Dichloromethane increases mutagenic DNA damage and transformation ability in cholangiocytes and enhances metastatic potential in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines

Panoramic Tissue Examination That Integrates 3-Dimensional Pathology Imaging and Gene Mutation: Potential Utility in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Novel therapeutics have significantly improved the survival and quality of life of patients with malignancies in this century. Versatile precision diagnostic data were used to formulate personalized therapeutic strategies for patients. However, the cost of extensive information depends on the consumption of the specimen, raising the challenges of effective specimen utilization, particularly in small biopsies. In this study, we proposed a tissue-processing cascaded protocol that obtains 3-dimensional (3D) protein expression spatial distribution and mutation analysis from an identical specimen. In order to reuse the thick section tissue evaluated after the 3D pathology technique, we designed a novel high-flatness agarose-embedded method that could improve tissue utilization rate by 1.52 fold, whereas it reduced the tissue-processing time by 80% compared with the traditional paraffin-embedding method. In animal studies, we demonstrated that the protocol would not affect the results of DNA mutation analysis. Furthermore, we explored the utility of this approach in non-small cell lung cancer because it is a compelling application for this innovation. We used 35 cases including 7 cases of biopsy specimens of non-small cell lung cancer to simulate future clinical application. The cascaded protocol consumed 150-μm thickness of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens, providing 3D histologic and immunohistochemical information approximately 38 times that of the current paraffin-embedding protocol, and 3 rounds of DNA mutation analysis, offering both essential guidance for routine diagnostic evaluation and advanced information for precision medicine. Our designed integrated workflow provides an alternative way for pathological examination and paves the way for multidimensional tumor tissue assessment.

Applying a Green Solvent with Microwave, Ultrasound, and Soxhlet Extraction Techniques to Quantify the Slip Additive cis-1,3-Docosenamide and Nine Oxidative Degradation Byproducts in Polypropylene Samples

Erucamide is used as an important slip agent for polymers. However, erucamide can degrade during processing and long-term storage, forming various oxidation products. These degradation products can affect the recovery rates of erucamide. In this study, investigated different solid-liquid extraction methods (Soxhlet, microwave, and ultrasound) and used gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantify erucamide and its degradation byproducts in polypropylene (PP). A multivariable experiment was designed, and a mixed-effect approach was used to analyze the results. Various extraction variables were examined, such as temperature, time, solvents, and PP pretreatments. Using a mixed-effect model with a Kenward-Roger approximation, an R2 of the model of 97% and p values of 0.168, 0.000, and 0.000 were obtained for the technical, solvent, and type of PP pretreatment variables, respectively. The highest average recoveries of erucamide were found with the microwave technique and were 96.4% using dichloromethane, 94.57% using cyclohexane, and 93.05% using limonene. With ultrasound, recoveries ranged between 85 and 92% for dichloromethane and limonene. In addition, it was observed that the extraction method had better recovery results in ground PP than in films and in pellets. Nine oxidative degradation byproducts of erucamide were identified and semi-quantified by GC-MS. The reaction mechanisms for forming each byproduct were proposed. The byproducts that experienced a higher rate of degradation of erucamide were erucamide with a hydroxyl group at position one and 12-amino-6-12-oxo-dodecanoic acid, showing more prominent peaks using the Soxhlet method with cyclohexane and dichloromethane as solvents and polypropylene (PP) films as the type of material used.

Establishment and Characterization of a New Human Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Line LIV27

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal cancer arising from the biliary tract epithelium. The cancer biology of this neoplasm is not well understood. To date, only a few CCA cell lines have been reported, which were mostly developed from Asian patients. In this study, we report and characterize a new intrahepatic CCA cell line, LIV27, derived from a surgically resected tumor in a 67-year-old Caucasian woman with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). LIV27 cells grow well in collagen-coated flasks or plates with a doubling time of 57.8 h at passage 14. LIV27 cells have high tumorigenicity in nude mice and stain positive for CK7 and CK19, markers that differentiate CCA from hepatocellular carcinoma. Karyotype analysis showed that LIV27 is aneuploid. We established a single-locus short tandem repeat profile for the LIV27 cell line. This newly established cell line will be a useful model for studying the molecular pathogenesis of, and developing novel therapies for, cholangiocarcinoma.