. [PMID: 23991100 PMCID: PMC3753251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of the present study were to determine oxidative stress and to explore possible reasons of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase in human lens epithelial (HLE) B3 cells exposed to low intensity 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields (RF). Methods The HLE B3 cells were divided into RF exposure and RF sham-exposure groups. The RF exposure intensity was at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2, 3, or 4 W/kg. The ROS levels were measured by a fluorescent probe 2′7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 0.5, 1, and 1.5 h. Lipid peroxidation and cellular viability were detected by an MDA test and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, respectively, in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The mRNA expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx1 genes and the expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx1 proteins was measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot assays in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 1 h. Results The ROS and MDA levels significantly increased (P<0.05) in the RF exposure group and that the cellular viability, mRNA expression of four genes, and expression of four proteins significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with the RF sham-exposure group. Conclusions Oxidative stress is present in HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz low-intensity RF and that the increased production of ROS may be related to down-regulation of four antioxidant enzyme genes induced by RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ni
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yibo Yu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yidong Zhang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kairan Lai
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22 is down-regulated in a human B lymphoblastoid cell line by PCB153 and in residents from PCBs-contaminated areas. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 752:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Lou J, Jin L, Wu N, Tan Y, Song Y, Gao M, Liu K, Zhang X, He J. DNA damage and oxidative stress in human B lymphoblastoid cells after combined exposure to hexavalent chromium and nickel compounds. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:533-40. [PMID: 23410589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, human B lymphoblastoid cells were exposed to potassium dichromate and/or nickel chloride for 24h or 48h. The cell viability and DNA damage induced by these compounds was measured with the CCK-8 assay and Comet assay, respectively. In addition, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using commercially available kits. Our results indicated that potassium dichromate could decrease cell viability and induce DNA damage in human B lymphoblastoid cells in a time - and concentration - dependent manner, but the toxicity of nickel chloride was not so obvious at concentrations used in our study. The results of ROS showed that both two compounds could only induce weak elevation of ROS level, but MDA levels were significantly enhanced. Antagonistic effects of cytotoxicity were mainly found between Cr (VI) and Ni (II), and synergistic effects of DNA damage and oxidative stress were partially found between these two compounds. Moreover, there were good correlations between the results of comet assay and the results of oxidative stress assays. It is suggested that synergistic DNA damage induced by simultaneously exposure of hexavalent chromium and nickel compounds is possibly related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Lou
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Hygiene, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Huang Y, Zhang M, Zou H, Li X, Xing M, Fang X, He J. Genetic damage and lipid peroxidation in workers occupationally exposed to organic bentonite particles. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 751:40-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Zhihong C, Yezhen L, Zhiyuan G, Zhongqiao Y, Xiaoxue L, Yifeng R, Weikun F, Jiliang H. Comparison of the cytogenotoxicity induced by five different dental alloys using four in vitro assays. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:861-8. [PMID: 22123010 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2011-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of present investigation was to compare the cyto-genotoxicity induced by five dental alloys in vitro. The cyto-genotoxicity induced by five dental alloy extracts on human B lymphoblast cells was assessed with neutral red uptake (NRU) , CCK-8, comet and micronucleus (CBMN) assays in vitro, respectively. The results of in vitro comet and CBMN assays indicated that DNA damage (% tail DNA) and micronucleus frequencies (MNFs) in all exposure groups did not significantly increase, as compared with the control group. However, the results of NRU and CCK-8 assays demonstrated that there were to some extent differences in the cytotoxicity among 5 dental alloy extracts in vitro. The cytotoxicity may be relevant to the Ni and Be ions released in the alloy extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhihong
- Zhejiang University, Stomatology Hospital of Medical College
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19
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Li X, Tian X, Zhang J, Zhao X, Chen X, Jiang Y, Wang D, Pan W. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of folate receptor-targeting amphiphilic copolymer-modified liposomes loaded with docetaxel. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1167-84. [PMID: 21852896 PMCID: PMC3157330 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s21445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to develop folate-poly (PEG-cyanoacrylate-co-cholesteryl cyanoacrylate) (FA-PEG-PCHL)-modified freeze-dried liposomes for targeted chemotherapy using docetaxel as a model drug. Methods: FA-PEG-PCHL was synthesized and its cytotoxicity was evaluated by CCK-8 assay in L929. Docetaxel-loaded liposomes modified by FA-PEG-PCHL were prepared by an organic solvent injection method and lyophilized to obtain freeze-dried FA-PEG-PCHL-docetaxel liposomes (FA-PDCT-L). Two carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and A-549 cells) were cultured with docetaxel solution, conventional docetaxel-loaded liposomes, or FA-PDCT-L, and the cytotoxicity and apoptosis was evaluated for each preparation. The uptake of the docetaxel preparations into MCF-7 cells was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution characteristics of the preparations. Results: The existence of an enlarged fixed aqueous layer on the surface of the liposomes was affirmed by zeta potential analysis. The entrapment efficiency and particle size distribution were almost the same as those of docetaxel-loaded liposomes. The drug release profile showed that the release rate was faster at higher molecular weight of the polymer. Compared with docetaxel solution and docetaxel-loaded liposomes, FA-PDCT-L demonstrated the strongest cytotoxicity against two carcinoma cell lines, the greatest intracellular uptake especially in the nucleus, as well as the most powerful apoptotic efficacy. In pharmacokinetic studies, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of FA-PDCT-L was increased 3.82 and 6.23 times in comparison with the values for the docetaxel-loaded liposomes and docetaxel solution, respectively. Meanwhile, a lower concentration of docetaxel was observed for FA-PDCT-L in the liver and spleen, and a significantly higher concentration of FA-PDCT-L in tumors suggested that the presence of FA-PEG-PCHL on the liposomes resulted in greater accumulation of the drug in tumor tissue. Conclusion: Liposomes modified by FA-PEG-PCHL could be one of the promising suspensions for the delivery of antitumor drugs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Studying the genotoxic effects induced by two kinds of bentonite particles on human B lymphoblast cells in vitro. Mutat Res 2011; 720:62-6. [PMID: 21215817 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects induced by native and active bentonite particles (BPs) on human B lymphoblast cells using comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in vitro. The cells were exposed to BPs at the concentrations of 30, 60, 120 and 240μg/ml for 24, 48 and 72h, respectively. The quartz contents of native and active BPs were 6.80±0.20 and 6.50±0.10%, respectively. Gypsum and DQ-12 quartz served as negative and positive controls. The results of comet assay showed that DNA damage induced by native and active BPs was significantly higher than that induced by gypsum control (P<0.05 or <0.01), and increased with exposure concentration and duration. When the cells were exposed to BPs at the doses of 120 and 240μg/ml for 72h, DNA damage induced by active BPs and native BPs was significantly higher than that induced by DQ-12 quartz (P<0.01), and DNA damage induced by active BPs enhanced significantly, as compared with native BPs (P<0.01). The results of CBMN assay demonstrated that both native BPs and active BPs could induce significant micronuclei, as compared with gypsum control (P<0.05 or <0.01). However, there was no significant difference of micronucleus frequency (MNF) among native BPs, active BPs and DQ-12 quartz. The water-soluble fractions from two kinds of BPs did not induce significant DNA damage and micronuclei. These findings indicated that the genotoxicity induced by active BPs and native BPs could be detected in comet assay and CBMN assay in vitro, the insoluble particle fractions from BPs may play a main role in the genotoxic effects induced by BPs.
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