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Agiadi K, Hohmann N, Gliozzi E, Thivaiou D, Bosellini FR, Taviani M, Bianucci G, Collareta A, Londeix L, Faranda C, Bulian F, Koskeridou E, Lozar F, Mancini AM, Dominici S, Moissette P, Campos IB, Borghi E, Iliopoulos G, Antonarakou A, Kontakiotis G, Besiou E, Zarkogiannis SD, Harzhauser M, Sierro FJ, Coll M, Vasiliev I, Camerlenghi A, García-Castellanos D. Late Miocene transformation of Mediterranean Sea biodiversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp1134. [PMID: 39321301 PMCID: PMC11423897 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding deep-time marine biodiversity change under the combined effects of climate and connectivity changes is fundamental for predicting the impacts of modern climate change in semi-enclosed seas. We quantify the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene [11.63 to 3.6 million years (Ma)] taxonomic diversity of the Mediterranean Sea for calcareous nannoplankton, dinocysts, foraminifera, ostracods, corals, molluscs, bryozoans, echinoids, fishes, and marine mammals. During this time, marine biota was affected by global climate cooling and the restriction of the Mediterranean's connection to the Atlantic Ocean that peaked with the Messinian salinity crisis. Although the net change in species richness from the Tortonian to the Zanclean varies by group, species turnover is greater than 30% in all cases, reflecting a high degree of reorganization of the marine ecosystem after the crisis. The results show a clear perturbation already in the pre-evaporitic Messinian (7.25 to 5.97 Ma), with patterns differing among groups and subbasins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Agiadi
- Department of Geology, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Geozentrum, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Niklas Hohmann
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elsa Gliozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, L.go S. Leonardo Murialdo, 1, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Danae Thivaiou
- Natural History Museum of Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Francesca R. Bosellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Taviani
- Institute of Marine Science - National Research Council, ISMAR-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica ‘Anton Dohrn’, Villa Comunale, Via Caracciolo, 80122 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bianucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Collareta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laurent Londeix
- Université de Bordeaux/UMR ‘EPOC’ CNRS 5805, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Costanza Faranda
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, L.go S. Leonardo Murialdo, 1, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Bulian
- Department of Geology, University of Salamanca, Plaza de Los Caidos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, Postsraat 6, 9712 Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Efterpi Koskeridou
- Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Francesca Lozar
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alan Maria Mancini
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Dominici
- Museo di Storia Naturale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre Moissette
- Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Enrico Borghi
- Società Reggiana di Scienze Naturali, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - George Iliopoulos
- Department of Geology, University of Patras, University Campus, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Assimina Antonarakou
- Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - George Kontakiotis
- Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Besiou
- Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Francisco Javier Sierro
- Department of Geology, University of Salamanca, Plaza de Los Caidos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Coll
- Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iuliana Vasiliev
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Straße 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angelo Camerlenghi
- OGS Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, 34010 Trieste, Italy
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Garner AM, Moura AJ, Narvaez CA, Stark AY, Russell MP. Repeated Hyposalinity Pulses Immediately and Persistently Impair the Sea Urchin Adhesive System. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:257-269. [PMID: 38444171 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events (e.g., storms) that result in repeated pulses of hyposalinity in nearshore ecosystems. Sea urchins inhabit these ecosystems and are stenohaline (restricted to salinity levels ∼32‰), thus are particularly susceptible to hyposalinity events. As key benthic omnivores, sea urchins use hydrostatic adhesive tube feet for numerous functions, including attachment to and locomotion on the substratum as they graze for food. Hyposalinity severely impacts sea urchin locomotor and adhesive performance but several ecologically relevant and climate change-related questions remain. First, do sea urchin locomotion and adhesion acclimate to repeated pulses of hyposalinity? Second, how do tube feet respond to tensile forces during single and repeated hyposalinity events? Third, do the negative effects of hyposalinity exposure persist following a return to normal salinity levels? To answer these questions, we repeatedly exposed green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) to pulses of three different salinities (control: 32‰, moderate hyposalinity: 22‰, severe hyposalinity: 16‰) over the course of two months and measured locomotor performance, adhesive performance, and tube foot tensile behavior. We also measured these parameters 20 h after sea urchins returned to normal salinity levels. We found no evidence that tube feet performance and properties acclimate to repeated pulses of hyposalinity, at least over the timescale examined in this study. In contrast, hyposalinity has severe consequences on locomotion, adhesion, and tube foot tensile behavior, and these impacts are not limited to the hyposalinity exposure. Our results suggest both moderate and severe hyposalinity events have the potential to increase sea urchin dislodgment and reduce movement, which may impact sea urchin distribution and their role in marine communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Garner
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
- Department of Biology & BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Andrew J Moura
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
- Department of Biology & BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Carla A Narvaez
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Alyssa Y Stark
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Michael P Russell
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
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3
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Barrett NJ, Harper EM, Peck LS. The impact of acute low salinity stress on Antarctic echinoderms. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241038. [PMID: 39288805 PMCID: PMC11407869 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is causing increased coastal freshening in Antarctica, leading to reduced salinity. For Antarctica's endemic echinoderms, adapted to the stable polar environment, the impact of rapid reductions in coastal salinity on physiology and behaviour is currently unknown. Six common Antarctic echinoderms (the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri; the sea star Odontaster validus; the brittle star Ophionotus victoriae; and three sea cucumbers Cucumaria georgiana, Echinopsolus charcoti and Heterocucumis steineni), were directly transferred from ambient salinity (34.5‰) to a range of salinity dilutions (29-9‰) for 24 h. All species showed reduced activity and the establishment of a temporary osmotic gradient between coelomic fluid and external seawater. Most species exhibited a depression in oxygen consumption across tolerated salinities; however, at very low salinities that later resulted in mortality, oxygen consumption increased to levels comparable to those at ambient. Low salinity tolerance varied substantially between species, with O. victoriae being the least tolerant (24 h LC50 (lethal for 50% of animals) = 19.9‰) while E. charcoti and C. georgiana demonstrated the greatest tolerance (24 h LC50 = 11.5‰). These findings demonstrate the species-specific response of Antarctica's endemic echinoderms to short-term hypoosmotic salinity events, providing valuable insight into this phylum's ability to respond to an underreported impact of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Barrett
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, CambridgeCB3 0ET, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth M. Harper
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, CambridgeCB3 0ET, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, CambridgeCB3 0ET, UK
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Jiang J, Tang Y, Cao Z, Zhou C, Yu Z. Effects of hypo-osmotic stress on osmoregulation, antioxidant response, and energy metabolism in sea cucumber Holothuria moebii under desalination environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118800. [PMID: 38555088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
With global climate changing, hypo-salinity events are increasing in frequency and duration because of continuous rainfall and freshwater inflow, which causes reduced cytosolic osmolarity and cellular stress responses in aquatic animals. Sea cucumbers are considered stenohaline because they lack osmoregulatory organs and are vulnerable to salinity fluctuations. In this study, we performed multiple biochemical assays, de novo transcriptomics, and widely targeted metabolomics to comprehensively explore the osmoregulatory mechanisms and physiological responses of sea cucumber Holothuria moebii to hypo-osmotic stress, which is a representative specie that is frequently exposed to hypo-saline intertidal zones. Our results found that H. moebii contracted their ambulacral feet and oral tentacles, and the coelomic fluid ion concentrations were reduced to be consistent with the environment. The microvilli of intestines and respiratory trees underwent degeneration, and the cytoplasm exhibited swelling and vacuolation. Moreover, the Na+, K+, and Cl- concentrations and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were significantly reduced under hypo-osmotic stress. The decrease in protein kinase A activity and increase in 5'-AMP level indicated a significant inhibition of the cAMP signaling pathway to regulate ion concentrations. And small intracellular organic molecules (amino acids, nucleotides and their derivatives) also play crucial roles in osmoregulation through oxidative deamination of glutamate, nucleotide catabolism, and nucleic acid synthesis. Moreover, lysosomes and peroxisomes removed oxidative damage, whereas antioxidant metabolites, such as N-acetyl amino acids and glutathione, were increased to resist oxidative stress. With prolonged hypo-osmotic stress, glycerophospholipid metabolism was enhanced to maintain membrane stability. Furthermore, acyl-CoA-binding protein activity was significantly inhibited, and only a small amount of acylcarnitine was significantly accumulated, which indicated a disruption in energy metabolism. PPAR signaling pathway and choline content were up-regulated to promote fatty acid metabolism under hypo-osmotic stress. Overall, our results provide new insights into the osmoregulatory mechanisms and physiological responses of sea cucumbers to hypo-osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanna Tang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhaozhao Cao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Zonghe Yu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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5
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Barrett NJ, Harper EM, Last KS, Reinardy HC, Peck LS. Behavioural and physiological impacts of low salinity on the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246707. [PMID: 38099430 PMCID: PMC10906488 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Reduced seawater salinity as a result of freshwater input can exert a major influence on the ecophysiology of benthic marine invertebrates, such as echinoderms. While numerous experimental studies have explored the physiological and behavioural effects of short-term, acute exposure to low salinity in echinoids, surprisingly few have investigated the consequences of chronic exposure, or compared the two. In this study, the European sea urchin, Echinus esculentus, was exposed to low salinity over the short term (11‰, 16‰, 21‰, 26‰ and 31‰ for 24 h) and longer term (21, 26 and 31‰ for 25 days). Over the short term, oxygen consumption, activity coefficient and coelomic fluid osmolality were directly correlated with reduced salinity, with 100% survival at ≥21‰ and 0% at ≤16‰. Over the longer term at 21‰ (25 days), oxygen consumption was significantly higher, feeding was significantly reduced and activity coefficient values were significantly lower than at control salinity (31‰). At 26‰, all metrics were comparable to the control by the end of the experiment, suggesting acclimation. Furthermore, beneficial functional resistance (righting ability and metabolic capacity) to acute low salinity was observed at 26‰. Osmolality values were slightly hyperosmotic to the external seawater at all acclimation salinities, while coelomocyte composition and concentration were unaffected by chronic low salinity. Overall, E. esculentus demonstrate phenotypic plasticity that enables acclimation to reduced salinity around 26‰; however, 21‰ represents a lower acclimation threshold, potentially limiting its distribution in coastal areas prone to high freshwater input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Barrett
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth M. Harper
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Kim S. Last
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Helena C. Reinardy
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK
- Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
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Zhu H, Sakai T, Doi H, Yamaguchi K, Yamada A, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Tetrodotoxin/Saxitoxin Accumulation Profile in the Euryhaline Marine Pufferfish Chelonodontops patoca. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:18. [PMID: 38251235 PMCID: PMC10820246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine Takifugu pufferfish, which naturally possess tetrodotoxins (TTXs), selectively take up and accumulate TTXs, whereas freshwater Pao pufferfish, which naturally possess saxitoxins (STXs), selectively take up and accumulate STXs. To further clarify the TTXs/STXs selectivity in pufferfish, we conducted a TTX/STX administration experiment using Chelonodontops patoca, a euryhaline marine pufferfish possessing both TTXs and STXs. Forty nontoxic cultured individuals of C. patoca were divided into a seawater group (SW, acclimated/reared at 33‱ salinity; n = 20) and a brackish water group (BW, acclimated/reared at 8‱ salinity; n = 20). An aqueous TTX/STX mixture was intrarectally administered (both at 7.5 nmol/fish), and five individuals/group were analyzed after 1-48 h. Instrumental toxin analyses revealed that both TTX and STX were taken up, transferred, and retained, but more STX than TTX was retained in both groups. TTX gradually decreased and eventually became almost undetectable in the intestinal tissue, while STX was retained at ~5-10% of the dose level, and only STX showed transient transfer in the liver. The BW group showed a faster decrease/disappearance of TTX, greater STX retention in the intestine, and greater STX transient transfer to the liver. Thus, C. patoca appears to more easily accumulate STXs than TTXs, especially under hypoosmotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Zhu
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Doi
- Nifrel, Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, 2-1, Senribanpakukoen, Suita, Osaka 565-0826, Japan;
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Akinori Yamada
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
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Work TM, Dagenais J, Rameyer B, Breeden R, Weatherby TM. Mass mortality of collector urchins Tripneustes gratilla in Hawai`i. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 153:17-29. [PMID: 36727688 DOI: 10.3354/dao03716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As grazers, sea urchins are keystone species in tropical marine ecosystems, and their loss can have important ecological ramifications. Die-offs of urchins are frequently described, but their causes are often unclear, in part because systematic examinations of animal tissues at gross and microscopic level are not done. In some areas, urchins are being employed to control invasive marine algae. Here, we describe the pathology of a mortality event in Tripneustes gratilla in Hawai`i where urchins were translocated to control invasive algae. Although we did not determine the cause of the mortality event, our investigation indicates that animals died from inflammation of the test and epidermal ulceration, followed by inability to maintain coelomic fluid volume, colonization of coelomic fluid by opportunists (diatom, algae), and inappetence. Parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses were not evident as a primary cause of death. Pathology was suggestive of a toxin or other environmental cause such as lack of food, possibilities that could be pursued in future investigations. These findings highlight the need for caution and additional tools to better assess health when translocating marine invertebrates to ensure maximal biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, Hawai`i, USA
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8
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Andrade M, Soares AMVM, Solé M, Pereira E, Freitas R. Will climate changes enhance the impacts of e-waste in aquatic systems? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132264. [PMID: 34624793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increase of the worlds' population is being accompanied by the exponential growth in waste of electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) generation as a result of the rapid technological implementations. The inappropriate processing and disposal of this e-waste, containing rare-earth elements (REEs) such as gadolinium (Gd), may enhance its occurrence in the environment. In particular, the presence of Gd in marine systems may lead to environmental risks which are still unknown, especially considering foreseen climate modifications such as water salinity shifts due to extreme weather events. Within this context, the present study intended to assess the combined effects of Gd at variable salinities. For that, biochemical modifications were assessed in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, exposed to Gd (0 and 10 μg/L) and different salinity levels (20, 30 and 40), acting individually and in combination. A decrease in salinity, induced an array of biochemical effects associated to hypotonic stress in non-contaminated and contaminated mussels, including metabolism, antioxidant and biotransformation defenses activation. Moreover, in Gd-contaminated organisms, the increase in salinity was responsible for a significant reduction of metabolic and defense mechanisms, possibly associated with a mussels' physiological response to the stress caused by the combination of both factors. In particular, Gd caused cellular damage at all salinities, but mussels adopted different strategies under each salinity to limit the extent of oxidative stress. That is, an increase in metabolism was associated to hypotonic stress and Gd exposure, an activation of defense enzymes was revealed at the control salinity (30) and a decrease in metabolism and non-activation of defenses, associated with a possible physiological defense trait, was evidenced at the highest salinity. The different strategies adopted highlight the need to investigate the risk of emerging contaminants such as REEs at present and forecasted climate change scenarios, thus providing a more realistic environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar ICM-CSIC, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Departamento de Química & CESAM/LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Suckling CC, Richard J. Short-Term Exposure to Storm-Like Scenario Microplastic and Salinity Conditions Does not Impact Adult Sea Urchin (Arbacia punctulata) Physiology. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:495-500. [PMID: 31989187 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microplastic pollution on sea urchins has received little attention despite their ecological and economical importance. This is the first study to focus on adult sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata). These organisms were exposed to storm-like sediment resuspension of microplastic concentrations (9-μm polystyrene 25,000 spheres L-1) combined with salinity reductions (salinity 25 vs. 33) associated with high precipitation. Urchins were exposed to these parameters for 24 h before assessing righting times and for 48 h before assessing oxygen consumption rates. No significant impacts on urchin physiology were observed showing resilience to short-term exposures of storm-like induced microplastics and salinity. No microplastic particles blocked the madreporite pores indicating the active removal of particles by cilia and pedicellariae. Gut tissue samples indicated consumption of microplastics. Studies on more species are urgently required to determine their responses to plastic pollution to inform management decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen C Suckling
- Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 129 Woodward Hall, 9 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI, USA.
| | - Joëlle Richard
- Florida Gulf Coast University, FGCU Blvd. South, 10501, Fort Myers, FL, USA
- IFREMER, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, IUEM, University of Brest, 29280, Plouzane, France
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10
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Tian Y, Shang Y, Guo R, Ding J, Li X, Chang Y. miR-10 involved in salinity-induced stress responses and targets TBC1D5 in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 242:110406. [PMID: 31904427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sea cucumber is an economically important aquaculture species in China, where it encounter hypo-saline conditions caused by freshwater outflow from rivers and rainfall. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs of about 22 nucleotides, which are crucial regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. miR-10 is differentially expressed in salinity acclimation, and has a seed-region match with TBC1D5. The expression profiles of miR-10 and TBC1D5 indicate that miR-10 negatively regulates the expression of TBC1D5 in coelomocytes and sea cucumbers with a miR-10 agomir or antagomir. During salinity acclimation, up-regulation of miR-10 was induced after transfection in coelomocytes with a miR-10 inhibitor, while down-regulation of TBC1D5 was induced. The miR-10 expression maximum in coelomocytes appeared at 48 h post-transfection with a miR-10 inhibitor, was later than that of in sea cucumbers, which appeared 24 h after miR-10 antagomir injection. There was no longer a negative relationship between miR-10 and TBC1D5 expression in coelomocytes and sea cucumbers with miR-10 mimics or agomir during salinity acclimation. The miR-10 antagomir or agomir only affected sodium and NKA enzyme activities, and has little effect on other chloride and potassium ions. Our results demonstrate miR-10 directly regulates TBC1D5 by targeting its 3'-UTR, and that miR-10 suppression substantially increases TBC1D5 mRNA levels in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, miR-10 and TBC1D5 fluctuating expression patterns after treatment with a miR-10 inhibitor or mimics during salinity acclimation may indicate that they are required for adaptation to salinity stress caused by environmental change. Especially, the miR-10 up-regulation in coelomocytes with miR-10 inhibitor during salinity acclimation indicated that they are required for adaptation to salinity stress caused by environmental change. We propose that miR-10 participates in a regulatory circuit that allows for rapid gene program transitions in response to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yanpeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Kołbuk D, Dubois P, Stolarski J, Gorzelak P. Effects of seawater chemistry (Mg 2+/Ca 2+ ratio) and diet on the skeletal Mg/Ca ratio in the common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 145:22-26. [PMID: 30777345 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been argued that concentration of major metallic ions such as Mg2+ and Ca2+ plays a role in determining the composition of the echinoderm skeleton. Consequently, in several studies Mg/Ca ratio from modern and fossil echinoderm ossicles was used as a proxy of secular Mg2+/Ca2+ changes of Phanerozoic seawater. However, although significant progress has been made in understanding biomineralization of echinoderms, it is still largely unknown what are the sources and physiological pathways of major ions that contribute to skeleton formation. Herein we tested the effects of modifications of ambient seawater Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio (which is typically ∼5) and Mg-enrichment of the diet on the Mg/Ca ratio in regenerating spines of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus under experimental conditions. We found that sea urchins cultured in seawater with Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio decreased to ∼1.9 produced a skeleton with also decreased Mg/Ca ratio. However, the skeleton of specimens fed on a Mg-enriched diet showed significantly higher Mg/Ca ratio. This suggests that the seawater is an important but not the only source of ions that contributes to the Mg/Ca ratio of the skeleton. Consequently, the reliability of geochemical models that link directly seawater chemistry with the Mg/Ca ratio of the skeleton should be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kołbuk
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, CP 160/15, av. F.D. Roosevelt, 50 B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jarosław Stolarski
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Gorzelak
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
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David DD, Lima OG, Nóbrega AMCDS, Amado EM. Capacity of tissue water regulation is impaired in an osmoconformer living in impacted estuaries? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:375-382. [PMID: 30278400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine osmoconformes rely on their ability to perform tissue and cell water regulation to cope with daily osmotic challenges that occur in the estuary. In addition, these animals currently must deal with pollutants present in the estuarine environment, which can disturb their capacity of water regulation. We collected the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae in two tropical estuaries in the Northeast region of Brazil with different degrees of human interference: the Paraíba Estuary (impacted) and the Mamanguape Estuary (preserved). Tissue water content was analyzed after exposure to salinities 12, 24 and 36 for 24 h. Gill cell volume regulation was analyzed in vitro upon hypo- and hyper-osmotic conditions. We also analyzed gill MXR (multi-xenobiotic resistance) mechanism, as reference of environmental pollution. Gill and muscle of oysters from two sites of Paraíba Estuary, and from one site of Mamanguape Estuary were not able to maintain tissue water content upon hypo- and hyper-osmotic conditions. Gill cells of oyster from the same sites exhibited swelling followed by regulatory volume decrease upon hypo-osmotic condition. Gill MXR activity was increased in oysters from these sites. The best tissue and cell water regulation, and the lowest MXR activity, was found in oyster from downstream of Mamanguape Estuary, our reference site and the one most preserved. Tissue and cell water regulation proved to be a sensitive parameter to environmental pollution and could be considered as biomarker of aquatic contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dantas David
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba-Campus V, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Otoniel Gonçalves Lima
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba-Campus V, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Cabral de Sousa Nóbrega
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba-Campus V, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Enelise Marcelle Amado
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba-Campus V, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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Castellano GC, Lopes EM, Ventura CRR, Freire CA. Early time course of variation in coelomic fluid ionic concentrations in sea urchins abruptly exposed to hypo- and hyper-osmotic salinity challenges: Role of size and cross-section area of test holes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 327:542-550. [PMID: 29368803 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Echinoderms are restricted to the marine environment and are osmoconformer invertebrates. However, some species live in unstable environments. Especially those species, and those of larger body size, tend to show variable, albeit transient, ionic gradients between their coelomic fluid and external seawater. In order to further examine how sea urchin size relates to apparent ionic permeability of their body wall/epithelia, specimens of Echinometra lucunter, Lytechinus variegatus, Paracentrotus gaimardi, and Arbacia lixula-A. lixula of two distinct populations, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina-were abruptly transferred from 35 psu to either 25 or 45 psu. Sodium, chloride, magnesium, and potassium concentrations were assayed in their coelomic fluids after 0, 1, 2, and 3 hr of exposure. Relative area of putative permeable (i.e., cross section areas of soft tissues, or test holes) surfaces (PPS) was estimated in empty tests as the sum of the peristomial area (oral hole in the empty test) and the total cross-section area of ambulacral holes, divided by the total volume (TV) of the test. L. variegatus and E. lucunter, the largest species, had PPS/TV values similar to that of the much smaller P. gaimardi. A. lixula was the "most putatively-permeable and conformer" among them all, especially urchins from the Santa Catarina population. Internal ionic levels equilibrated faster with external water in 45 than in 25, and differences among ions were observed. Body size is relevant, among many other factors, to aid conformers such as sea urchins to dwell in intertidal unstable habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elinia Medeiros Lopes
- Department of Invertebrates, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Rezende Ventura
- Department of Invertebrates, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Volume regulation of intestinal cells of echinoderms: Putative role of ion transporters (Na+/K+-ATPase and NKCC). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 201:124-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Collard M, Eeckhaut I, Dehairs F, Dubois P. Acid-base physiology response to ocean acidification of two ecologically and economically important holothuroids from contrasting habitats, Holothuria scabra and Holothuria parva. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13602-13614. [PMID: 25028324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are dominant invertebrates in several ecosystems such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows and mangroves. As bioturbators, they have an important ecological role in making available calcium carbonate and nutrients to the rest of the community. However, due to their commercial value, they face overexploitation in the natural environment. On top of that, occurring ocean acidification could impact these organisms, considered sensitive as echinoderms are osmoconformers, high-magnesium calcite producers and have a low metabolism. As a first investigation of the impact of ocean acidification on sea cucumbers, we tested the impact of short-term (6 to 12 days) exposure to ocean acidification (seawater pH 7.7 and 7.4) on two sea cucumbers collected in SW Madagascar, Holothuria scabra, a high commercial value species living in the seagrass meadows, and H. parva, inhabiting the mangroves. The former lives in a habitat with moderate fluctuations of seawater chemistry (driven by day-night differences) while the second lives in a highly variable intertidal environment. In both species, pH of the coelomic fluid was significantly negatively affected by reduced seawater pH, with a pronounced extracellular acidosis in individuals maintained at pH 7.7 and 7.4. This acidosis was due to an increased dissolved inorganic carbon content and pCO2 of the coelomic fluid, indicating a limited diffusion of the CO2 towards the external medium. However, respiration and ammonium excretion rates were not affected. No evidence of accumulation of bicarbonate was observed to buffer the coelomic fluid pH. If this acidosis stays uncompensated for when facing long-term exposure, other processes could be affected in both species, eventually leading to impacts on their ecological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Collard
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050, Brussels, Belgium,
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Ultrascale and microscale growth dynamics of the cidaroid spine ofPhyllacanthus imperialisrevealed by26Mg labeling and NanoSIMS isotopic imaging. J Morphol 2014; 275:788-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Although Echinodermata is one of the only stenohaline phyla in the animal kingdom, several species show remarkable abilities to acclimate and survive in euryhaline habitats. The last comprehensive review of this topic was over 25 years ago and much work has been published since. These recent studies expand the field reports of species living in hyposaline environments and detail experimental research on the responses, physiological range, and limits of echinoderms to salinity challenges. I provide a brief review of the historical concepts and measures of salinity and relate this overview to the physiological and ecological studies on echinoderms. Many marine biologists are not aware that chemical oceanographers advocate abandoning today's commonly used measure of salinity, 'PSU', in favour of absolute salinity (SA)-a return to the ppt (‰) metric. The literature survey reveals only one euryhaline-tolerant species in the Southern Hemisphere (there are 42 in the North) and more euryhaline species in the geologically older, brackish seas. The green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, is one of the most tolerant echinoids to hyposalinity. Different source populations have varying levels of acclimation and tolerance to hyposalinity. Experiments show that green urchins previously unexposed to hyposalinity experience a clear decrease in growth rates; however, this adverse effect is short lived. Green urchins already acclimated to hyposalinity can endure intense and repeated bouts and grow at the same rate of urchins not exposed. Promising future work on the physiological and cellular mechanisms of hyposalinity acclimation includes comparative studies of the role of heat shock proteins in the response to changing salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Russell
- Biology Department, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA.
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