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Pereira RA, Pires ADRA, Echevarria A, Sousa-Pereira D, Noleto GR, Suter Correia Cadena SM. The toxicity of 1,3,4-thiadiazolium mesoionic derivatives on hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 349:109675. [PMID: 34563518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic compounds, 4-phenyl-5-(4-X-cinnamoyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine chloride derivatives (MI-J: X = OH; MI-D: X = NO2), possess significant antitumor and cytotoxic effects on several cancer cells. In this work, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of MI-J and MI-D on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) grown in either high glucose (HG) or galactose medium (GAL) to clarify whether the effects of mesoionics on mitochondrial bioenergetics are associated with their cytotoxicity in these cells. MI-J and MI-D (5-50 μM) decreased the viability of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as assessed by MTT, LDH release and dye with crystal violet assays. Both compounds at lower (5 μM) and intermediate (25 μM) concentrations were more toxic to cells grown in GAL medium. MI-J inhibited the basal state of respiration in HepG2 cells cultured in HG and GAL media; however, in GAL medium, this effect occurred at the lowest concentration (5 μM). A leak-state stimulus was observed only after incubation with MI-J (5 μM) for GAL medium. MI-D stimulated and inhibited the leak state in cells grown in HG medium at concentrations of 5 μM and 25 μM, respectively. In cells cultured in GAL medium, respiration was strongly inhibited by MI-D at the highest concentration (25 μM). In contrast, at 5 μM, the mesoionic inhibited the basal and uncoupled states at 30% and 50%, respectively. The inhibition of the basal state by MI-J and MI-D was consistent with the increase in lactate levels in both media, which was higher for the GAL medium. Both mesoionics slightly decreased pyruvate levels only in cells cultured in GAL medium. Additionally, MI-J (25 μM) reduced the ATP amount in cells cultured in both media, while MI-D (25 μM) promoted a reduction only in cells grown in GAL medium. Our results show that MI-J and MI-D depress mitochondrial respiration and consequently change metabolism and reduce ATP levels, effects associated with their toxicity in hepatocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Aparecida Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Aurea Echevarria
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danilo Sousa-Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dos Santos Rosa A, Frauches-Santos C, Santana RC, Gomes JSC, Lima K, Echevarria A, Saraiva E, Decote-Ricardo D, Atella G, Pinto-da-Silva LH. Leishmanicidal effect of 1,3,4-thiadiazolium mesoionic salts on Leishmania amazonensis in vitro. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102342. [PMID: 33831578 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected broad clinical spectrum disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which affect millions of people annually in the world and the treatment has severe side effects and resistant strains have been reported. Mesoionic salts are a subclass of the betaine group with extensive biological activity such as microbicide and anti-inflammatory In this work, we analyze the cytotoxic effects of mesoionic salts, 4-phenyl-5-(X-phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine chloride (X = 4 Cl; 3,4 diCl and 3,4 diF), on Leishmania amazonensis in vitro. Initially, Mesoionic salts toxicity were evaluated by XTT assay on L. amazonensis promastigotes. Our results show that the mesoionic salts MI-3,4 diCl, MI-4 Cl and MI-3,4 diF were toxic to the promastigote parasite with IC50 values of 14.3, 40.1 and 61.8 μM, respectively. The amastigote survival was evaluated in treated infected-macrophages, and the results demonstrate that MI-4 Cl (IC50 = 33 μM) and MI-3,4 diCl (IC50 = 43 μM) have a toxic effect against these forms. None of the mesoionic compounds tested present host cell toxicity up to the tested concentration of 100 μM. The selectivity index for MI-3,4 diCl and MI-4 Cl were 3.94 and 6.97, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) production assayed by Griess reagent, in LPS-activated macrophages or not, in the presence of the salts showed that only the MI-3,4 diCl compound reduced NO levels. Lipid profile analysis of treated-promastigotes showed no alteration of neutral lipids. Evaluation of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) showed that the MI-4Cl compound was able to reduce (∆Ψm) by 50%. Therefore, our results suggest that the chlorinated compounds are promising biomolecules, which cause inhibition of L.amazonensis promastigotes, amastigotes, leading to mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dos Santos Rosa
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Raissa Couto Santana
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Janice S C Gomes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karoline Lima
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aurea Echevarria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elvira Saraiva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Georgia Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Pinto-da-Silva
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Synthetic ( E)-3-Phenyl-5-(phenylamino)-2-styryl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3-ium Chloride Derivatives as Promising Chemotherapy Agents on Cell Lines Infected with HTLV-1. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112537. [PMID: 32486038 PMCID: PMC7321218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of four compounds belonging to mesoionic class, (E)-3-phenyl-5-(phenylamino)-2-styryl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3-ium chloride derivatives (5a–d) and their biological evaluation against MT2 and C92 cell lines infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), which causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and non-infected cell lines (Jurkat) are reported. The compounds were obtained by convergent synthesis under microwave irradiation and the cytotoxicity was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Results showed IC50 values of all compounds in the range of 1.51–7.70 μM in HTLV-1-infected and non-infected cells. Furthermore, it was observed that 5b could induce necrosis after 24 h for Jurkat and MT2 cell lines. The experimental (fluorimetric method) and theoretical (molecular docking) results suggested that the mechanism of action for 5b could be related to its capacity to intercalate into DNA. Moreover, the preliminary pharmacokinetic profile of the studied compounds (5a–d) was obtained through human serum albumin (HSA) binding affinity using multiple spectroscopic techniques (circular dichroism, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence), zeta potential and molecular docking calculations. The interaction HSA:5a–d is spontaneous and moderate (Ka ~ 104 M−1) via a ground-state association, without significantly perturbing both the secondary and surface structures of the albumin in the subdomain IIA (site I), indicating feasible biodistribution in the human bloodstream.
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Andrade Pires ADR, Jabor Gozzi G, Rodrigues Noleto G, Echevarria A, Moretto Reis C, Merlin Rocha ME, Regina Martinez G, Correia Cadena SMS. Antioxidant effect of 1,3,4-thiadiazolium mesoionic derivatives on isolated mitochondria. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 770:78-84. [PMID: 26667999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic compounds have shown antitumor and citotoxic activity against different tumor cells lines, which has been attributed to their physical and chemical characteristics. Among these compounds, the 1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine derivatives have been highlighted due to their important anti-melanoma activity. In this work, the effects of three derivatives that belong this class, MI-J, MI-4F and MI-2,4diF, on the oxidative stress parameters were evaluated using rat liver mitochondria. All the derivatives prevented natural and calcium induced oxidation of pyridine nucleotides at lower concentrations (6.5 and 32.5nmol/mg protein). The calcium uptake was inhibited by all the derivatives at higher concentrations (65 and 130nmol/mg protein), whereas the cation efflux was inhibited only by the MI-J (52%) and MI-4F (50%), possibly by inhibiting the formation of the permeability transition pore (PTP) by 100% and 50%, respectively, as observed in the same experimental conditions. MI-2,4diF did not inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition or calcium efflux. The enzymatic activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase was not affected by any derivative, but superoxide dismutase was inhibited by all the derivatives. MI-J inhibited enzyme activity significantly (85%) at the highest concentration (130nmol/mg protein); on the other hand, their activity was less affected by fluorine derivatives (MI-4F-20% and MI-2,4diF-32%). These results suggest that these derivatives exert antioxidant effects on isolated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Jabor Gozzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Aurea Echevarria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camilla Moretto Reis
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Eliane Merlin Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Regina Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Gozzi GJ, Pires ADRA, Valdameri G, Rocha MEM, Martinez GR, Noleto GR, Acco A, Alves de Souza CE, Echevarria A, Moretto dos Reis C, Di Pietro A, Suter Correia Cadena SM. Selective Cytotoxicity of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolium Mesoionic Derivatives on Hepatocarcinoma Cells (HepG2). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130046. [PMID: 26083249 PMCID: PMC4470815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of mesoionic 4-phenyl-5-(2-Y, 4-X or 4-X-cinnamoyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine chloride derivatives (MI-J: X=OH, Y=H; MI-D: X=NO2, Y=H; MI-4F: X=F, Y=H; MI-2,4diF: X=Y=F) on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and non-tumor cells (rat hepatocytes) for comparison. MI-J, M-4F and MI-2,4diF reduced HepG2 viability by ~ 50% at 25 μM after 24-h treatment, whereas MI-D required a 50 μM concentration, as shown by 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. The cytotoxicity was confirmed with lactate dehydrogenase assay, of which activity was increased by 55, 24 and 16% for MI-J, MI-4F and MI-2,4diF respectively (at 25 μM after 24 h). To identify the death pathway related to cytotoxicity, the HepG2 cells treated by mesoionic compounds were labeled with both annexin V and PI, and analyzed by flow cytometry. All compounds increased the number of doubly-stained cells at 25 μM after 24 h: by 76% for MI-J, 25% for MI-4F and MI-2,4diF, and 11% for MI-D. It was also verified that increased DNA fragmentation occurred upon MI-J, MI-4F and MI-2,4diF treatments (by 12%, 9% and 8%, respectively, at 25 μM after 24 h). These compounds were only weakly, or not at all, transported by the main multidrug transporters, P-glycoprotein, ABCG2 and MRP1, and were able to slightly inhibit their drug-transport activity. It may be concluded that 1,3,4-thiadiazolium compounds, especially the hydroxy derivative MI-J, constitute promising candidates for future investigations on in-vivo treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Jabor Gozzi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Glaucio Valdameri
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Eliane Merlin Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Regina Martinez
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandra Acco
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Aurea Echevarria
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Attilio Di Pietro
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014, BMSSI UMR 5086 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, IBCP, Lyon, France
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Sydnone SYD-1 affects the metabolic functions of isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 218:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Arnal N, Castillo O, de Alaniz MJT, Marra CA. Effects of Copper and/or Cholesterol Overload on Mitochondrial Function in a Rat Model of Incipient Neurodegeneration. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 2013:645379. [PMID: 24363953 PMCID: PMC3836397 DOI: 10.1155/2013/645379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and cholesterol (Cho) are both associated with neurodegenerative illnesses in humans and animals models. We studied the effect in Wistar rats of oral supplementation with trace amounts of Cu (3 ppm) and/or Cho (2%) in drinking water for 2 months. Increased amounts of nonceruloplasmin-bound Cu were observed in plasma and brain hippocampus together with a higher concentration of ceruloplasmin in plasma, cortex, and hippocampus. Cu, Cho, and the combined treatment Cu + Cho were able to induce a higher Cho/phospholipid ratio in mitochondrial membranes with a simultaneous decrease in glutathione content. The concentration of cardiolipin decreased and that of peroxidation products, conjugated dienes and lipoperoxides, increased. Treatments including Cho produced rigidization in both the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes with a simultaneous increase in permeability. No significant increase in Cyt C leakage to the cytosol was observed except in the case of cortex from rats treated with Cu and Cho nor were there any significant changes in caspase-3 activity and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. However, the A β (1-42)/(1-40) ratio was higher in cortex and hippocampus. These findings suggest an incipient neurodegenerative process induced by Cu or Cho that might be potentiated by the association of the two supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Arnal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Omar Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CIC), CCT-CONICET, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María J. T. de Alaniz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos A. Marra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
- INIBIOLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Gozzi GJ, Pires ADRA, Martinez GR, Rocha MEM, Noleto GR, Echevarria A, Canuto AV, Cadena SMSC. The antioxidant effect of the mesoionic compound SYD-1 in mitochondria. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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