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Zhang Z, Li X, Song Q, Li Y, Tian X, Ali S, Yao Y, Li P, Wang Z, Zheng H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Chuanxiongnolide L1 via a Stereoselective Oxidative Dearomatization/Diels-Alder Strategy. Org Lett 2024; 26:2928-2933. [PMID: 38551465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The first asymmetric total synthesis of chuanxiongnolide L1 was achieved in 16 steps and 1.9% overall yield by employing a bioinspired chiral auxiliary strategy. The key steps involving asymmetric oxidative dearomatization of chiral amino ether and subsequent asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of the resulting masked chiral ortho-benzoquinone were adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiuhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingyan Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuerong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiqing Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Sajjad Ali
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhengshen Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huaiji Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
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2
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Li YH, Chen JH, Yang Z. Exo-Selective Diels-Alder Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304371. [PMID: 38412422 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction stands as one of the most pivotal transformations in organic chemistry. Its efficiency, marked by the formation of two carbon-carbon bonds and up to four new stereocenters in a single step, underscores its versatility and indispensability in synthesizing natural products and pharmaceuticals. The most significant stereoselectivity feature is the "endo rule". While this rule underpins the predictability of the stereochemical outcomes, it also underscores the challenges in achieving the opposite diastereoselectivity, making the exo-Diels-Alder reactions often considered outliers. This review delves into recent examples of exo-Diels-Alder reactions, shedding light on the factors inverting the intrinsic tendency. We explore the roles of steric, electrostatic, and orbital interactions, as well as thermodynamic equilibriums in influencing exo/endo selectivity. Furthermore, we illustrate strategies to manipulate these factors, employing approaches such as bulky substituents, s-cis conformations, transient structural constraints, and innovative control physics. Through these analyses, our aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how to predict and design exo-Diels-Alder reactions, paving the way for new diastereoselective catalyst systems and expanding the chemical scope of Diels-Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-He Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518067, China
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Zorn K, Back CR, Barringer R, Chadimová V, Manzo‐Ruiz M, Mbatha SZ, Mobarec J, Williams SE, van der Kamp MW, Race PR, Willis CL, Hayes MA. Interrogation of an Enzyme Library Reveals the Catalytic Plasticity of Naturally Evolved [4+2] Cyclases. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300382. [PMID: 37305956 PMCID: PMC10946715 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective carbon-carbon bond forming reactions are quintessential transformations in organic synthesis. One example is the Diels-Alder reaction, a [4+2] cycloaddition between a conjugated diene and a dienophile to form cyclohexenes. The development of biocatalysts for this reaction is paramount for unlocking sustainable routes to a plethora of important molecules. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of naturally evolved [4+2] cyclases, and to identify hitherto uncharacterised biocatalysts for this reaction, we constructed a library comprising forty-five enzymes with reported or predicted [4+2] cycloaddition activity. Thirty-one library members were successfully produced in recombinant form. In vitro assays employing a synthetic substrate incorporating a diene and a dienophile revealed broad-ranging cycloaddition activity amongst these polypeptides. The hypothetical protein Cyc15 was found to catalyse an intramolecular cycloaddition to generate a novel spirotetronate. The crystal structure of this enzyme, along with docking studies, establishes the basis for stereoselectivity in Cyc15, as compared to other spirotetronate cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zorn
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaPepparedsleden 1431 83MölndalSweden
| | | | - Rob Barringer
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Veronika Chadimová
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaPepparedsleden 1431 83MölndalSweden
| | | | | | - Juan‐Carlos Mobarec
- Mechanistic and Structural BiologyBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeCB21 6GHUK
| | | | | | - Paul R. Race
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | | | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaPepparedsleden 1431 83MölndalSweden
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Jiang P, Fu X, Niu H, Chen S, Liu F, Luo Y, Zhang D, Lei H. Recent advances on Pestalotiopsis genus: chemistry, biological activities, structure-activity relationship, and biosynthesis. Arch Pharm Res 2023:10.1007/s12272-023-01453-2. [PMID: 37389739 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Strains of the fungal genus Pestalotiopsis are reported as large promising sources of structurally varied biologically active metabolites. Many bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse structural features have been derived from Pestalotiopsis. Moreover, some of these compounds can potentially be developed into lead compounds. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the chemical constituents and bioactivities of the fungal genus Pestalotiopsis, covering a period ranging from January 2016 to December 2022. As many as 307 compounds, including terpenoids, coumarins, lactones, polyketides, and alkaloids, were isolated during this period. Furthermore, for the benefit of readers, the biosynthesis and potential medicinal value of these new compounds are also discussed in this review. Finally, the perspectives and directions for future research and the potential applications of the new compounds are summarized in various tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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BF3–Catalyzed Diels–Alder Reaction between Butadiene and Methyl Acrylate in Aqueous Solution—An URVA and Local Vibrational Mode Study. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigate the Diels–Alder reaction between methyl acrylate and butadiene, which is catalyzed by BF3 Lewis acid in explicit water solution, using URVA and Local Mode Analysis as major tools complemented with NBO, electron density and ring puckering analyses. We considered four different starting orientations of methyl acrylate and butadiene, which led to 16 DA reactions in total. In order to isolate the catalytic effects of the BF3 catalyst and those of the water environment and exploring how these effects are synchronized, we systematically compared the non-catalyzed reaction in gas phase and aqueous solution with the catalyzed reaction in gas phase and aqueous solution. Gas phase studies were performed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory and studies in aqueous solution were performed utilizing a QM/MM approach at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)/AMBER level of theory. The URVA results revealed reaction path curvature profiles with an overall similar pattern for all 16 reactions showing the same sequence of CC single bond formation for all of them. In contrast to the parent DA reaction with symmetric substrates causing a synchronous bond formation process, here, first the new CC single bond on the CH2 side of methyl acrylate is formed followed by the CC bond at the ester side. As for the parent DA reaction, both bond formation events occur after the TS, i.e., they do not contribute to the energy barrier. What determines the barrier is the preparation process for CC bond formation, including the approach diene and dienophile, CC bond length changes and, in particular, rehybridization of the carbon atoms involved in the formation of the cyclohexene ring. This process is modified by both the BF3 catalyst and the water environment, where both work in a hand-in-hand fashion leading to the lowest energy barrier of 9.06 kcal/mol found for the catalyzed reaction R1 in aqueous solution compared to the highest energy barrier of 20.68 kcal/mol found for the non-catalyzed reaction R1 in the gas phase. The major effect of the BF3 catalyst is the increased mutual polarization and the increased charge transfer between methyl acrylate and butadiene, facilitating the approach of diene and dienophile and the pyramidalization of the CC atoms involved in the ring formation, which leads to a lowering of the activation energy. The catalytic effect of water solution is threefold. The polar environment leads also to increased polarization and charge transfer between the reacting species, similar as in the case of the BF3 catalyst, although to a smaller extend. More important is the formation of hydrogen bonds with the reaction complex, which are stronger for the TS than for the reactant, thus stabilizing the TS which leads to a further reduction of the activation energy. As shown by the ring puckering analysis, the third effect of water is space confinement of the reacting partners, conserving the boat form of the six-member ring from the entrance to the exit reaction channel. In summary, URVA combined with LMA has led to a clearer picture on how both BF3 catalyst and aqueous environment in a synchronized effort lower the reaction barrier. These new insights will serve to further fine-tune the DA reaction of methyl acrylate and butadiene and DA reactions in general.
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Li B, Guan X, Yang S, Zou Y, Liu W, Houk KN. Mechanism of the Stereoselective Catalysis of Diels-Alderase PyrE3 Involved in Pyrroindomycin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5099-5107. [PMID: 35258962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of pyrroindomycins A and B features a complexity-building [4 + 2] cycloaddition cascade, which generates the spirotetramate core under the catalytic effects of monofunctional Diels-Alderases PyrE3 and PyrI4. We recently showed that the main functions of PyrI4 include acid catalysis and induced-fit/conformational selection. We now present quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics studies implicating a different mode of action by PyrE3, which prearranges an anionic polyene substrate into a high-energy reactive conformation at which an inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction can occur with a low barrier. Stereoselection is realized by strong binding interactions at the endo stereochemical relationship and a local steric constraint on the endo-1,3-diene unit. These findings, illustrating distinct mechanisms for PyrE3 and PyrI4, highlight how nature has evolved multiple ways to catalyze Diels-Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xingyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yike Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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Titov IY, Stroylov VS, Rusina P, Svitanko IV. Preliminary modelling as the first stage of targeted organic synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review aims to present a classification and applicability analysis of methods for preliminary molecular modelling for targeted organic, catalytic and biocatalytic synthesis. The following three main approaches are considered as a primary classification of the methods: modelling of the target – ligand coordination without structural information on both the target and the resulting complex; calculations based on experimentally obtained structural information about the target; and dynamic simulation of the target – ligand complex and the reaction mechanism with calculation of the free energy of the reaction. The review is meant for synthetic chemists to be used as a guide for building an algorithm for preliminary modelling and synthesis of structures with specified properties.
The bibliography includes 353 references.
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8
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Han J, Jiang L, Zhang L, Quinn RJ, Liu X, Feng Y. Peculiarities of meroterpenoids and their bioproduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3987-4003. [PMID: 33937926 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Meroterpenoids are a class of terpenoid-containing hybrid natural products with impressive structural architectures and remarkable pharmacological activities. Remarkable advances in enzymology and synthetic biology have greatly contributed to the elucidation of the molecular basis for their biosynthesis. Here, we review structurally unique meroterpenoids catalyzed by novel enzymes and unusual enzymatic reactions over the period of last 5 years. We also discuss recent progress on the biomimetic synthesis of chrome meroterpenoids and synthetic biology-driven biomanufacturing of tropolone sesquiterpenoids, merochlorins, and plant-derived meroterpenoid cannabinoids. In particular, we focus on the novel enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polyketide-terpenoids, nonribosomal peptide-terpenoids, terpenoid alkaloids, and meroterpenoid with unique structures. The biological activities of these meroterpenoids are also discussed. The information reviewed here might provide useful clues and lay the foundation for developing new meroterpenoid-derived drugs. KEY POINTS: • Meroterpenoids possess intriguing structural features and relevant biological activities. • Novel enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of meroterpenoids with unique structures. • Biomimetic synthesis and synthetic biology enable the construction and manufacturing of complex meroterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Han
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
| | - Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD, Brisbane, 4111, Australia.
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9
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Xu G, Yang S. Diverse evolutionary origins of microbial [4 + 2]-cyclases in natural product biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:154-161. [PMID: 33836196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural [4 + 2]-cyclases catalyze concerted cycloaddition during biosynthesis of over 400 natural products reported. Microbial [4 + 2]-cyclases are structurally diverse with a broad range of substrates. Thus far, about 52 putative microbial [4 + 2]-cyclases of 13 different types have been characterized, with over 20 crystal structures. However, how these cyclases have evolved during natural product biosynthesis remains elusive. Structural and phylogenetic analyses suggest that these different types of [4 + 2]-cyclases might have diverse evolutionary origins, such as reductases, dehydratases, methyltransferases, oxidases, etc. Divergent evolution of enzyme function might have occurred in these different families. Understanding the independent evolutionary history of these cyclases would provide new insights into their catalysis mechanisms and the biocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Suiqun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Sato M, Kishimoto S, Yokoyama M, Jamieson CS, Narita K, Maeda N, Hara K, Hashimoto H, Tsunematsu Y, Houk KN, Tang Y, Watanabe K. Catalytic mechanism and endo-to-exo selectivity reversion of an octalin-forming natural Diels–Alderase. Nat Catal 2021; 4:223-232. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Quesadas-Rojas M, Mena-Rejon GJ, Castro-Segura CS, Cáceres-Castillo DR, Quijano-Quiñones RF. Theoretical insight into the on-water catalytic effect in the biogenesis of triterpene dimers: from one-step to two-step hetero Diels–Alder reactions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An alternative pathway to the hetero Diels–Alder reaction for the biogenic origin of triterpene dimers is presented here. In this new pathway, the explicit water molecules take a fundamental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Quesadas-Rojas
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Educación Superior, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo J. Mena-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - David R. Cáceres-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ramiro F. Quijano-Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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13
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Lichman BR, O'Connor SE, Kries H. Biocatalytic Strategies towards [4+2] Cycloadditions. Chemistry 2019; 25:6864-6877. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Lichman
- Department of Biological Chemistry; The John Innes Centre; Colney Lane Norwich UK
- Current address: Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5YW UK
| | - Sarah E. O'Connor
- Department of Biological Chemistry; The John Innes Centre; Colney Lane Norwich UK
| | - Hajo Kries
- Independent Junior Research Group, Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI Jena); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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14
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Quijano-Quiñones RF, Castro-Segura CS, Mena-Rejón GJ, Quesadas-Rojas M, Cáceres-Castillo D. Biosynthesis of Grandione: An Example of Tandem Hetero Diels-Alder/Retro-Claisen Rearrangement Reaction? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102505. [PMID: 30274324 PMCID: PMC6222908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic theoretical studies about the feasibility of the traditional proposed mechanism of formation for icetexane diterpene dimer grandione were assessed using density functional method at the M06-2X/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Bulk water solvent effects were taken into account implicitly using the polarizable continuum model (SCI-PCM). The results were compared with the selectivity found in the biomimetic synthesis performed by experimental research groups. The relative free energy calculation shows that the one-step H-DA formation mechanism nominated in the literature is not a viable mechanism. We found that an alternative competing Tandem pathway is consistent with the experimental trends. Thus, our results suggested that the compound grandione is formed via a H-DA/retro-Claisen rearrangement and not by the traditional H-DA mechanism proposed early in the experimental studies. The H-DA initial step produce a biecyclic adduct followed by a domino retro-Claisen rearrangement that releases the energy strain of the bicyclic intermediary. Steric issues and hyperconjugation interactions are the mainly factors driving the reaction nature and the selectivity in the formation reaction. Finally, the enzymatic assistance for dimer formation was analyzed in terms of the calculated transition state energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonzalo J Mena-Rejón
- Chemistry Faculty, Autonomous University of Yucatan, 97069 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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15
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Li X, Zheng Q, Yin J, Liu W, Gao S. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of equisetin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:4695-4697. [PMID: 28401214 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01929g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We here report that the biosynthesis of equisetin, a fungal tetramate natural product with potent anti-infectious activity, relies on Fsa2, a Diels-Alderase that constructs the trans-decalin system of the molecule in a stereo-selective manner. This finding led to the development of a concise chemo-enzymatic route toward the synthesis of equisetin, which involves facile preparation of a linear polyene precursor via 7-steps and Fsa2 activity for equisetin maturation through an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, thus exemplifying the significance of the combination of chemical and biological methods to achieve structurally complex cyclic natural products and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Glöckle A, Gulder TAM. Eine pericyclische Reaktionskaskade in der Leporin-Biosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glöckle
- Biosystemchemie, Department Chemie und Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM); Technische Universität München (TUM); Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. M. Gulder
- Biosystemchemie, Department Chemie und Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM); Technische Universität München (TUM); Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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17
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Glöckle A, Gulder TAM. A Pericyclic Reaction Cascade in Leporin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2754-2756. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glöckle
- Biosystems Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM); Technical University of Munich (TUM); Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Tobias A. M. Gulder
- Biosystems Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM); Technical University of Munich (TUM); Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
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18
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Ma Z, Chen C. Natural products as inspiration for the development of new synthetic methods. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018; 65:43-59. [PMID: 29430058 PMCID: PMC5800783 DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have played an important role in shaping modern synthetic organic chemistry. In particular, their complex molecular skeletons have stimulated the development of many new synthetic methods. We highlight in this article some recent examples of synthetic design inspired by the biosynthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
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19
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Abstract
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The enzyme SpnF, involved in the
biosynthesis of spinosyn A, catalyzes
a formal [4+2] cycloaddition of a 22-membered macrolactone, which
may proceed as a concerted [4+2] Diels–Alder reaction or a
stepwise [6+4] cycloaddition followed by a Cope rearrangement. Quantum
mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations combined with free
energy simulations show that the Diels–Alder pathway is favored
in the enzyme environment. OM2/CHARMM free energy simulations for
the SpnF-catalyzed reaction predict a free energy barrier of 22 kcal/mol
for the concerted Diels–Alder process and provide no evidence
of a competitive stepwise pathway. Compared with the gas phase, the
enzyme lowers the Diels–Alder barrier significantly, consistent
with experimental observations. Inspection of the optimized geometries
indicates that the enzyme may prearrange the substrate within the
active site to accelerate the [4+2] cycloaddition and impede the [6+4]
cycloaddition through interactions with active-site residues. Judging
from partial charge analysis, we find that the hydrogen bond between
the Thr196 residue of SpnF and the substrate C15 carbonyl group contributes
to the enhancement of the rate of the Diels–Alder reaction.
QM/MM simulations show that the substrate can easily adopt a reactive
conformation in the active site of SpnF because interconversion between
the C5–C6 s-trans and s-cis conformers is facile. Our QM/MM study suggests that the enzyme SpnF
does behave as a Diels-Alderase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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20
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Structural insights into enzymatic [4+2] aza-cycloaddition in thiopeptide antibiotic biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12928-12933. [PMID: 29158402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716035114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The [4+2] cycloaddition reaction is an enabling transformation in modern synthetic organic chemistry, but there are only limited examples of dedicated natural enzymes that can catalyze this transformation. Thiopeptides (or more formally thiazolyl peptides) are a class of thiazole-containing, highly modified, macrocyclic secondary metabolites made from ribosomally synthesized precursor peptides. The characteristic feature of these natural products is a six-membered nitrogenous heterocycle that is assembled via a formal [4+2] cycloaddition between two dehydroalanine (Dha) residues. This heteroannulation is entirely contingent on enzyme activity, although the mechanism of the requisite pyridine/dehydropiperidine synthase remains to be elucidated. The unusual aza-cylic product is distinct from the more common carbocyclic products of synthetic and biosynthetic [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. To elucidate the mechanism of cycloaddition, we have determined atomic resolution structures of the pyridine synthases involved in the biosynthesis of the thiopeptides thiomuracin (TbtD) and GE2270A (PbtD), in complex with substrates and product analogs. Structure-guided biochemical, mutational, computational, and binding studies elucidate active-site features that explain how orthologs can generate rigid macrocyclic scaffolds of different sizes. Notably, the pyridine synthases show structural similarity to the elimination domain of lanthipeptide dehydratases, wherein insertions of secondary structural elements result in the formation of a distinct active site that catalyzes different chemistry. Comparative analysis identifies other catalysts that contain a shared core protein fold but whose active sites are located in entirely different regions, illustrating a principle predicted from efforts in de novo protein design.
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21
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Lin CI, McCarty RM, Liu HW. The Enzymology of Organic Transformations: A Survey of Name Reactions in Biological Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3446-3489. [PMID: 27505692 PMCID: PMC5477795 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions that are named in honor of their true, or at least perceived, discoverers are known as "name reactions". This Review is a collection of biological representatives of named chemical reactions. Emphasis is placed on reaction types and catalytic mechanisms that showcase both the chemical diversity in natural product biosynthesis as well as the parallels with synthetic organic chemistry. An attempt has been made, whenever possible, to describe the enzymatic mechanisms of catalysis within the context of their synthetic counterparts and to discuss the mechanistic hypotheses for those reactions that are currently active areas of investigation. This Review has been categorized by reaction type, for example condensation, nucleophilic addition, reduction and oxidation, substitution, carboxylation, radical-mediated, and rearrangements, which are subdivided by name reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Lin
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78731, USA
| | - Reid M McCarty
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78731, USA
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78731, USA
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22
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Lin C, McCarty RM, Liu H. Die Enzymologie organischer Umwandlungen: Namensreaktionen in biologischen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐I. Lin
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78731 USA
| | - Reid M. McCarty
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78731 USA
| | - Hung‐wen Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78731 USA
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23
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Uroos M, Pitt P, Harwood LM, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Hayes CJ. Total synthesis of (−)-aritasone via the ultra-high pressure hetero-Diels–Alder dimerisation of (−)-pinocarvone. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8523-8528. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02204b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of aritasone via the proposed biosyntheic hetero-Diels–Alder [4 + 2] cyclodimerisation of pinocarvove, has been achieved under ultra-high pressure (19.9 kbar) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Uroos
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Phillip Pitt
- Chemical Sciences Division
- University of Reading
- Reading
- UK
| | | | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham
- UK
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24
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Abstract
[4 + 2]-Cycloadditions are increasingly being recognized in the biosynthetic pathways of many structurally complex natural products. A relatively small collection of enzymes from these pathways have been demonstrated to increase rates of cyclization and impose stereochemical constraints on the reactions. While mechanistic investigation of these enzymes is just beginning, recent studies have provided new insights with implications for understanding their biosynthetic roles, mechanisms of catalysis, and evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shao-An Wang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mark W Ruszczycky
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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25
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Li L, Yu P, Tang MC, Zou Y, Gao SS, Hung YS, Zhao M, Watanabe K, Houk KN, Tang Y. Biochemical Characterization of a Eukaryotic Decalin-Forming Diels-Alderase. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15837-15840. [PMID: 27960349 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The trans-decalin structure formed by intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition is widely present among bioactive natural products isolated from fungi. We elucidated the concise three-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of the cytotoxic myceliothermophin and biochemically characterized the Diels-Alderase that catalyzes the formation of trans-decalin from an acyclic substrate. Computational studies of the reaction mechanism rationalize both the substrate and stereoselectivity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350117, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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26
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Liu L, Han Y, Xiao J, Li L, Guo L, Jiang X, Kong L, Che Y. Chlorotheolides A and B, Spiroketals Generated via Diels-Alder Reactions in the Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis theae. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2616-2623. [PMID: 27731995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorotheolides A (1) and B (2), two new spiroketals possessing the unique [4,7]methanochromene and dispiro-trione skeletons, respectively, and their putative biosynthetic precursors, 1-undecen-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (3) and maldoxin (4), were isolated from the solid substrate fermentation of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae (N635). Their structures were elucidated based on NMR spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Biogenetically, compounds 1 and 2 could be generated from the co-isolated 3 and 4 via Diels-Alder reactions. Chlorotheolide (2) showed an antiproliferative effect against the human tumor cell line HeLa and induced an autophagic process in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangdong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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27
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Chen M, Liu J, Duan P, Li M, Liu W. Biosynthesis and molecular engineering of templated natural products. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bioactive small molecules that are produced by living organisms, often referred to as natural products (NPs), historically play a critical role in the context of both medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. How nature creates these chemical entities with stunning structural complexity and diversity using a limited range of simple substrates has not been fully understood. Focusing on two types of NPs that share a highly evolvable ‘template’-biosynthetic logic, we here provide specific examples to highlight the conceptual and technological leaps in NP biosynthesis and witness the area of progress since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The biosynthesis of polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and their hybrids that share an assembly-line enzymology of modular multifunctional proteins exemplifies an extended ‘central dogma’ that correlates the genotype of catalysts with the chemotype of products; in parallel, post-translational modifications of ribosomally synthesized peptides involve a number of unusual biochemical mechanisms for molecular maturation. Understanding the biosynthetic processes of these templated NPs would largely facilitate the design, development and utilization of compatible biosynthetic machineries to address the challenge that often arises from structural complexity to the accessibility and efficiency of current chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Panpan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, Huzhou 313000, China
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28
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Minami A, Oikawa H. Recent advances of Diels–Alderases involved in natural product biosynthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:500-6. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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29
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Pang B, Wang M, Liu W. Cyclization of polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides on and off their assembly lines. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:162-73. [PMID: 26604034 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are multifunctional megaenzymes that serve as templates to program the assembly of short carboxylic acids and amino acids in a primarily co-linear manner. The variation, combination, permutation and evolution of their functional units (e.g., modules, domains and proteins) along with their association with external enzymes have resulted in the generation of numerous versions of templates, the roles of which have not been fully recognized in the structural diversification of polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and their hybrids present in nature. In this Highlight, we focus on the assembly-line enzymology and associated chemistry by providing examples of some newly characterized cyclization reactions that occur on and off the assembly lines during and after chain elongation for the purpose of elucidating the template effects of PKSs and NRPSs. A fundamental understanding of the underlying biosynthetic logic would facilitate the elucidation of chemical information contained within the PKS or NRPS templates and benefit the development of strategies for genome mining, biosynthesis-inspired chemical synthesis and combinatorial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China. and Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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30
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Fungal biotransformation of tanshinone results in [4+2] cycloaddition with sorbicillinol: evidence for enzyme catalysis and increased antibacterial activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8349-57. [PMID: 27198724 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation of tanshinone IIA to a new antibacterial agent tanshisorbicin (1) by the fungus Hypocrea sp. (AS 3.17108) is described. The structure of tanshisorbicin is a hybrid of tanshinone IIA (2) and sorbicillinol (3). The latter is a metabolite produced by Hypocrea sp. The structure of tanshisorbicin was determined using mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and ECD calculations. The anti-MRSA activity of 1 was found to be significantly higher than that of the parent substrate Tan IIA. Preliminary experiments indicate that tanshisorbicin is formed via a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction that is likely catalyzed by microbial enzyme.
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31
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Byrne MJ, Lees NR, Han LC, van der Kamp MW, Mulholland AJ, Stach JEM, Willis CL, Race PR. The Catalytic Mechanism of a Natural Diels–Alderase Revealed in Molecular Detail. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6095-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Byrne
- School
of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio
Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Lees
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Chen Han
- BrisSynBio
Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Marc W. van der Kamp
- School
of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio
Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- BrisSynBio
Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - James E. M. Stach
- School
of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology and the Bioeconomy, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Christine L. Willis
- BrisSynBio
Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Race
- School
of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio
Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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32
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Klas K, Tsukamoto S, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Natural Diels-Alderases: Elusive and Irresistable. J Org Chem 2016; 80:11672-85. [PMID: 26495876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eight examples of biosynthetic pathways wherein a natural enzyme has been identified and claimed to function as a catalyst for the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, namely, Diels-Alderases, are briefly reviewed. These are discussed in the context of the mechanistic challenges associated with the technical difficulty of proving that the net formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition under study indeed proceeds through a synchronous mechanism and that the putative biosynthetic enzyme deploys the pericyclic transition state required for a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Klas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Sachiko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, and Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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33
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Genome mining of the sordarin biosynthetic gene cluster from Sordaria araneosa Cain ATCC 36386: characterization of cycloaraneosene synthase and GDP-6-deoxyaltrose transferase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:541-8. [PMID: 27072286 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sordarin is a glycoside antibiotic with a unique tetracyclic diterpene aglycone structure called sordaricin. To understand its intriguing biosynthetic pathway that may include a Diels-Alder-type [4+2]cycloaddition, genome mining of the gene cluster from the draft genome sequence of the producer strain, Sordaria araneosa Cain ATCC 36386, was carried out. A contiguous 67 kb gene cluster consisting of 20 open reading frames encoding a putative diterpene cyclase, a glycosyltransferase, a type I polyketide synthase, and six cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were identified. In vitro enzymatic analysis of the putative diterpene cyclase SdnA showed that it catalyzes the transformation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to cycloaraneosene, a known biosynthetic intermediate of sordarin. Furthermore, a putative glycosyltransferase SdnJ was found to catalyze the glycosylation of sordaricin in the presence of GDP-6-deoxy-d-altrose to give 4'-O-demethylsordarin. These results suggest that the identified sdn gene cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of sordarin. Based on the isolated potential biosynthetic intermediates and bioinformatics analysis, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for sordarin is proposed.
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34
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Zheng Q, Tian Z, Liu W. Recent advances in understanding the enzymatic reactions of [4+2] cycloaddition and spiroketalization. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 31:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Patel A, Chen Z, Yang Z, Gutiérrez O, Liu HW, Houk KN, Singleton DA. Dynamically Complex [6+4] and [4+2] Cycloadditions in the Biosynthesis of Spinosyn A. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3631-4. [PMID: 26909570 PMCID: PMC5367884 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SpnF, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of spinosyn A, catalyzes a transannular Diels-Alder reaction. Quantum mechanical computations and dynamic simulations now show that this cycloaddition is not well described as either a concerted or stepwise process, and dynamical effects influence the identity and timing of bond formation. The transition state for the reaction is ambimodal and leads directly to both the observed Diels-Alder and an unobserved [6+4] cycloadduct. The potential energy surface bifurcates and the cycloadditions occur by dynamically stepwise modes featuring an "entropic intermediate". A rapid Cope rearrangement converts the [6+4] adduct into the observed [4+2] adduct. Control of nonstatistical dynamical effects may serve as another way by which enzymes control reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashay Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Zhongyue Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutiérrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hung-wen Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Daniel A. Singleton
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
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36
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Pang B, Zhong G, Tang Z, Liu W. Enzymatic [4+2] Cycloadditions in the Biosynthesis of Spirotetramates and Spirotetronates. Methods Enzymol 2016; 575:39-63. [PMID: 27417924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction is a quintessential type of [4+2] cycloaddition that remains one of the most intriguing transformations in synthetic chemistry. This reaction has long been envisaged to participate in the biosynthesis of a number of cyclohexene-containing natural products, although the question of whether a bona fide Diels-Alderase exists remains unsolved. In nature, there are remarkably few enzymes known to have the activity of [4+2] cycloaddition. These enzymes are phylogenetically distinct and are often classified according to the specific chemical structures. The variation of protein ancestors and in many cases the instability/complexity of the substrates and products pose a significant challenge in identification of the [4+2] cycloaddition catalysts using general homology-based mining approaches. We here provide the detailed description of the multiple comparison-based strategy and methods for the characterization of two distinct types of dedicated [4+2] cyclases (eg, PyrE3 and PyrI4) in the biosynthesis of spirotetramates and spirotetronates, where they act in tandem for coordinated cross-bridging of a linear polyene intermediate into a enantiomerically pure pentacyclic core. The search of new protein scaffolds with the [4+2] cycloaddition activity could enrich the pool of the candidates for mechanistic examination of a true enzymatic Diels-Alder reaction. The protocols presented in this study would also be applicable to the study of other functionally similar but phylogenetically different proteins, eg, the spiroketal cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - G Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Z Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - W Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China; Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, Huzhou, PR China.
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Enzyme-Dependent [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Depends on Lid-like Interaction of the N-Terminal Sequence with the Catalytic Core in PyrI4. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:352-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang J, Liu L, Wang B, Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu X, Che Y. Phomanolides A and B from the Fungus Phoma sp.: Meroterpenoids Derived from a Putative Tropolonic Sesquiterpene via Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:3058-3066. [PMID: 26651221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phomanolides A (1) and B (2), unique meroterpenoids with new pentacyclic and tetracyclic skeletons, respectively, and phomanoxide (3), the double-epoxidation product of a putative biosynthetic precursor of 1 and 2, were isolated from the solid substrate fermentation cultures of the fungus Phoma sp., along with the known compound eupenifeldin (4). The structures of 1-3 were elucidated based on NMR spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism calculations and further secured by X-ray crystallography. Biogenetically, compounds 1 and 2 could be derived from a hypothetical monotropolonic sesquiterpene intermediate via hetero-Diels-Alder reactions. Compound 4 showed potent antiproliferative effects against three human glioma cell lines, with IC50 values of 0.08-0.13 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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Flavonol dimers from callus cultures of Dysosma versipellis and their in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activities. Fitoterapia 2015; 107:77-84. [PMID: 26481138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A chemical investigation of callus cultures of Dysosma versipellis led to the isolation of five new flavonol dimers, dysoverines A-E (1-5), together with 12 known compounds (6-17). The structures of new compounds were determined by the extensive spectroscopic data analyses. The biosynthetic pathway of the new compounds was proposed to involve O-methylation, prenylation, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition, which successively occurred in cultured plant cells. Compounds 1-17 exhibited in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activities with the IC50 values of 31.0-93.9μM.
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Computational study of a model system of enzyme-mediated [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119984. [PMID: 25853669 PMCID: PMC4390235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible mechanistic pathway related to an enzyme-catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition reac-tion was studied by theoretical calculations at density functional (B3LYP, O3LYP, M062X) and semiempirical levels (PM6-DH2, PM6) performed on a model system. The calculations were carried out for the key [4+2] cycloaddition step considering enzyme-catalyzed biosynthesis of Spinosyn A in a model reaction, where a reliable example of a biological Diels-Alder reaction was reported experimentally. In the present study it was demonstrated that the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction may benefit from moving along the energetically balanced reaction coordinate, which enabled the catalytic rate enhancement of the [4+2] cycloaddition pathway involving a single transition state. Modeling of such a system with coordination of three amino acids indicated a reliable decrease of activation energy by ~18.0 kcal/mol as compared to a non-catalytic transformation.
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Gaffarogullari EC, Greulich P, Kobitski AY, Nierth A, Nienhaus GU, Jäschke A. Unravelling RNA-substrate interactions in a ribozyme-catalysed reaction using fluorescent turn-on probes. Chemistry 2015; 21:5864-71. [PMID: 25753253 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most important C-C bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry, and much effort has been devoted to controlling its enantio- and diastereoselectivity. The Diels-Alderase ribozyme (DAse) catalyses the reaction between anthracene dienes and maleimide dienophiles with multiple-turnover, stereoselectivity, and up to 1100-fold rate acceleration. Here, a new generation of anthracene-BODIPY-based fluorescent probes was developed to monitor catalysis by the DAse. The brightness of these probes increases up to 93-fold upon reaction with N-pentylmaleimide (NPM), making these useful tools for investigating the stereochemistry of the ribozyme-catalysed reaction. With these probes, we observed that the DAse catalyses the reaction with >91% de and >99% ee. The stereochemistry of the major product was determined unambiguously by rotating-frame nuclear Overhauser NMR spectroscopy (ROESY-NMR) and is in agreement with crystallographic structure information. The pronounced fluorescence change of the probes furthermore allowed a complete kinetic analysis, which revealed an ordered bi uni type reaction mechanism, with the dienophile binding first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Cazibe Gaffarogullari
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221-54-6430
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Fage CD, Isiorho EA, Liu Y, Wagner DT, Liu HW, Keatinge-Clay AT. The structure of SpnF, a standalone enzyme that catalyzes [4 + 2] cycloaddition. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:256-8. [PMID: 25730549 PMCID: PMC4366278 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the biosynthetic pathway of the spinosyn insecticides, the tailoring enzyme SpnF performs a [4 + 2] cycloaddition on a 22-membered macrolactone to forge an embedded cyclohexene ring. To learn more about this reaction, which could potentially proceed through a Diels-Alder mechanism, we determined the 1.50-Å-resolution crystal structure of SpnF bound to S-adenosylhomocysteine. This sets the stage for advanced experimental and computational studies to determine the precise mechanism of SpnF-mediated cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Fage
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Eta A Isiorho
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Yungnan Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Drew T Wagner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Hung-wen Liu
- 1] Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Adrian T Keatinge-Clay
- 1] Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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An enzymatic [4+2] cyclization cascade creates the pentacyclic core of pyrroindomycins. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:259-65. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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45
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Squalene hopene cyclases are protonases for stereoselective Brønsted acid catalysis. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 11:121-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Kim HJ, Choi SH, Jeon BS, Kim N, Pongdee R, Wu Q, Liu HW. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of spinosyn A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13553-7. [PMID: 25287333 PMCID: PMC4266379 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Following the biosynthesis of polyketide backbones by polyketide synthases (PKSs), post-PKS modifications result in a significantly elevated level of structural complexity that renders the chemical synthesis of these natural products challenging. We report herein a total synthesis of the widely used polyketide insecticide spinosyn A by exploiting the prowess of both chemical and enzymatic methods. As more polyketide biosynthetic pathways are characterized, this chemoenzymatic approach is expected to become readily adaptable to streamlining the synthesis of other complex polyketides with more elaborate post-PKS modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Joong Kim
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 (USA); Department of Chemistry, Korea University (Republic of Korea)
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Lindner S, Geu-Flores F, Bräse S, Sherden NH, O'Connor SE. Conversion of substrate analogs suggests a Michael cyclization in iridoid biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1452-6. [PMID: 25444551 PMCID: PMC4245709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The core structure of the iridoid monoterpenes is formed by a unique cyclization reaction. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction, iridoid synthase, is mechanistically distinct from other terpene cyclases. Here we describe the synthesis of two substrate analogs to probe the mechanism of iridoid synthase. Enzymatic assay of these substrate analogs along with clues from the product profile of the native substrate strongly suggest that iridoid synthase utilizes a Michael reaction to achieve cyclization. This improved mechanistic understanding will facilitate the exploitation of the potential of iridoid synthase to synthesize new cyclic compounds from nonnatural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lindner
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fernando Geu-Flores
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nathaniel H Sherden
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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48
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Kim HJ, Choi SH, Jeon BS, Kim N, Pongdee R, Wu Q, Liu HW. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Spinosyn A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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Matsuda Y, Wakimoto T, Mori T, Awakawa T, Abe I. Complete Biosynthetic Pathway of Anditomin: Nature’s Sophisticated Synthetic Route to a Complex Fungal Meroterpenoid. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15326-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508127q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wakimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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50
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Vieweg L, Reichau S, Schobert R, Leadlay PF, Süssmuth RD. Recent advances in the field of bioactive tetronates. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1554-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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