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Fahmy MI, Khalaf SS, Yassen NN, Sayed RH. Nicorandil attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats via activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade and inhibition of autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111457. [PMID: 38160566 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a highly effective antitumor agent, but its clinical use is limited due to critical adverse reactions including acute kidney injury (AKI). Nicorandil is an approved antianginal agent decreasing ischemia by potassium channel opening. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective effects of nicorandil and the possible role of activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in ameliorating cisplatin-induced AKI. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated in 4 groups (n = 10). Group I: rats received the vehicle and served as control. Group II: rats received a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg, i.p) on the 10th day of the experiment and served as AKI group. Group III: rats received cisplatin as in group II and nicorandil (3 mg/kg/day, p.o) for 14 days. Group IV: rats received cisplatin and nicorandil as in group III as well as wortmannin (15 μg/kg, i.v) for 14 days. Nicorandil exhibited obvious nephroprotective effects via the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, nicorandil succeed to reduce the expression of the autophagy markers beclin-1 and LC-3II/I. In parallel, nicorandil showed anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects via inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory pathway and depression of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Wortmannin, the PI3K inhibitor, was used to demonstrate the proposed pathway. Our study showed the nephroprotective effects of nicorandil in cisplatin-induced AKI in rats via activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade, inhibition of autophagy, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant activities. Thus, nicorandil could represent a promising renoprotective agent in cancer patients treated with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Fahmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 12585, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samar S Khalaf
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, 11785, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha N Yassen
- Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt.
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2
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Li YY, Zhang LY, Xiang YH, Li D, Zhang J. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors in multiple myeloma: promote or inhibit? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1127407. [PMID: 37823051 PMCID: PMC10562598 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1127407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a vital role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), especially for tumor invasion and osteolytic osteopathy. By breaking down extracellular matrix (ECM) components and releasing the proteins composing the ECM and growth factors, as well as their receptors, MMPs affect tissue integrity and promote cancer cell invasion and metastasis. A vital pathophysiological characteristic of MM is the progress of osteolytic lesions, which are brought on by interactions between myeloma cells and the bone marrow microenvironment. MMPs, certainly, are one of the fundamental causes of myeloma bone disease due to their ability to degrade various types of collagens. TIMPs, as important regulators of MMP hydrolysis or activation, also participate in the occurrence and evolution of MM and the formation of bone disease. This review focuses on the role of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13, MMP-14, and MMP-15 and the four types of TIMPs in the invasion of myeloma cells, angiogenesis, osteolytic osteopathy, to offer some novel perspectives on the clinical diagnostics and therapeutics of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ying Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu-Yun Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Hui Xiang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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3
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Nakai K, Umehara M, Minamida A, Yamauchi-Sawada H, Sunahara Y, Matoba Y, Okuno-Ozeki N, Nakamura I, Nakata T, Yagi-Tomita A, Uehara-Watanabe N, Ida T, Yamashita N, Kamezaki M, Kirita Y, Konishi E, Yasuda H, Matoba S, Tamagaki K, Kusaba T. Streptozotocin induces renal proximal tubular injury through p53 signaling activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8705. [PMID: 37248327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ), an anti-cancer drug that is primarily used to treat neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in clinical settings, is incorporated into pancreatic β-cells or proximal tubular epithelial cells through the glucose transporter, GLUT2. However, its cytotoxic effects on kidney cells have been underestimated and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We herein demonstrated that DNA damage and subsequent p53 signaling were responsible for the development of STZ-induced tubular epithelial injury. We detected tubular epithelial DNA damage in NET patients treated with STZ. Unbiased transcriptomics of STZ-treated tubular epithelial cells in vitro showed the activation of the p53 signaling pathway. STZ induced DNA damage and activated p53 signaling in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in reduced membrane transporters. The pharmacological inhibition of p53 and sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) mitigated STZ-induced epithelial injury. However, the cytotoxic effects of STZ on pancreatic β-cells were preserved in SGLT2 inhibitor-treated mice. The present results demonstrate the proximal tubular-specific cytotoxicity of STZ and the underlying mechanisms in vivo. Since the cytotoxic effects of STZ against β-cells were not impaired by dapagliflozin, pretreatment with an SGLT2 inhibitor has potential as a preventative remedy for kidney injury in NET patients treated with STZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Nakai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Minato Umehara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minamida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamauchi-Sawada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yasuto Sunahara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matoba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Natsuko Okuno-Ozeki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Itaru Nakamura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakata
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Aya Yagi-Tomita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Noriko Uehara-Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Ida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yamashita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michitsugu Kamezaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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4
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Naderi R, Pourheydar B, Moslehi A. Tropisetron improved testicular inflammation in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: The role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and mir146a. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23272. [PMID: 36504472 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a serotonin antagonist, tropisetron positively affects blood glucose lowering, insulin synthesis, pancreas inflammation, and apoptosis in diabetes. Reproductive disorders are one of the diabetes-induced chronic complications. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of tropisetron on diabetes-induced testicular inflammation, its signaling pathway, and mir146a. To this end, animals were assigned to the control, tropisetron, diabetes (DM), DM-tropisetron, and DM-glibenclamide groups. Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to provide diabetes. Tropisetron and glibenclamide were then administrated intraperitoneally for 2 weeks after diabetes induction. Testes histology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry assays were also performed. The finding revealed that tropisetron significantly improved diabetes-induced testis damages, lowered TLR4, TRAF6, IRAK1, NF-κB, and caspase3 protein expressions, and decreased TNF-α and IL-1 levels. Moreover, the mir146a expression declined following the tropisetron treatment. This study demonstrated that the significant role of tropisetron in lowering testicular inflammation and apoptosis might have been due to the inhibition of the TLR4/IRAK1/TRAF6 signaling pathway and thereby the attenuation of NF-κB and caspase3 expression and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the downregulation of mir146a, as an inflammatory microRNA interacting with TLR4, showed another pathway, through which tropisetron improved diabetes-induced testicular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Naderi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bagher Pourheydar
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Azam Moslehi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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5
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Qin R, Zhao Q, Han B, Zhu HP, Peng C, Zhan G, Huang W. Indole-Based Small Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845892. [PMID: 35250597 PMCID: PMC8888875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole alkaloids are widely distributed in nature and have been particularly studied because of their diverse biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities. Many kinds of indole alkaloids have been applied to clinical practice, proving that indole alkaloids are beneficial scaffolds and occupy a crucial position in the development of novel agents. Fibrosis is an end-stage pathological condition of most chronic inflammatory diseases and is characterized by excessive deposition of fibrous connective tissue components, ultimately resulting in organ dysfunction and even failure with significant morbidity and mortality. Indole alkaloids and indole derivatives can alleviate pulmonary, myocardial, renal, liver, and islet fibrosis through the suppression of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, TGF-β/Smad pathway, and other signaling pathways. Natural indole alkaloids, such as isorhynchophylline, evodiamine, conophylline, indirubin, rutaecarpine, yohimbine, and vincristine, are reportedly effective in organ fibrosis treatment. In brief, indole alkaloids with a wide range of pharmacological bioactivities are important candidate drugs for organ fibrosis treatment. The present review discusses the potential of natural indole alkaloids, semi-synthetic indole alkaloids, synthetic indole derivatives, and indole-contained metabolites in organ fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Gu Zhan,
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Gu Zhan,
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6
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Fang Q, Zheng B, Liu N, Liu J, Liu W, Huang X, Zeng X, Chen L, Li Z, Ouyang D. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Exacerbates Renal Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats With Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682482. [PMID: 34220546 PMCID: PMC8243655 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the onset and development of diabetes and its complications. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite of certain nutrients, is associated with type 2 diabetes and its complications. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most serious microvascular complications. However, whether TMAO accelerates the development of DKD remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that TMAO accelerates the development of DKD. A high-fat diet/low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model was established, with or without TMAO in the rats’ drinking water. Compared to the normal rats, the DKD rats showed significantly higher plasma TMAO levels at the end of the study. TMAO treatment not only exacerbated the kidney dysfunction of the DKD rats, but also renal fibrosis. Furthermore, TMAO treatment activated the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and resulted in the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 to accelerate renal inflammation. These results suggested that TMAO aggravated renal inflammation and fibrosis in the DKD rats, which provides a new perspective to understand the pathogenesis of DKD and a potential novel target for preventing the progression of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Binjie Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xiangchang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongsheng Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
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