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Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics and efficacy of L-carnitine as a feed additive in pigs and poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1686-1719. [PMID: 29992642 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A great number of studies have investigated the potential of L-carnitine as feed additive to improve performance of different monogastric and ruminant livestock species, with, however, discrepant outcomes. In order to understand the reasons for these discrepant outcomes, it is important to consider the determinants of L-carnitine status and how L-carnitine status is regulated in the animal's body. While it is a long-known fact that L-carnitine is endogenously biosynthesized in certain tissues, it was only recently recognized that critical determinants of L-carnitine status, such as intestinal L-carnitine absorption, tissue L-carnitine uptake, endogenous L-carnitine synthesis and renal L-carnitine reabsorption, are regulated by specific nutrient sensing nuclear receptors. This review aims to give a more in-depth understanding of the basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics taking into account the most recent evidence on nutrient sensing nuclear receptors and evaluates the efficacy of L-carnitine as feed additive in monogastric livestock by providing an up-to-date overview about studies with L-carnitine supplementation in pigs and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Janine Keller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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Gessner DK, Gröne B, Rosenbaum S, Most E, Hillen S, Becker S, Erhardt G, Reiner G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Effect of a negative energy balance induced by feed restriction in lactating sows on hepatic lipid metabolism, milk production and development of litters. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:399-410. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1075669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gessner DK, Gröne B, Rosenbaum S, Most E, Hillen S, Becker S, Erhardt G, Reiner G, Eder K. Treatment of lactating sows with clofibrate as a synthetic agonist of PPARα does not influence milk fat content and gains of litters. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:54. [PMID: 25888880 PMCID: PMC4355968 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In rats, it has been observed that treatment with activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) disturbs metabolic adaptations during lactation, which in turn lead to a reduction of milk fat content and gains of litters during the suckling period. It has not yet been investigated whether agonists of PPARα are impairing milk production of lactating sows in a similar manner as in rats. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of treatment with clofibrate, a strong synthetic agonist of PPARα, on milk composition and litter gains in lactating sows. Results Twenty lactating sows received either a basal diet (control group) or the same diet with supplementation of 2 g of clofibrate per kg of diet (clofibrate group). In the clofibrate group, mRNA concentrations of various PPARα target genes involved in fatty acid utilization in liver and skeletal muscle were moderately up-regulated. Fat and energy content of the milk and gains of litters during the suckling period were not different between the control group and the clofibrate group. Conclusion It is shown that treatment with clofibrate induces only a moderate up-regulation of PPARα target genes in liver and muscle of lactating sows and in turn might have limited effect on whole body fatty acid utilization. This may be the reason why clofibrate treatment did not influence milk fat content and gains of litters during the suckling period. Thus, the present study indicates that activation of PPARα induced either by native agonists such as dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids or a by negative energy balance might be largely uncritical in lactating sows with respect to milk production and litter gains in lactating sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Birthe Gröne
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Susann Rosenbaum
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sonja Hillen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Swine Diseases, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Becker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Swine Diseases, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Georg Erhardt
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstraße 21b, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Gerald Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Swine Diseases, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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McCormick NH, King J, Krebs N, Soybel DI, Kelleher SL. Redistribution of tissue zinc pools during lactation and dyshomeostasis during marginal zinc deficiency in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:170-5. [PMID: 24974135 PMCID: PMC4258524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) requirements are increased during lactation. Increased demand is partially met through increased Zn absorption from the diet. It is estimated that 60-80% of women of reproductive age are at risk for Zn deficiency due to low intake of bioavailable Zn and increased demands during pregnancy and lactation. How Zn is redistributed within the body to meet the demands of lactation, and how Zn deficiency affects this process, is not understood. Female C57bl/6J mice were fed a control (ZA; 30mg Zn/kg) or a marginally Zn deficient (ZD; 15mg Zn/kg) diet for 30 days prior to mating through mid-lactation and compared with nulliparous mice fed the same diets. While stomach and plasma Zn concentration increased during lactation in mice fed ZA, mice fed ZD had lower stomach Zn concentration and abrogated plasma Zn levels during lactation. Additionally, femur Zn decreased during lactation in mice fed ZA, while mice fed ZD did not experience this decrease. Furthermore, red blood cell, pancreas, muscle and mammary gland Zn concentration increased, and liver and adrenal gland Zn decreased during lactation, independent of diet, while kidney Zn concentration increased only in mice fed ZD. Finally, maternal Zn deficiency significantly increased the liver Zn concentration in offspring but decreased weight gain and survival. This study provides novel insight into how Zn is redistributed to meet the increased metabolic demands of lactation and how marginal Zn deficiency interferes with these homeostatic adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H McCormick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Janet King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Nancy Krebs
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David I Soybel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Departments of Surgery and Cell and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Departments of Surgery and Cell and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Schäff C, Börner S, Hacke S, Kautzsch U, Sauerwein H, Spachmann S, Schweigel-Röntgen M, Hammon H, Kuhla B. Increased muscle fatty acid oxidation in dairy cows with intensive body fat mobilization during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6449-60. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Rosenbaum S, Ringseis R, Hillen S, Becker S, Erhardt G, Reiner G, Eder K. The stress signalling pathway nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 is activated in the liver of sows during lactation. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:59. [PMID: 23039904 PMCID: PMC3502514 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has recently been shown that the lactation-induced inflammatory state in the liver of dairy cows is accompanied by activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, which regulates the expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes and thereby protects tissues from inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study aimed to study whether the Nrf2 pathway is activated also in the liver of lactating sows. FINDINGS Transcript levels of known Nrf2 target genes, UGT1A1 (encoding glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1), HO-1 (encoding heme oxygenase 1), NQO1 (encoding NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1), GPX1 (encoding glutathione peroxidase), PRDX6 (encoding peroxiredoxin 6), TXNRD1 (encoding thioredoxin reductase 1), and SOD (encoding superoxide dismutase), in the liver are significantly elevated (between 1.7 and 3.1 fold) in lactating sows compared to non-lactating sows. The inflammatory state in the liver was evidenced by the finding that transcript levels of genes encoding acute phase proteins, namely haptoglobin (HP), fibrinogen γ (FGG), complement factor B (CFB), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), were significantly higher (2 to 8.7 fold) in lactating compared to non-lactating sows. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that the Nrf2 pathway in the liver of sows is activated during lactation. The activation of Nrf2 pathway during lactation in sows might be interpreted as a physiologic means to counteract the inflammatory process and to protect the liver against damage induced by inflammatory signals and ROS.
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Genome-wide transcript profiling indicates induction of energy-generating pathways and an adaptive immune response in the liver of sows during lactation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 7:370-81. [PMID: 23031603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the lactation-induced changes in hepatic gene expression in sows (Sus scrofa) during lactation. Using a porcine whole-genome microarray a total of 632 differentially expressed genes in the liver of lactating compared to non-lactating sows could be identified. Enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in fatty acid metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, citrate cycle, glycerophospholipid metabolism, PPAR signaling, and focal adhesion. The most striking observation with respect to intermediary metabolism was that genes involved in fatty acid catabolism, the catabolism of gluconeogenic amino acids, the citrate cycle and the respiratory chain were up-regulated in the liver of sows during lactation. With respect to immune response, it could be demonstrated that genes encoding acute phase proteins and genes involved in tissue repair were up-regulated and genes encoding adhesion molecules were down-regulated in the liver of sows during lactation. The results indicate that energy-generating pathways and pathways involved in the delivery of gluconeogenic substrates are induced in sow liver during lactation. The alterations of expression of genes encoding proteins involved in immune response suggest that lactation in sows may cause an adaptive immune response that possibly counteracts hepatic inflammation.
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Kuhla B, Nürnberg G, Albrecht D, Görs S, Hammon HM, Metges CC. Involvement of Skeletal Muscle Protein, Glycogen, and Fat Metabolism in the Adaptation on Early Lactation of Dairy Cows. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4252-62. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200425h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kuhla
- Research Unit Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Nürnberg
- Research Unit Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Albrecht
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, F.-L.-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Research Unit Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Harald M. Hammon
- Research Unit Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Research Unit Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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