1
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Zhang YN, Wan XC, Tang Y, Chen Y, Zheng FH, Cui ZH, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Fang GM. Employing unnatural promiscuity of sortase to construct peptide macrocycle libraries for ligand discovery. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9649-9656. [PMID: 38939140 PMCID: PMC11206207 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increasing attention paid to macrocyclic scaffolds in peptide drug development, genetically encoded peptide macrocycle libraries have become invaluable sources for the discovery of high-affinity peptide ligands targeting disease-associated proteins. The traditional phage display technique of constructing disulfide-tethered macrocycles by cysteine oxidation has the inherent drawback of reduction instability of the disulfide bond. Chemical macrocyclization solves the problem of disulfide bond instability, but the involved highly electrophilic reagents are usually toxic to phages and may bring undesirable side reactions. Here, we report a unique Sortase-mediated Peptide Ligation and One-pot Cyclization strategy (SPLOC) to generate peptide macrocycle libraries, avoiding the undesired reactions of electrophiles with phages. The key to this platform is to mine the unnatural promiscuity of sortase on the X residue of the pentapeptide recognition sequence (LPXTG). Low reactive electrophiles are incorporated into the X-residue side chain, enabling intramolecular cyclization with the cysteine residue of the phage-displayed peptide library. Utilizing the genetically encoded peptide macrocycle library constructed by the SPLOC platform, we found a high-affinity bicyclic peptide binding TEAD4 with a nanomolar KD value (63.9 nM). Importantly, the binding affinity of the bicyclic peptide ligand is 102-fold lower than that of the acyclic analogue. To our knowledge, this is the first time to mine the unnatural promiscuity of ligases to generate peptide macrocycles, providing a new avenue for the construction of genetically encoded cyclic peptide libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Cui Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200072 P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Feng-Hao Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Ge-Min Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
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2
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Ullrich S, George J, Coram AE, Morewood R, Nitsche C. Biocompatible and Selective Generation of Bicyclic Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208400. [PMID: 35852030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides possess superior properties for drug discovery; however, their chemical synthesis is not straightforward and often neither biocompatible nor fully orthogonal to all canonical amino acids. The selective reaction between 1,2-aminothiols and 2,6-dicyanopyridine allows direct access to complex bicyclic peptides in high yield. The process can be fully automated using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis. Bicyclization occurs in water at physiological pH within minutes and without the need for a catalyst. The use of various linkers allows tailored bicyclic peptides with qualities such as plasma stability, conformational preorganization, and high target affinity. We demonstrate this for a bicyclic inhibitor of the Zika virus protease NS2B-NS3 as well as for bicyclic versions of the α-helical antimicrobial peptide aurein 1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ullrich
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Josemon George
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alexandra E Coram
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Richard Morewood
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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3
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Ullrich S, George J, Coram A, Morewood R, Nitsche C. Biocompatible and Selective Generation of Bicyclic Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ullrich
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Josemon George
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Alexandra Coram
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Richard Morewood
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road ACT 2601 Canberra AUSTRALIA
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4
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Gu Y, Iannuzzelli JA, Fasan R. MOrPH-PhD: A Phage Display System for the Functional Selection of Genetically Encoded Macrocyclic Peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2371:261-286. [PMID: 34596853 PMCID: PMC8493807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1689-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides represent promising scaffolds for targeting biomolecules with high affinity and selectivity, making methods for the diversification and functional selection of these macrocycles highly valuable for drug discovery purposes. We recently reported a novel phage display platform (called MOrPH-PhD) for the creation and functional exploration of combinatorial libraries of genetically encoded cyclic peptides. In this system, spontaneous, posttranslational peptide cyclization by means of a cysteine-reactive non-canonical amino acid is integrated with M13 bacteriophage display, enabling the creation of genetically encoded macrocyclic peptide libraries displayed on phage particles. Using this system, it is possible to rapidly generate and screen large libraries of phage-displayed macrocyclic peptides (up to 108 to 1010 members) in order to identify high-affinity binders of a target protein of interest. Herein, we describe step-by-step protocols for the production of MOrPH-PhD libraries, the screening of these libraries against an immobilized protein target, and the isolation and characterization of functional macrocyclic peptides from these genetically encoded libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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5
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Wong JYK, Mukherjee R, Miao J, Bilyk O, Triana V, Miskolzie M, Henninot A, Dwyer JJ, Kharchenko S, Iampolska A, Volochnyuk DM, Lin YS, Postovit LM, Derda R. Genetically-encoded discovery of proteolytically stable bicyclic inhibitors for morphogen NODAL. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9694-9703. [PMID: 34349940 PMCID: PMC8294009 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01916c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we developed a two-fold symmetric linchpin (TSL) that converts readily available phage-displayed peptides libraries made of 20 common amino acids to genetically-encoded libraries of bicyclic peptides displayed on phage. TSL combines an aldehyde-reactive group and two thiol-reactive groups; it bridges two side chains of cysteine [C] with an N-terminal aldehyde group derived from the N-terminal serine [S], yielding a novel bicyclic topology that lacks a free N-terminus. Phage display libraries of SX1CX2X3X4X5X6X7C sequences, where X is any amino acid but Cys, were converted to a library of bicyclic TSL-[S]X1[C]X2X3X4X5X6X7[C] peptides in 45 ± 15% yield. Using this library and protein morphogen NODAL as a target, we discovered bicyclic macrocycles that specifically antagonize NODAL-induced signaling in cancer cells. At a 10 μM concentration, two discovered bicyclic peptides completely suppressed NODAL-induced phosphorylation of SMAD2 in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. The TSL-[S]Y[C]KRAHKN[C] bicycle inhibited NODAL-induced proliferation of NODAL-TYK-nu ovarian carcinoma cells with apparent IC50 of 1 μM. The same bicycle at 10 μM concentration did not affect the growth of the control TYK-nu cells. TSL-bicycles remained stable over the course of the 72 hour-long assays in a serum-rich cell-culture medium. We further observed general stability in mouse serum and in a mixture of proteases (Pronase™) for 21 diverse bicyclic macrocycles of different ring sizes, amino acid sequences, and cross-linker geometries. TSL-constrained peptides to expand the previously reported repertoire of phage-displayed bicyclic architectures formed by cross-linking Cys side chains. We anticipate that it will aid the discovery of proteolytically stable bicyclic inhibitors for a variety of protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y-K Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Raja Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jiayuan Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Olena Bilyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Vivian Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Mark Miskolzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | | | - John J Dwyer
- Ferring Research Institute San Diego California 92121 USA
| | | | - Anna Iampolska
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | | | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Experimental Oncology, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
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6
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Wang W, Khojasteh SC, Su D. Biosynthetic Strategies for Macrocyclic Peptides. Molecules 2021; 26:3338. [PMID: 34206124 PMCID: PMC8199541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides are predominantly peptide structures bearing one or more rings and spanning multiple amino acid residues. Macrocyclization has become a common approach for improving the pharmacological properties and bioactivity of peptides. A variety of ribosomal-derived and non-ribosomal synthesized cyclization approaches have been established. The biosynthesis of backbone macrocyclic peptides using seven new emerging methodologies will be discussed with regard to the features and strengths of each platform rather than medicinal chemistry tools. The mRNA display variant, known as the random nonstandard peptide integrated discovery (RaPID) platform, utilizes flexible in vitro translation (FIT) to access macrocyclic peptides containing nonproteinogenic amino acids (NAAs). As a new discovery approach, the ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) method involves the combination of ribosomal synthesis and the phage screening platform together with macrocyclization chemistries to generate libraries of macrocyclic peptides. Meanwhile, the split-intein circular ligation of peptides and proteins (SICLOPPS) approach relies on the in vivo production of macrocyclic peptides. In vitro and in vivo peptide library screening is discussed as an advanced strategy for cyclic peptide selection. Specifically, biosynthetic bicyclic peptides are highlighted as versatile and attractive modalities. Bicyclic peptides represent another type of promising therapeutics that allow for building blocks with a heterotrimeric conjugate to address intractable challenges and enable multimer complexes via linkers. Additionally, we discuss the cell-free chemoenzymatic synthesis of macrocyclic peptides with a non-ribosomal catalase known as the non-ribosomal synthetase (NRPS) and chemo-enzymatic approach, with recombinant thioesterase (TE) domains. Novel insights into the use of peptide library tools, activity-based two-hybrid screening, structure diversification, inclusion of NAAs, combinatorial libraries, expanding the toolbox for macrocyclic peptides, bicyclic peptides, chemoenzymatic strategies, and future perspectives are presented. This review highlights the broad spectrum of strategy classes, novel platforms, structure diversity, chemical space, and functionalities of macrocyclic peptides enabled by emerging biosynthetic platforms to achieve bioactivity and for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dian Su
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (W.W.); (S.C.K.)
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7
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Iannuzzelli JA, Fasan R. Expanded toolbox for directing the biosynthesis of macrocyclic peptides in bacterial cells. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6202-6208. [PMID: 32953014 PMCID: PMC7480269 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01699c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new suite of unnatural amino acids is reported for directing the biosynthesis of genetically encoded macrocyclic peptides in live bacteria.
The macrocyclization of recombinant polypeptides by means of genetically encodable non-canonical amino acids has recently provided an attractive strategy for the screening and discovery of macrocyclic peptide inhibitors of protein–protein interactions. Here, we report the development of an expanded suite of electrophilic unnatural amino acids (eUAAs) useful for directing the biosynthesis of genetically encoded thioether-bridged macrocyclic peptides in bacterial cells (E. coli). These reagents are shown to provide efficient access to a broad range of macrocyclic peptide scaffolds spanning from 2 to 20 amino acid residues, with the different eUAAs offering complementary reactivity profiles toward mediating short- vs. long-range macrocyclizations. Swapping of the eUAA cyclization module in a cyclopeptide inhibitor of streptavidin and Keap1 led to compounds with markedly distinct binding affinity toward the respective target proteins, highlighting the effectiveness of this strategy toward tuning the structural and functional properties of bioactive macrocyclic peptides. The peptide cyclization strategies reported here expand opportunities for the combinatorial biosynthesis of natural product-like peptide macrocycles in bacterial cells or in combination with display platforms toward the discovery of selective agents capable of targeting proteins and protein-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Iannuzzelli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627 , USA .
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8
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Owens A, Iannuzzelli JA, Gu Y, Fasan R. MOrPH-PhD: An Integrated Phage Display Platform for the Discovery of Functional Genetically Encoded Peptide Macrocycles. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:368-381. [PMID: 32232137 PMCID: PMC7099587 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides represent attractive scaffolds for targeting protein-protein interactions, making methods for the diversification and functional selection of these molecules highly valuable for molecular discovery purposes. Here, we report the development of a novel strategy for the generation and high-throughput screening of combinatorial libraries of macrocyclic peptides constrained by a nonreducible thioether bridge. In this system, spontaneous, posttranslational peptide cyclization by means of a cysteine-reactive noncanonical amino acid was integrated with M13 bacteriophage display, enabling the creation of genetically encoded macrocyclic peptide libraries displayed on phage particles. This platform, named MOrPH-PhD, was successfully applied to produce and screen 105- to 108-member libraries of peptide macrocycles against three different protein targets, resulting in the discovery of a high-affinity binder for streptavidin (K D: 20 nM) and potent inhibitors of the therapeutically relevant proteins Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (K D: 40 nM) and Sonic Hedgehog (K D: 550 nM). This work introduces and validates an efficient and general platform for the discovery and evolution of functional, conformationally constrained macrocyclic peptides useful for targeting proteins and protein-mediated interactions.
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9
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Kalhor-Monfared S, Jafari MR, Patterson JT, Kitov PI, Dwyer JJ, Nuss JM, Derda R. Rapid biocompatible macrocyclization of peptides with decafluoro-diphenylsulfone. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3785-3790. [PMID: 30155020 PMCID: PMC6013815 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we describe modification of Cys-residues in peptides and proteins in aqueous solvents via aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) with perfluoroarenes (fAr).
In this manuscript, we describe modification of Cys-residues in peptides and proteins in aqueous solvents via aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) with perfluoroarenes (fAr). Biocompatibility of this reaction makes it attractive for derivatization of proteins and peptide libraries comprised of 20 natural amino acids. Measurement of the reaction rates for fAr derivatives by 19F NMR with a model thiol donor (β-mercaptoethanol) in aqueous buffers identified decafluoro-diphenylsulfone (DFS) as the most reactive SNAr electrophile. Reaction of DFS with thiol nucleophiles is >100 000 faster than analogous reaction of perfluorobenzene; this increase in reactivity enables application of DFS at low concentrations in aqueous solutions compatible with biomolecules and protein complexes irreversibly degraded by organic solvents (e.g., bacteriophages). DFS forms macrocycles when reacted with peptides of the general structure Xn–Cys–Xm–Cys–Xl, where X is any amino acid and m = 1–15. It formed cyclic peptides with 6 peptide hormones—oxytocin, urotensin II, salmon calcitonin, melanin-concentrating hormone, somatostatin-14, and atrial natriuretic factor (1–28) as well as peptides displayed on M13 phage. Rates up to 180 M–1 s–1 make this reaction one of the fastest Cys-modifications to-date. Long-term stability of macrocycles derived from DFS and their stability toward oxidation further supports DFS as a promising method for modification of peptide-based ligands, cyclization of genetically-encoded peptide libraries, and discovery of bioactive macrocyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalhor-Monfared
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - M R Jafari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - J T Patterson
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - P I Kitov
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - J J Dwyer
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - J M Nuss
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - R Derda
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Boutureira
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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11
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Hörner S, Uth C, Avrutina O, Frauendorf H, Wiessler M, Kolmar H. Combination of inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction with highly efficient oxime ligation expands the toolbox of site-selective peptide conjugations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11130-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular bioconjugation strategy based on stepwise oxime ligation and inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hörner
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - C. Uth
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - O. Avrutina
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - H. Frauendorf
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie
- Zentrale Analytik/Massenspektrometrie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - M. Wiessler
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- Medizinische Physik in der Radiologie
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - H. Kolmar
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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12
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Grundler V, Gademann K. Direct arginine modification in native peptides and application to chemical probe development. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1290-5. [PMID: 25516786 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the direct labeling of the Arg guanidinium group in native peptides is reported. This straightforward procedure allows modifying the arginine moiety in peptides with various reporter groups, such as fluorophores, biotin, etc., under mild conditions in an operationally simple procedure. The scope of this method tolerates various functionalized amino acids such as His, Ser, Trp, Tyr, Glu, etc., while the only limitations uncovered so far are restricted to cysteine and free amine residues. The utility of this late-stage diversification method was demonstrated in direct labeling of leuprolide, a clinically used drug, for distribution monitoring in Daphnia, and in labeling of microcystin, a cyanobacterial toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Grundler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring
19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring
19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Bellotto S, Chen S, Rentero Rebollo I, Wegner HA, Heinis C. Phage Selection of Photoswitchable Peptide Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5880-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501861m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bellotto
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut
Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Inmaculada Rentero Rebollo
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institut
Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Jafari MR, Deng L, Kitov PI, Ng S, Matochko WL, Tjhung KF, Zeberoff A, Elias A, Klassen JS, Derda R. Discovery of light-responsive ligands through screening of a light-responsive genetically encoded library. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:443-50. [PMID: 24195775 DOI: 10.1021/cb4006722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Light-responsive ligands are useful tools in biochemistry and cell biology because the function of these ligands can be spatially and temporally controlled. Conventional design of such ligands relies on previously available data about the structure of both the ligand and the receptor. In this paper, we describe de novo discovery of light-responsive ligands through screening of a genetically encoded light-responsive library. We ligated a photoresponsive azobenzene core to a random CX7C peptide library displayed on the coat protein of M13 phage. A one-pot alkylation/reduction of the cysteines yielded a photoresponsive library of random heptapeptide macrocycles with over 2 × 10(8) members. We characterized the reaction on-phage and optimized the yield of the modifications in phage libraries. Screening of the library against streptavidin yielded three macrocycles that bind to streptavidin in the dark and cease binding upon irradiation with 370 nm light. All ligands restored their binding properties upon thermal relaxation and could be turned ON and OFF for several cycles. We measured dissociation constants, Kd, by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) binding assay. For ligand ACGFERERTCG, the Kd of cis and trans isomers differed by 22-fold; an incomplete isomerization (85%), however, resulted in the apparent difference of 4.5-fold between the dark and the irradiated state. We anticipate that the selection strategy described in this report can be used to find light-responsive ligands for many targets that do not have known natural ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Jafari
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lu Deng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Pavel I. Kitov
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Simon Ng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wadim L. Matochko
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Katrina F. Tjhung
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Anthony Zeberoff
- Department
of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Anastasia Elias
- Department
of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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15
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Tokunaga Y, Azetsu Y, Fukunaga K, Hatanaka T, Ito Y, Taki M. Pharmacophore generation from a drug-like core molecule surrounded by a library peptide via the 10BASEd-T on bacteriophage T7. Molecules 2014; 19:2481-96. [PMID: 24566316 PMCID: PMC6271298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have achieved site-specific conjugation of several haloacetamide derivatives into designated cysteines on bacteriophage T7-displayed peptides, which are fused to T7 capsid protein gp10. This easiest gp10 based-thioetherification (10BASEd-T) undergoes almost quantitatively like a click reaction without side reaction or loss of phage infectivity. The post-translational modification yield, as well as the site-specificity, is quantitatively analyzed by a fluorescent densitometric analysis after gel electrophoresis. The detailed structure of the modified peptide on phage is identified with tandem mass spectrometry. Construction of such a peptide-fused phage library possessing non-natural core structures will be useful for future drug discovery. For this aim, we propose a novel concept of pharmacophore generation from a drug-like molecule (i.e., salicylic acid) conjugated with surrounding randomized peptides. By using the hybrid library, streptavidin-specific binders are isolated through four rounds of biopanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Tokunaga
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Yuuki Azetsu
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Fukunaga
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Hatanaka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Masumi Taki
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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16
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Chen S, Touati J, Heinis C. Tracking chemical reactions on the surface of filamentous phage using mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5267-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47496h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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The hidden potential of small synthetic molecules and peptides as affinity ligands for bioseparations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Fukunaga K, Hatanaka T, Ito Y, Taki M. Gp10 based-thioetherification (10BASE(d)-T) on a displaying library peptide of bacteriophage T7. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:2988-91. [PMID: 24072138 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The site-specific introduction of a haloacetamide derivative into a designated cysteine on a displaying peptide on a capsid protein (gp10) of bacteriophage T7 has been achieved. This easiest gp10-based thioetherification (10BASEd-T) is carried out in one-pot without side reactions or loss of phage infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fukunaga
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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19
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Arai K, Tsutsumi H, Mihara H. A monosaccharide-modified peptide phage library for screening of ligands to carbohydrate-binding proteins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4940-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Teschke T, Geltinger B, Dose A, Freund C, Schwarzer D. Probing the recognition of post-translational modifications by combining sortase-mediated ligation and phage-assisted selection. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1692-7. [PMID: 23721349 DOI: 10.1021/cb4001487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reversible post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key regulators of protein function and modulate a multitude of protein-protein interactions in signal transduction networks. Here, we describe a strategy for determining the modification preferences of PTM-binding proteins with only minimal protein amounts that can be obtained by immunoprecipitation from mammalian cell lysates. This method bases on the combination of sortase-mediated ligation and phage-assisted selection strategies. This method can be used to analyze the type of modification that mediates the interaction as well as the influence of the amino acids flanking the modification sites. We have demonstrated the applicability of this method by probing the interaction of phosphorylated tyrosine and serine residues with their respective binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Dose
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Biochemistry
and Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
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21
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Kawakami T, Ishizawa T, Fujino T, Reid PC, Suga H, Murakami H. In vitro selection of multiple libraries created by genetic code reprogramming to discover macrocyclic peptides that antagonize VEGFR2 activity in living cells. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1205-14. [PMID: 23517428 DOI: 10.1021/cb300697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the in vitro selection of thioether-macrocyclized peptides against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) from multiple, highly diverse peptide libraries constructed utilizing genetic code reprogramming. The macrocyclic peptide libraries consisted of combinations of four types of amino acid linkers for cyclization and two types of elongator amino acid compositions, including four backbone-modified non-proteinogenic amino acids. Affinity selection from these libraries, using our recently developed TRAP (Transcription-translation coupled with Association of Puromycin-linker) display, yielded multiple anti-VEGFR2 macrocyclic peptide leads. Further antagonizing activity-based screening of the chemically synthesized lead peptides identified a potent macrocyclic peptide that inhibited VEGF-induced VEGFR2 autophosphorylation, proliferation, and angiogenesis of living vascular endothelial cells. The TRAP display-based selection from multiple, highly diverse peptide libraries followed by activity-based screening of selected peptides is a powerful strategy for discovering biologically active peptides targeted to various biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawakami
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,
153-8902, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishizawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,
153-8902, Japan
| | - Tomoshige Fujino
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,
153-8902, Japan
| | - Patrick C. Reid
- PeptiDream Inc., 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505,
Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,
153-8902, Japan
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22
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Menegatti S, Hussain M, Naik AD, Carbonell RG, Rao BM. mRNA display selection and solid-phase synthesis of Fc-binding cyclic peptide affinity ligands. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:857-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Genetically encoded libraries of nonstandard peptides. J Nucleic Acids 2012; 2012:713510. [PMID: 23097693 PMCID: PMC3477784 DOI: 10.1155/2012/713510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a nonproteinogenic moiety in a nonstandard peptide often improves the biological properties of the peptide. Non-standard peptide libraries are therefore used to obtain valuable molecules for biological, therapeutic, and diagnostic applications. Highly diverse non-standard peptide libraries can be generated by chemically or enzymatically modifying standard peptide libraries synthesized by the ribosomal machinery, using posttranslational modifications. Alternatively, strategies for encoding non-proteinogenic amino acids into the genetic code have been developed for the direct ribosomal synthesis of non-standard peptide libraries. In the strategies for genetic code expansion, non-proteinogenic amino acids are assigned to the nonsense codons or 4-base codons in order to add these amino acids to the universal genetic code. In contrast, in the strategies for genetic code reprogramming, some proteinogenic amino acids are erased from the genetic code and non-proteinogenic amino acids are reassigned to the blank codons. Here, we discuss the generation of genetically encoded non-standard peptide libraries using these strategies and also review recent applications of these libraries to the selection of functional non-standard peptides.
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24
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Utilization of a calmodulin lysine methyltransferase co-expression system for the generation of a combinatorial library of post-translationally modified proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 86:83-8. [PMID: 23036357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
By successfully incorporating sequence diversity into proteins, combinatorial libraries have been a staple technology used in protein engineering, directed evolution, and synthetic biology for generating proteins with novel specificities and activities. However, these approaches mostly overlook the incorporations of post-translational modifications, which nature extensively uses for modulating protein activities in vivo. As an initial step of incorporating post-translational modifications into combinatorial libraries, we present a bacterial co-expression system, utilizing a recently characterized calmodulin methyltransferase (CaM KMT), to trimethylate a combinatorial library of the calmodulin central linker region. We show that this system is robust, with the successful over-expression and post-translational modification performed in Escherichia coli. Furthermore we show that trimethylation differentially affected the conformational dynamics of the protein upon the binding of calcium, and the thermal stability of the apoprotein. Collectively, these data support that when applied to an appropriately designed protein library scaffold, CaM KMT is able to produce a post-translationally modified library of protein sequences, thus providing a powerful tool for future protein library designs and constructions.
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25
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Ng S, Jafari MR, Matochko WL, Derda R. Quantitative synthesis of genetically encoded glycopeptide libraries displayed on M13 phage. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1482-7. [PMID: 22725642 DOI: 10.1021/cb300187t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful technology that enables the discovery of peptide ligands for many targets. Chemical modification of phage libraries have allowed the identification of ligands with properties not encountered in natural polypeptides. In this report, we demonstrated the synthesis of 2 × 10(8) genetically encoded glycopeptides from a commercially available phage-displayed peptide library (Ph.D.-7) in a two-step, one-pot reaction in <1.5 h. Unlike previous reports, we bypassed genetic engineering of phage. The glycan moiety was introduced via an oxime ligation following oxidation of an N-terminal Ser/Thr; these residues are present in the peptide libraries at 20-30% abundance. The construction of libraries was facilitated by simple characterization, which directly assessed the yield and regioselectivity of chemical reactions performed on phage. This quantification method also allowed facile yield determination of reactions in 10(9) distinct molecules. We envision that the methodology described herein will find broad application in the synthesis of custom chemically modified phage libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Mohammad R. Jafari
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wadim L. Matochko
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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26
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Ng S, Jafari MR, Derda R. Bacteriophages and viruses as a support for organic synthesis and combinatorial chemistry. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:123-38. [PMID: 21988453 DOI: 10.1021/cb200342h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Display of polypeptide on the coat proteins of bacteriophages and viruses is a powerful tool for selection and amplification of libraries of great diversity. Chemical diversity of these libraries, however, is limited to libraries made of natural amino acid side chains. Bacteriophages and viruses can be modified chemically; peptide libraries presented on phage thus can be functionalized to yield moieties that cannot be encoded genetically. In this review, we summarize the possibilities for using bacteriophage and viral particles as support for the synthesis of diverse chemically modified peptide libraries. This review critically summarizes the key chemical considerations for on-phage syntheses such as selection of reactions compatible with protein of phage, modification of phage "support" that renders it more suitable for reactions, and characterization of reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Innovates Centre
for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Mohammad R. Jafari
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Innovates Centre
for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Innovates Centre
for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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27
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Eldridge GM, Weiss GA. Hydrazide reactive peptide tags for site-specific protein labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2143-53. [PMID: 21905743 DOI: 10.1021/bc200415v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New site-specific protein labeling (SSPL) reactions for targeting-specific, short peptides could be useful for the real-time detection of proteins inside of living cells. One SSPL approach matches bioorthogonal reagents with complementary peptides. Here, hydrazide reactive peptides were selected from phage-displayed libraries using reaction-based selections. Selection conditions included washes of varying pH and treatment with NaCNBH(3) in order to specifically select reactive carbonyl-containing peptides. Selected peptides were fused to T4 lysozyme or synthesized on filter paper for colorimetric assays of the peptide-hydrazide interaction. A peptide-lysozyme protein fusion demonstrated specific, covalent labeling by the hydrazide reactive (HyRe) peptides in crude bacterial cell lysates, sufficient for the specific detection of an overexpressed protein fusion. Chemical synthesis of a short HyRe tag variant and subsequent reaction with two structurally distinct hydrazide probes produced covalent adducts observable by MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS. Rather than isolating reactive carbonyl-containing peptides, we observed reaction with the N-terminal His of HyRe tag 114, amino acid sequence HKSNHSSKNRE, which attacks the hydrazide carbonyl at neutral pH. However, at the pH used during selection wash steps (<6.0), an alternative imine-containing product is formed that can be reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride. MSMS further reveals that this low pH product forms an adduct on Ser6. Further optimization of the novel bimolecular reaction described here could provide a useful tool for in vivo protein labeling and bioconjugate synthesis. The reported selection and screening methods could be widely applicable to the identification of peptides capable of other site-specific protein labeling reactions with bioorthogonal reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Eldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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28
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Bacterial display and screening of posttranslationally thioether-stabilized peptides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6794-801. [PMID: 21821759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05550-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hurdle in the application of therapeutic peptides is their rapid degradation by peptidases. Thioether bridges effectively protect therapeutic peptides against breakdown, thereby strongly increasing bioavailability, enabling oral and pulmonary delivery and potentially significantly optimizing the receptor interaction of selected variants. To efficiently select optimal variants, a library of DNA-coupled thioether-bridged peptides is highly desirable. Here, we present a unique cell surface display system of thioether-bridged peptides and successfully demonstrate highly selective screening. Peptides are posttranslationally modified by thioether bridge-installing enzymes in Lactococcus lactis, followed by export and sortase-mediated covalent coupling to the lactococcal cell wall. This allows the combinatorial optimization and selection of medically and economically highly important therapeutic peptides with strongly enhanced therapeutic potential.
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