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Zhang W, Gu W, Sun R, Zhou M, Han Z, Li Y. An adjusted 3D-QSAR model for the combined activity of fluoroquinolones photodegradation and microbial degradation assisted by dynamic simulation and its application in molecular modification. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 212:111973. [PMID: 33516099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a comprehensive characterization method for the combined degradation effect of modified fluoroquinolones (FQs) photodegradation and microbial degradation. A combination of revised 3D-QSAR model, molecular docking, path simulation inference, pharmacokinetics, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and toxicokinetics simulation was used to construct a systematic environment-friendly drug screening system. Five derivatives were screened with significantly improved combined degradation effect (over 20%) and functional characteristics and human health parameters through combined model verification, functional and human health risk assessment. The simulation path of photo- and microbial-degradation of gatifloxacin and new gatifloxacin molecules was derived, and the reaction energy barrier was also calculated. The ratio of the total rate-determining steps change rate of the decreased energy barrier (14.10%:26.30%) was consistent with the ratio of the increased degradation performance predicted by the model (22.87%:19.77%), demonstrating the reliability of revised 3D-QSAR model and it could be applied in molecular modification. MD and toxicokinetics simulation were used to predict the binding energy and aquatic toxicity between photo- and microbial-degradation products and the degradation enzymes, which further to screen the degradation pathways with low potential environmental risks. The findings will be helpful to screen environment-friendly drug and develop appropriate strategies for its risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wenwen Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Ruihao Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Mengying Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Han
- The Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents-still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks? Infection 2020; 49:29-56. [PMID: 33367978 PMCID: PMC7851017 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective toxicity antibacteribiotics is considered to be due to interactions with targets either being unique to bacteria or being characterized by a dichotomy between pro- and eukaryotic pathways with high affinities of agents to bacterial- rather than eukaryotic targets. However, the theory of selective toxicity oversimplifies the complex modes of action of antibiotics in pro- and eukaryotes. METHODS AND OBJECTIVE This review summarizes data describing multiple modes of action of antibiotics in eukaryotes. RESULTS Aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, bedaquillin, ß-lactams inhibited mitochondrial translation either due to binding to mitosomes, inhibition of mitochondrial RNA-polymerase-, topoisomerase 2ß-, ATP-synthesis, transporter activities. Oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, vancomycin, ß-lactams, bacitracin, isoniazid, nitroxoline inhibited matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) due to chelation with zinc and calcium, whereas fluoroquinols fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol chelated with these cations, too, but increased MMP activities. MMP-inhibition supported clinical efficacies of ß-lactams and daptomycin in skin-infections, and of macrolides, tetracyclines in respiratory-diseases. Chelation may have contributed to neuroprotection by ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidins oxazolidinones, tetracyclines caused read-through of premature stop codons. Several additional targets for antibiotics in human cells have been identified like interaction of fluoroquinolones with DNA damage repair in eukaryotes, or inhibition of mucin overproduction by oxazolidinones. CONCLUSION The effects of antibiotics on eukaryotes are due to identical mechanisms as their antibacterial activities because of structural and functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic targets, so that the effects of antibiotics on mammals are integral parts of their overall mechanisms of action.
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Mohammed HH, Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Abbas SH, Abdelhafez ESM. Current Trends and Future Directions of Fluoroquinolones. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3132-3149. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180214122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones represent an interesting synthetic class of antimicrobial agents with broad spectrum and potent activity. Since the discovery of nalidixic acid, the prototype of quinolones, several structural modifications to the quinolone nucleus have been carried out for improvement of potency, spectrum of activity, and to understand their structure activity relationship (SAR). The C-7 substituent was reported to have a major impact on the activity. Accordingly, Substitution at C-7 or its N-4-piperazinyl moiety was found to affect potency, bioavailability, and physicochemical properties. Also, it can increase the affinity towards mammalian topoisomerases that may shift quinolones from antibacterial to anticancer candidates. Moreover, the presence of DNA topoisomerases in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells makes them excellent targets for chemotherapeutic intervention in antibacterial and anticancer therapies. Based on this concept, several fluoroquionolones derivatives have been synthesized and biologically evaluated as antibacterial, antituberculosis, antiproliferative, antiviral and antifungal agents. This review is an attempt to focus on the therapeutic prospects of fluoroquinolones with an updated account on their atypical applications such as antitubercular and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada H.H. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | | | - Samar H. Abbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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Twist and Turn-Topoisomerase Functions in Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082041. [PMID: 31027213 PMCID: PMC6514783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Like any genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also requires the action of topoisomerases to resolve topological problems in its maintenance, but for a long time, little was known about mitochondrial topoisomerases. The last years have brought a closer insight into the function of these fascinating enzymes in mtDNA topology regulation, replication, transcription, and segregation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about mitochondrial topoisomerases, paying special attention to mammalian mitochondrial genome maintenance. We also discuss the open gaps in the existing knowledge of mtDNA topology control and the potential involvement of mitochondrial topoisomerases in human pathologies. While Top1mt, the only exclusively mitochondrial topoisomerase in mammals, has been studied intensively for nearly a decade, only recent studies have shed some light onto the mitochondrial function of Top2β and Top3α, enzymes that are shared between nucleus and mitochondria. Top3α mediates the segregation of freshly replicated mtDNA molecules, and its dysfunction leads to mtDNA aggregation and copy number depletion in patients. Top2β, in contrast, regulates mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription through the alteration of mtDNA topology, a fact that should be acknowledged due to the frequent use of Topoisomerase 2 inhibitors in medical therapy.
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Tzankova V, Aluani D, Yordanov Y, Valoti M, Frosini M, Spassova I, Kovacheva D, Tzankov B. In vitro toxicity evaluation of lomefloxacin-loaded MCM-41 mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:238-249. [PMID: 30822164 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1571503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lomefloxacin (LF) is interesting as a model molecule from a safety point of view because of its high potential for serious adverse drug effects (i.e. phototoxic reactions). In this study, MCM-41 mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MCM-41) were loaded with lomefloxacin, aiming to overcome the drug's intrinsic cytotoxicity. The good biocompatibility of the empty drug carrier (0.1-1.0 mg/ml) was established by the absence of red blood cell lysis (hemolysis assay). The cytotoxicity of empty MCM-41 and lomefloxacin-loaded MCM-41 (LF-MCM-41) was evaluated by using a battery of in vitro cytotoxicity assays: Alamar blue, lactate dehydrogenase release and reactive oxygen species formation by dichlorofluorescein assay. Three cell cultures models: hepatoma HepG2, fibroblasts L929 and endothelial EA.hy926 cells were used to compare the cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species formation by free drug, empty MCM-41, and LF-MCM-41. The findings from the study indicated that empty MCM-41 (0.1-1.0 mg/ml) showed a low cytotoxic potential in HepG2, followed by L929 and EA.hy926 cells. Lomefloxacin loading in MCM-41 mesoporous silica nanocarrier reduced the cytotoxicity of the free lomefloxacin, especially in the high concentration (1.0 mg/ml MCM-41, containing 120 µg/ml LF). L929 and EA.hy926 cells were more sensitive to the protective effects of LF-MCM-41, compared to HepG2 cells. The results indicate that an improvement in lomefloxacin safety might be expected after incorporation in an appropriate drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Tzankova
- Department of Pharmacology Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa Aluani
- Department of Pharmacology Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Yordanov
- Department of Pharmacology Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Frosini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ivanka Spassova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Kovacheva
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Borislav Tzankov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Figat R, Zgadzaj A, Geschke S, Sieczka P, Pietrosiuk A, Sommer S, Skrzypczak A. Cytotoxicity and antigenotoxicity evaluation of acetylshikonin and shikonin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 44:140-147. [PMID: 30574814 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1536710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin (SH) is used as a red pigment for food coloring and cosmetics, and has cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells. However, due to strong toxicity SH has limited potential as an anticancer drug. Acetylshikonin (ASH) is one of the SH derivatives with promising anticancer potential. In present study, we attempted to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of SH and ASH towards a normal cell line (V79) and in addition to evaluate their antigenotoxic activity. The evaluation was made with the use of the set of cytotoxicity assays with V79 line and the micronucleus test in vitro performed using clinafloxacin (CLFX), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as direct genotoxins and cyclophosphamide (CPA) as indirect genotoxin. For CPA and EMS the simultaneous protocol was used and for CLFX three different variants were performed: pretreatment, simultaneous, and post-treatment. A higher cytotoxic effect was observed for SH. The EC50 values obtained for SH were approximately twofold lower compared to that of ASH. Moreover, ASH exhibited an antigenotoxic potential against CPA-induced genotoxicity, whereas SH has no activity. However, ASH increased the EMS-induced genotoxicity, when SH exhibited no effect. Both compounds decreased the genotoxicity of CLFX in pretreatment and simultaneous protocol. Based on the results of the present study it can be concluded that ASH is less cytotoxic than SH to normal cells and has comparable antigenotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Figat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zgadzaj
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Geschke
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Sieczka
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pietrosiuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwester Sommer
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Skrzypczak
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Zgadzaj A, Kornacka J, Jastrzębska A, Parzonko A, Sommer S, Nałęcz-Jawecki G. Development of photoprotective, antiphototoxic, and antiphotogenotoxic formulations of ocular drugs with fluoroquinolones. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 178:201-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Veselinović JB, Veselinović AM, Toropova AP, Toropov AA. The Monte Carlo technique as a tool to predict LOAEL. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 116:71-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Khoury L, Zalko D, Audebert M. Complementarity of phosphorylated histones H2AX and H3 quantification in different cell lines for genotoxicity screening. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1983-95. [PMID: 26404763 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro micronucleus assay is broadly used, but is not per se able to discriminate aneugenic from clastogenic compounds, and cytotoxicity can be a confounding factor. In vitro genotoxicity assays generally rely on cell lines with limited metabolic capabilities. Recently, the use of histone H2AX and H3 phosphorylation markers (γH2AX and p-H3) was proposed to discriminate aneugenic from clastogenic chemicals. The aim of the present study was to develop a new genotoxic screening strategy based on the use of the γH2AX and p-H3 biomarkers in combination with cell lines with distinct biotransformation properties. First, we tested a training set of 20 model chemicals comprised of 10 aneugens, five clastogens and five cytotoxics on three human cell lines (HepG2, LS-174T and ACHN). Our data confirm the robustness of these two biomarkers to discriminate efficiently clastogens, aneugens and misleading cytotoxic chemicals in HepG2 cells. Aneugenic compounds induced either an increase or a decrease in p-H3 depending on their mode of action. Clastogens induced γH2AX, and cytotoxic compounds generated a marked decrease in these two biomarkers. Moreover, the use of different cell lines permits to discriminate direct from bioactivated genotoxins without the need of an exogenous metabolic activation system. Finally, we further evaluated this strategy using a test set of 13 chemicals with controversial genotoxic potential. The resulting data demonstrate that the combined analysis of γH2AX and p-H3 is an efficient strategy. Notably, we demonstrated that three compounds (fisetin, hydroquinone and okadaic acid) display both aneugenic and clastogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Khoury
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, UMR1331, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Zalko
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, UMR1331, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France. .,Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, UMR1331, 31062, Toulouse, France.
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Ecotoxicological and genotoxic evaluation of Buenos Aires city (Argentina) hospital wastewater. J Toxicol 2014; 2014:248461. [PMID: 25214834 PMCID: PMC4158310 DOI: 10.1155/2014/248461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital wastewater (HWW) constitutes a potential risk to the ecosystems and human health due to the presence of toxic and genotoxic chemical compounds. In the present work we investigated toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewaters from the public hospital of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The effluent from the sewage treatment plant (STP) serving around 10 million inhabitants was also evaluated. The study was carried out between April and September 2012. Toxicity and genotoxicity assessment was performed using the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the Allium cepa test, respectively. Toxicity assay showed that 55% of the samples were toxic to the algae (%I of growth between 23.9 and 54.8). The A. cepa test showed that 40% of the samples were genotoxic. The analysis of chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) showed no significant differences between days and significant differences between months. The sample from the STP was not genotoxic to A. cepa but toxic to the algae (%I = 41%), showing that sewage treatment was not totally effective. This study highlights the need for environmental control programs and the establishment of advanced and effective effluent treatment plants in the hospitals, which are merely dumping the wastewaters in the municipal sewerage system.
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Chakravarthy S, Sadagopan S, Nair A, Sukumaran SK. Zebrafish as anIn VivoHigh-Throughput Model for Genotoxicity. Zebrafish 2014; 11:154-66. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sathish Sadagopan
- Discovery Biology, Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Ayyappan Nair
- Discovery Biology, Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
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