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Cai S, Luo B, Jiang P, Zhou X, Lan F, Yi Q, Wu Y. Immuno-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles via host-guest interactions for high-purity capture and mild release of exosomes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14280-14289. [PMID: 30014056 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of exosomes has great significance for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, in which damage-free isolation of exosomes is a critically important step due to their extremely low concentration in body fluids. Herein, immunoaffinitive superparamagnetic nanoparticles (IS-NPs) were successfully constructed by combining antibodies with superparamagnetic nanoparticles through host-guest interactions between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and 4-aminoazobenzene (AAB). Exosomes in cell-culture supernatants or body fluids can be efficiently captured by IS-NPs and then mildly eluted by competitive host molecules, α-CD. Approximately 80% of the exosomes were captured by the IS-NPs from the model samples containing varied concentrations of exosomes (1011-107 exosomes per mL). After elution, the release efficiency of the captured exosomes was as high as 86.5%, as calculated from the extracted RNA content. A comparison between the exosomes isolated by our IS-NPs, conventional ultracentrifugation (UC), polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based precipitation, and a commercial kit was conducted to examine the performance of the IS-NP exosome isolation. The particle-to-protein ratio of IS-NP captured exosomes (8.8 ± 1.3 × 109) was eight-fold higher than that of the UC (1.1 ± 0.4 × 109) and more than two-fold that of the PEG-based precipitation (3.7 ± 0.8 × 109) and commercial kit (3.2 ± 0.8 × 109) isolated ones, revealing that IS-NPs yielded more exosomes with higher purity than all the other three approaches. Cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that the exosomes captured by IS-NPs have retained their structural and functional integrities, and their broad applications in biomedical areas could therefore be expected. Promisingly, this host-guest interaction involving immunoaffinity magnetic particle system could offer a new way for fast, high-efficiency and high-purity exosome isolation and elution, further benefitting exosomes' applications in desired areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Peipei Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Qiangying Yi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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Multiple epitope presentation and surface density control enabled by chemoselective immobilization lead to enhanced performance in IgE-binding fingerprinting on peptide microarrays. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 983:189-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bi X, Li D, Liu Z. Pattern recognition of monosaccharides via a virtual lectin array constructed by boronate affinity-based pH-featured encoding. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4442-7. [PMID: 25816054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lectin array is an important tool in the fields of carbohydrate chemistry, glycobiology, and glycomics. Because natural lectins are associated with some apparent disadvantages such as tedious purification and easy loss of activity, artificial materials are applied to overcome such shortages by mimicking and replacing lectins in an artificial lectin array, among which boronate affinity-based materials are very outstanding and widely used. However, complicated synthetic works are often involved to design and create boronate affinity-based lectin-mimics. In this work, a facile and novel method was proposed to establish a virtual lectin array based on boronate affinity-based pH-featured encoding for discrimination of monosaccharides by pattern recognition. The dependence of boronate affinity on environmental pH was selected to encode each monosaccharide for feature generation, and the pH-featured encoding was used to construct the virtual lectin array. On the basis of the virtual array, pattern recognition algorithms were applied for data analysis. Monosaccharides were discriminated by principal component analysis, and the relations in the virtual lectin array were unraveled by cluster analysis. In this proof-of-concept work, without complicated synthesis or preparation, the proposed method was successful in mimicking lectin array and discriminating nine elementary monosaccharides found in nature, and it was also a new way of encoding in expanding the applications of boronate affinity-based materials and methods in the field of biomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Daojin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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Protein arrays as tool for studies at the host-pathogen interface. J Proteomics 2013; 94:387-400. [PMID: 24140974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens and parasites encode a wide spectrum of multifunctional proteins interacting to and modifying proteins in host cells. However, the current lack of a reliable method to unveil the protein-protein interactions (PPI) at the host-pathogen interface is retarding our understanding of many important pathogenic processes. Thus, the identification of proteins involved in host-pathogen interactions is important for the elucidation of virulence determinants, mechanisms of infection, host susceptibility and/or disease resistance. In this sense, proteomic technologies have experienced major improvements in recent years and protein arrays are a powerful and modern method for studying PPI in a high-throughput format. This review focuses on these techniques analyzing the state-of-the-art of proteomic technologies and their possibilities to diagnose and explore host-pathogen interactions. Major technical advancements, applications and protocol concerns are presented, so readers can appreciate the immense progress achieved and the current technical options available for studying the host-pathogen interface. Finally, future uses of this kind of array-based proteomic tools in the fight against infectious and parasitic diseases are discussed.
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Oberg AL, Dhiman N, Grill DE, Ryan JE, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Optimizing high dimensional gene expression studies for immune response following smallpox vaccination using Taqman® low density immune arrays. J Immunol Methods 2011; 366:69-78. [PMID: 21277306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to determine the time and vaccinia virus dose combination that would maximize the number of acute immune response changes in response to vaccinia stimulation in preparation for a large gene expression microarray experiment. METHODS PBMCs from ten subjects were exposed to five vaccinia virus doses for three lengths of time. Gene expression was measured for 90 immune response genes via Taqman® Low Density Immune Arrays. Expression data were normalized via model-based non-linear normalization. Linear mixed effects model results were used to standardize changes across genes and determine the time/multiplicity of infection (MOI) combination with the largest number of changes. RESULTS The greatest number of changes occurred with a MOI of 5.0 and exposure time of 48 h. Further inspection revealed that most changes had occurred earlier and faded at this combination. The second highest number of changes was found at a MOI of 0.5 PFU/cell and time of 18 h. CONCLUSIONS We conclude a time of 18 h with a MOI of 0.5 PFU/cell is the optimal time/MOI combination for the full scale gene expression study. The strategy described herein is a general and resource efficient way to make critical decisions regarding experimental parameters for studies utilizing expensive assays that interrogate a large number of variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Katrlík J, Svitel J, Gemeiner P, Kozár T, Tkac J. Glycan and lectin microarrays for glycomics and medicinal applications. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:394-418. [PMID: 20099267 DOI: 10.1002/med.20195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three different array formats to study a challenging field of glycomics are presented here, based on the use of a panel of immobilized glycan or lectins, and on in silico computational approach. Glycan and lectin arrays are routinely used in combination with other analytical tools to decipher a complex nature of glycan-mediated recognition responsible for signal transduction of a broad range of biological processes. Fundamental aspects of the glycan and lectin array technology are discussed, with the focus on the choice and availability of the biorecognition elements, fabrication protocols, and detection platforms involved. Moreover, practical applications of both technologies especially in the field of clinical diagnostics are provided. The future potential of a complementary in silico array technology to reveal details of the protein-glycan-binding profiles is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Katrlík
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Abstract
The development of rapid, accurate, and sensitive diagnostic methods for detecting pathogens is the basis for treating, controlling, and eradicating infectious diseases of veterinary importance. Scientific and technological advancements have revolutionized the field of veterinary diagnostics. Genome sequencing has allowed efficient, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays to be developed based on the detection of nucleic acids. The integration of advances in biochemistry, proteomics, engineering, and medicine offers enormous potential for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral, microbial, genetic, and metabolic disease. In the future, polymerase chain reaction assays, microarray testing, genomic analysis, and metabolic profiling will be accomplished in a rapid, portable, sensitive, and cost-efficient manner.
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Li T, Liu D, Wang Z. Screening Kinase Inhibitors with a Microarray-Based Fluorescent and Resonance Light Scattering Assay. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3067-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902804h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Dianjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
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Lin PC, Chen SH, Wang KY, Chen ML, Adak AK, Hwu JRR, Chen YJ, Lin CC. Fabrication of oriented antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoprobes and their immunoaffinity application. Anal Chem 2010; 81:8774-82. [PMID: 19874051 DOI: 10.1021/ac9012122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to fabricate highly active immunoprobes for serum biomarker detection, we report a simple and effective method for site-specific and self-oriented immobilization of antibodies on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Through boronate formation, the carbohydrate moiety within the constant domain, Fc, of the antibody can be specifically and covalently linked to a boronic acid-functionalized MNP (BA@MNP) without hindering the antigen binding domain, Fab. The performance was evaluated by immunoaffinity extraction of multiple serum antigens. Compared with the random immobilization of antibody on a MNP, the antibody self-oriented immunoprobe provides long-term stability (>2 months) and 5-fold extraction efficiency. It also provides 5-fold improved sensitivity at a low nM range (0.4 nM), presumably through enhanced antibody@MNP activity. In addition, false-positive detections arising from nonspecific binding can be completely minimized by effective surface protection using concentration-dependent dextran blocking. Compared with conventional antibody site-specific immobilization through protein G, this new BA-mediated covalent antibody immobilization provides interference-free extraction resulting from noncovalent immobilization of antibody by protein G. The new immunoassay was applied in comparative profiling of serum amyloid P (SAP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in human serum. Our triple immunoassay revealed a distinct pattern among normal patients, patients with cancer, and patients with cardiovascular disease. Using the previously reported quantization capability of the MALDI MS readout, we expect that this site-specific immunonanoprobe-based immunoassay can be highly active, rapid, and accurate in nanodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Li T, Liu D, Wang Z. Microarray-based Raman spectroscopic assay for kinase inhibition by gold nanoparticle probes. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3335-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pai JC, Sutherland JN, Maynard JA. Progress towards recombinant anti-infective antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:1-17. [PMID: 19149692 DOI: 10.2174/157489109787236319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The global market for monoclonal antibody therapeutics reached a total of $11.2 billion in 2004, with an impressive 42% growth rate over the previous five years and is expected to reach approximately $34 billion by 2010. Coupled with this growth are stream-lined product development, production scale-up and regulatory approval processes for the highly conserved antibody structure. While only one of the 21 current FDA-approved antibodies, and one of the 38 products in advanced clinical trials target infectious diseases, there is increasing academic, government and commercial interest in this area. Synagis, an antibody neutralizing respiratory syncitial virus (RSV), garnered impressive sales of $1.1 billion in 2006 in spite of its high cost and undocumented effects on viral titres in human patients. The success of anti-RSV passive immunization has motivated the continued development of anti-infectives to treat a number of other infectious diseases, including those mediated by viruses, toxins and bacterial/ fungal cells. Concurrently, advances in antibody technology suggest that cocktails of several monoclonal antibodies with unique epitope specificity or single monoclonal antibodies with broad serotype specificity may be the most successful format. Recent patents and patent applications in these areas will be discussed as predictors of future anti-infective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Pai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Uttamchandani M, Neo JL, Ong BNZ, Moochhala S. Applications of microarrays in pathogen detection and biodefence. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 27:53-61. [PMID: 19008003 PMCID: PMC7114317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microarray is a platform with wide-ranging potential in biodefence. Owing to the high level of throughput attainable through miniaturization, microarrays have accelerated the ability to respond in an epidemic or crisis. Extending beyond diagnostics, recent studies have applied microarrays as a research tool towards understanding the etiology and pathogenicity of dangerous pathogens, as well as in vaccine development. The original emphasis was on DNA microarrays, but the range now includes protein, antibody and carbohydrate microarrays, and research groups have exploited this diversity to further extend microarray applications in the area of biodefence. Here, we discuss the impact and contributions of the growing range of microarrays and emphasize the concepts that might shape the future of biodefence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Uttamchandani
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, 117510, Singapore.
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