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Hu W, He Z, Du L, Zhang L, Li J, Ma Y, Bi S. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in broiler chickens attacked by lipopolysaccharide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115606. [PMID: 37866038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) constitutes a pivotal factor in the initiation and progression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges in broiler chickens. Increasing studies have demonstrated that Alleviation of oxidative stress seems to be a reasonable strategy to alleviate LPS-mediated afflictions in broilers. Nonetheless, the relationship between OS-related indicators and exposure to LPS remains a topic of debate. The aim of this investigation was to precisely and holistically evaluate the effect of LPS exposure on OS-associated markers. We conducted a systematic search of four electronic databases-PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane for relevant studies, and a total of 31 studies were included. The overall results showed that the LPS treatment significantly increased the levels of oxygen radicals and their products, such as malondialdehydes (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), while significantly reduced the levels of antioxidants, such as total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH), in the chickens. Intriguingly, though the observed trends in alterations were not strictly correlated with LPS concentrations, the enzyme activity levels were indeed influenced by the concentration of LPS. This observation highlights the complex relationship between LPS exposure and the body's antioxidant response. Despite some limitations, all the included studies were deemed credible. Subgroup evaluations revealed that the jejunum and duodenum has demonstrated stronger antioxidant capability compared to other tissues. Overall, our study presents compelling evidence that exposure to LPS induces significant OS in chickens. And we also found that the extent of OS was related to LPS doses, target tissues, and dietary ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Zhengke He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine,Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Shicheng Bi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine,Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China.
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Adhikari PA, Castro FLDS, Liu G, Kim WK. Effects of Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Growth Performance, Immunity, and Meat Yield in Broilers Fed Diets With and Without Antibiotics. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:903901. [PMID: 35720841 PMCID: PMC9201514 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.903901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of digestible sulfur amino acids (SAA) on performance, carcass yield, immunity, and amino acid transporters in broilers fed diets with or without an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP). In experiment 1, a total of 250 1-day-old Cobb500 male chicks were assigned to battery cages with two levels of AGP (0 and 0.05% bacitracin) and five levels of SAA (0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1%) for 21 d. In experiment 2, a total of 900 1-day-old Cobb500 male chicks were assigned to floor pens with two levels of AGP and three levels of SAA for the starter (0.7, 0.8, and 0.9%) or finisher phase (0.52, 0.62, and 0.72%) for 42 d. In experiment 1, from 0 to 7 d, the body weight gain (BWG) was the lowest for birds fed 0.7% SAA. The AGP significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and birds fed 0.9 and 1.1% SAA had significantly lower FCR than 0.7% SAA. From 8 to 14 d, for the AGP-fed birds, the lowest BWG was observed in the 0.7% SAA group. In birds not fed AGP, birds fed 0.8% SAA had higher BWG than 0.7 and 1.1% SAA. Birds fed 0.7% SAA diet had lower feed intake (FI) than 0.8% SAA and higher FCR than 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% SAA. In experiment 2, from 0 to 21 d, the lowest BWG and the highest FCR were observed in birds fed 0.7% SAA, whereas birds fed 0.9% SAA had the highest BWG and lowest FCR. From 22 to 42 d, FCR was lower for birds fed AGP, and for birds fed 0.72%. Interactions between the factors were found for FI and BWG. The whole thigh and wing weights were the highest for 0.62% SAA, and the pectoralis major weight was higher for birds fed 0.62% SAA than those fed 0.52% SAA. There was an interaction between SAA and AGP for Lat1 (large neutral amino acid transporter) expression, and AGP-fed birds had higher expression of ileal interleukin 1β (Il−1β gene). The interleukin 10 (Il-10) expression was upregulated in the ileum. There was an interaction between factors for sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B [0] AT1 (SLC6A19) expression. The results suggested that both AGP and SAA supplementation would affect the growth performance of the broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Woo Kyun Kim
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Vangroenweghe F, Poulsen K, Thas O. Supplementation of a β-mannanase enzyme reduces post-weaning diarrhea and antibiotic use in piglets on an alternative diet with additional soybean meal. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:8. [PMID: 33431048 PMCID: PMC7798280 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme supplementation with a β-mannanase to degrade β-mannan fibers present in the diet has been shown to restore and improve performance in swine. The current study was conducted on a farm which had historical episodes of post-weaning diarrhea. In total, 896 newly weaned piglets were enrolled in two consecutive trials. Each trial consisted of 32 pens of 14 piglets housed in one large post-weaning compartment. Piglets at the same feeder were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups. The study compared the performance of post-weaned piglets fed either a commercial 3-phase nursery diet (Control) or an adapted diet supplemented with a β-mannanase (Hemicell HT; Elanco) (Enzyme), with some of the more expensive proteins replaced by soy bean meal in phase 1 and 2, and net energy (NE) content reduced by 65 kcal/kg in phase 3. All data analyses were performed using R version 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020). All tests were performed at the 5% level of significance. When multiple testing was involved, the nominal 5% Familywise Error Rate (FWER) was used. The study showed similar performance on the alternative diet with β-mannanase and the common commercial diets (P > 0.05). However, the Enzyme treated group had a significantly better general clinical score. Moreover, the number of individual treatments was a factor exp(0.69441) or 2 (CI 95% [1.46; 2.74]) higher (P < 0.001) in the Control group as compared to the Enzyme treated group. The number of treated animals was a factor exp(0.62861) or 1.87 (CI 95% [1.43; 2.53]) higher (P < 0.001) and the number of pigs with a repeated treatment was a factor exp(0.9293) or 2.53 (CI 95% [1.26; 5.09]) higher (P = 0.009) in the Control group as compared to the Enzyme treated group. In total, 7 (1.56%) piglets died in the Control group, whereas only 2 (0.45%) piglets died in the Enzyme treated group. The hazard ratio for mortality in the Control group relative to the Enzyme treated group was and estimated as 1.74 (CI 95% [0.51; 5.96]). Thus, the Control group had a non-significantly (P = 0.375) increased mortality. In conclusion, the results suggest that the use of an exogenous heat-tolerant β-mannanase allowed reduced levels of expensive protein sources to be used in the first two diets fed post-weaning, and 65 kcal/kg lower net energy content to be used in the third diet without adverse effects on intestinal health or overall performance. In fact, the occurrence of PWD and number of individual treatments during the post-weaning period were significantly reduced on the β-mannanase supplemented diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Vangroenweghe
- Elanco, BU Food Animals, Elanco Benelux, Plantijn en Moretuslei 1 - 3rd floor, 2018, Antwerpen, Belgium. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Karl Poulsen
- Elanco, BU Nutritional Health, Plantijn en Moretuslei 1 - 3rd floor, 2018, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Olivier Thas
- I-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,National Institute of Applied Statistics Research Australia (NIASRA), University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Baylor JL, Butler MW. Immune challenge-induced oxidative damage may be mitigated by biliverdin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.200055. [PMID: 30770399 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An effective immune response results in the elimination of pathogens, but this immunological benefit may be accompanied by increased levels of oxidative damage. However, organisms have evolved mechanisms to mitigate the extent of such oxidative damage, including the production and mobilization of antioxidants. One potential mechanism of mitigating immune challenge-induced changes in oxidative physiology is increasing biliverdin production. Biliverdin is chemically an antioxidant, but within-tissue correlations between biliverdin concentration and oxidative damage have never been directly examined. To test how biliverdin tissue concentrations are associated with physiological responses to an immune challenge, we exposed northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to one of four treatments: injection of a non-pathogenic antigen - either lipopolysaccharide or phytohemagglutinin, control injection of phosphate-buffered saline or a sham procedure with no injection. Twenty-four hours later, we quantified oxidative damage and triglyceride concentration in the plasma, and biliverdin concentration in the plasma, liver and spleen. We found that both types of immune challenge increased oxidative damage relative to both non-injected and vehicle-injected controls, but treatment had no effects on any other metric. However, across all birds, oxidative damage and biliverdin concentration in the plasma were negatively correlated, which is consistent with a localized antioxidant function of biliverdin. Additionally, we uncovered multiple links between biliverdin concentration, change in mass during the immune challenges and triglyceride levels, suggesting that pathways associated with biliverdin production may also be associated with aspects of nutrient mobilization. Future experiments that manipulate biliverdin levels or oxidative damage directly could establish a systemic antioxidant function or elucidate important physiological impacts on body mass maintenance and triglyceride storage, mobilization or transport.
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Yu J, Yang H, Wang Z, Dai H, Xu L, Ling C. Effects of arginine on the growth performance, hormones, digestive organ development and intestinal morphology in the early growth stage of layer chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1434692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiming Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hang Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Modular transcriptional repertoire and MicroRNA target analyses characterize genomic dysregulation in the thymus of Down syndrome infants. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7497-533. [PMID: 26848775 PMCID: PMC4884935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21-driven transcriptional alterations in human thymus were characterized through gene coexpression network (GCN) and miRNA-target analyses. We used whole thymic tissue--obtained at heart surgery from Down syndrome (DS) and karyotipically normal subjects (CT)--and a network-based approach for GCN analysis that allows the identification of modular transcriptional repertoires (communities) and the interactions between all the system's constituents through community detection. Changes in the degree of connections observed for hierarchically important hubs/genes in CT and DS networks corresponded to community changes. Distinct communities of highly interconnected genes were topologically identified in these networks. The role of miRNAs in modulating the expression of highly connected genes in CT and DS was revealed through miRNA-target analysis. Trisomy 21 gene dysregulation in thymus may be depicted as the breakdown and altered reorganization of transcriptional modules. Leading networks acting in normal or disease states were identified. CT networks would depict the "canonical" way of thymus functioning. Conversely, DS networks represent a "non-canonical" way, i.e., thymic tissue adaptation under trisomy 21 genomic dysregulation. This adaptation is probably driven by epigenetic mechanisms acting at chromatin level and through the miRNA control of transcriptional programs involving the networks' high-hierarchy genes.
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Lourenço M, de Souza A, Hayashi R, da Silva A, Santin E. Immune response of broiler chickens supplemented with prebiotic from Sacharomyces cerevisiae challenged with Salmonella enteritidis or Minnesota. J APPL POULTRY RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lieboldt MA, Halle I, Frahm J, Schrader L, Weigend S, Preisinger R, Breves G, Dänicke S. Effects of Graded Dietary L-arginine Supply on Organ Growth in Four Genetically Diverse Layer Lines during Rearing Period. J Poult Sci 2016; 53:136-148. [PMID: 32908376 PMCID: PMC7477283 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0150131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information has been available about the influence of genetic background and dietary L-arginine (Arg) supply on organ growth of chickens. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of a graded ad libitum Arg supply providing 70, 100 and 200% of recommended Arg concentration on organ growth of female chickens from hatch to 18 weeks of age. The chickens derived from four layer lines of different phylogeny (white vs. brown) and laying performance (high vs. low). Based on residual feed and absolute body and organ weights recorded in six-week-intervals, feed consumption, changes of relative organ weights and allometric organ growth were compared between experimental groups. Surplus Arg caused higher feed intake than insufficient Arg (p<0.01) that induced growth depression in turn (p <0.05). During the entire trial chicken's heart, gizzard and liver decreased relatively to their body growth (p<0.001) and showed strong positive correlations among each other. On the contrary, proportions of pancreas and lymphoid organs increased until week 12 (p<0.001) and correlated positively among each other. Due to their opposite growth behaviour (p<0.001), internal organs were assigned to two separate groups. Furthermore, insufficient Arg induced larger proportions of bursa, gizzard and liver compared with a higher Arg supply (p<0.05). In contrast to less Arg containing diets, surplus Arg decreased relative spleen weights (p<0.01). The overall allometric evaluation of data indicated a precocious development of heart, liver, gizzard, pancreas and bursa independent of chicken's genetic and nutritional background. However, insufficient Arg retarded the maturation of spleen and thymus compared with an adequate Arg supply. In conclusion, the present results emphasised the essential function of Arg in layer performance, and indicated different sensitivities of internal organs rather to chicken's dietary Arg supply than to their genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Alexander Lieboldt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
| | - Ingrid Halle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
| | - Lars Schrader
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Dörnbergstraße 25-27, Celle 29223, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Höltystraße 10, Neustadt-Mariensee 31535, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover 30173, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
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Lieboldt MA, Frahm J, Halle I, Görs S, Schrader L, Weigend S, Preisinger R, Metges CC, Breves G, Dänicke S. Metabolic and clinical response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in layer pullets of different genetic backgrounds supplied with graded dietary L-arginine. Poult Sci 2016; 95:595-611. [PMID: 26740139 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lieboldt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
| | - J Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
| | - I Halle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
| | - S Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf 18196, Germany
| | - L Schrader
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Celle 29223, Germany
| | - S Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Neustadt-Mariensee 31535, Germany
| | | | - C C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf 18196, Germany
| | - G Breves
- Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover 30173, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
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Ballou MA. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: Inflammation: Role in the etiology and pathophysiology of clinical mastitis in dairy cows1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1466-78. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Ballou
- Department of Animal Science and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
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12
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D'Amato JL, Humphrey BD. Dietary arginine levels alter markers of arginine utilization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and thymocytes in young broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2010; 89:938-47. [PMID: 20371846 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine is an essential amino acid in Aves and is also an important substrate for the immune system. Dietary Arg in avian diets must be sufficient to not only support growth but also immunity. To better understand Arg needs for immunity, 2 experiments examined markers of Arg use by the immune system in growing broiler chicks. Broiler hatchlings were fed diets containing adequate (1.2%) or high (1.35%) dietary Arg for 21 d. On d 7, the Arg importer cationic amino acid transporter-1 mRNA abundance in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was 2-fold greater in chicks fed 1.35% Arg than in chicks fed 1.2% Arg (P < 0.05). On d 14, chicks fed the diet containing 1.2% Arg had 2.5-fold greater mRNA abundance of the y(+)L type amino acid transporter-2 exporter compared with chicks fed 1.35% Arg (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, broiler hatchlings were fed diets containing low (1.1%), high (1.3%), or excess (1.5%) dietary Arg for 17 d. The percentage of peripheral blood B cells at a given age tended (P = 0.06) to be affected by the dietary Arg level. On d 14, but not on d 10 or 17, the percentage of monocytes from chicks fed 1.5% Arg was higher than from those fed 1.1 and 1.3% Arg (P < 0.05). These studies indicate that the dietary Arg levels in excess of 1.2% increase the mRNA abundance of markers for Arg use by immune cells undergoing development (thymocytes) and at maintenance (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and also increase the percentage of monocytes within peripheral blood. Understanding Arg use by the immune system will provide a better understanding of how to formulate immunosupportive diets to promote animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L D'Amato
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407, USA
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Ballou M, Cruz G, Pittroff W, Keisler D, DePeters E. Modifying the Acute Phase Response of Jersey Calves by Supplementing Milk Replacer with Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Fish Oil. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3478-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Humphrey BD, Kirsch S, Morris D. Molecular cloning and characterization of the chicken cationic amino acid transporter-2 gene. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:301-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Biological response of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) induced by corticosterone and a bacterial endotoxin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:324-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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