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Zhang J, Wu X. The Whole Genome DNA Methylation Signatures of Hindlimb Muscles in Chinese Alligators during Hibernation and Active Periods. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1972. [PMID: 38998084 PMCID: PMC11240547 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many ectotherms hibernate to increase their chances of survival during harsh winter conditions. The role of DNA methylation in regulating gene expression related to hibernation in ectotherms remains unclear. Here, we employed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) technology to construct a comprehensive genome-wide DNA methylation landscape of the hindlimb muscles in the Chinese alligator during hibernation and active periods. The results indicated that methylation modifications were most abundant at CG sites, identifying 9447 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 2329 differentially methylated genes (DMGs). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the DMGs revealed significant enrichment in major pathways such as the neurotrophin signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the GnRH signaling pathway, the biosynthesis of amino acids, and the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, which are closely related to lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Among these, 412 differentially methylated genes were located in promoter regions, including genes related to energy metabolism such as ATP5F1C, ATP5MD, PDK3, ANGPTL1, and ANGPTL2, and genes related to ubiquitin-proteasome degradation such as FBXO28, FBXO43, KLHL40, and PSMD5. These findings suggest that methylation in promoter regions may play a significant role in regulating the adaptive hibernation mechanisms in the Chinese alligator. This study contributes to a further understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms behind the hibernation of the Chinese alligator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biology Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu 241000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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Yao K, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Zhang L, Mi HF, Zhou XQ, Wu P. The role of vitamin E in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis and alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress in sub-adult grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:275-287. [PMID: 38371478 PMCID: PMC10869583 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin E (VE) is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that improves the fish flesh quality. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of VE on growth performance and flesh quality in sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 450 fish (713.53 ± 1.50 g) were randomly divided into six treatment groups (three replicates per treatment) and fed for nine weeks with different experimental diets (dietary lipid 47.8 g/kg) that contained different levels of VE (5.44, 52.07, 96.85, 141.71, 185.66, and 230.12 mg/kg diet, supplemented as dl-α-tocopherol acetate). Notably, the treatment groups that were fed with dietary VE ranging from 52.07 to 230.12 mg/kg diet showed improvement in the percent weight gain, special growth rate, and feed efficiency of grass carp. Moreover, the treatment groups supplemented with dietary VE level of 141.71, 185.66, and 230.12 mg/kg diet showed enhancement in crude protein, lipid, and α-tocopherol contents in the muscle, and the dietary levels of VE ranging from 52.07 to 141.71 mg/kg diet improved muscle pH24h and shear force but reduced muscle cooking loss in grass carp. Furthermore, appropriate levels of VE (52.07 to 96.85 mg/kg diet) increased the muscle polyunsaturated fatty acid content in grass carp. Dietary VE also increased the mRNA levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes, including fas, scd-1, fad, elovl, srebp1, pparγ, and lxrα, and up-regulated the expression of SREBP-1 protein. However, dietary VE decreased the expression of fatty acid decomposition-related genes, including hsl, cpt1, acox1, and pparα, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes, including perk, ire1, atf6, eif2α, atf4, xbp1, chop, and grp78, and down-regulated the expression of p-PERK, p-IRE1, ATF6, and GRP78 proteins. In conclusion, dietary VE increased muscle fatty acid synthesis, which may be partly associated with the alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ultimately improves fish flesh quality. Moreover, the VE requirements for sub-adult grass carp (713.53 to 1590.40 g) were estimated to be 124.9 and 122.73 mg/kg diet based on percentage weight gain and muscle shear force, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hai-Feng Mi
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Han Y, Miao W, Hao Z, An N, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Chen J, Storey KB, Lefai E, Chang H. The Protective Effects on Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury Mechanisms of the Thoracic Aorta in Daurian Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) over the Torpor–Arousal Cycle of Hibernation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810248. [PMID: 36142152 PMCID: PMC9499360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernators are a natural model of vascular ischemia–reperfusion injury; however, the protective mechanisms involved in dealing with such an injury over the torpor–arousal cycle are unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the changes in the thoracic aorta and serum in summer-active (SA), late-torpor (LT) and interbout-arousal (IBA) Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). The results show that total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was unchanged, but malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were significantly increased for the LT group, whereas the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were significantly reduced in the LT group as compared with the SA group. Moreover, the levels of MDA and IL-1β were significantly reduced, whereas SOD and IL-10 were significantly increased in the IBA group as compared with the SA group. In addition, the lumen area of the thoracic aorta and the expression of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contractile marker protein 22α (SM22α) were significantly reduced, whereas the protein expression of the synthetic marker proteins osteopontin (OPN), vimentin (VIM) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were significantly increased in the LT group as compared with the SA group. Furthermore, the smooth muscle layer of the thoracic aorta was significantly thickened, and PCNA protein expression was significantly reduced in the IBA group as compared with the SA group. The contractile marker proteins SM22α and synthetic marker protein VIM underwent significant localization changes in both LT and IBA groups, with localization of the contractile marker protein α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) changing only in the IBA group as compared with the SA group. In tunica intima, the serum levels of heparin sulfate (HS) and syndecan-1 (Sy-1) in the LT group were significantly reduced, but the serum level of HS in the IBA group increased significantly as compared with the SA group. Protein expression and localization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was unchanged in the three groups. In summary, the decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory factors and increase in SOD and anti-inflammatory factors during the IBA period induced controlled phenotypic switching of thoracic aortic SMCs and restoration of endothelial permeability to resist ischemic and hypoxic injury during torpor of Daurian ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Weilan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ziwei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ziwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Etienne Lefai
- INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
- Correspondence:
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Kulagina TP, Popova SS, Aripovsky AV. Seasonal Changes in the Content of Fatty Acids in the Myocardium and m. longissimus dorsi of the Long-Tailed Ground Squirrel Urocitellus undulatus. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Yan X, Niu Q, Gao X, Shen S, He N, Wang H, Fang R, Gao Y, Chang H. Differential Protein Metabolism and Regeneration in Gastrocnemius Muscles in High-fat Diet Fed Mice and Pre-hibernation Daurian Ground Squirrels: A Comparison between Pathological and Healthy Obesity. Zool Stud 2021; 60:e6. [PMID: 34386092 PMCID: PMC8315926 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2021.60-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We focused on pathological obesity induced by excessive fat intake (nutritional obesity) in non-hibernator and healthy obesity due to pre-hibernation (PRE) fat storage in hibernator to study the effects of different types of obesity on skeletal muscle protein metabolism and cell regeneration. Kunming mice were fed with high-fat diet for 3 months to construct a pathological obesity model. Daurian ground squirrels fattened naturally before hibernation were used as a healthy obesity model. Body weight, adipose tissue wet weight, gastrocnemius muscle wet weight, muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and fiber type distribution were measured. The protein expression levels related to protein degradation (MuRF-1, atrogin-1, calpain1, calpain2, calpastatin, desmin, troponin T, Beclin-1, LC3-II), protein synthesis (P-Akt, P-mTORC1, P-S6K1, P-4E-BP1) and cell regeneration (MyoD, myogenin, myostatin) were detected by Western blot. As a result, the body weight and adipose tissue wet weight were both significantly increased in high fat obese (OB) mice and pre-hibernation fat (PRE) ground squirrels. The muscle wet weight, ratio of muscle wet weight to body weight, and muscle fiber CSA were significantly decreased, while the percentage of MHC I fiber isoform was significantly increased in gastrocnemius muscle of OB mice compared with the control (CON) group. The protein expression levels of P-Akt, P-mTORC1, P-4E-BP1 and myogenin were significantly decreased, while those of calpain1, calpain2, MuRF-1 and myostatin were significantly increased in the OB mice. In the ground squirrels, the muscle wet weight, muscle fiber CSA and percentage of MHC I fiber isoform all showed no change in the gastrocnemius muscle in the PRE group compared with the summer active (SA) group. The protein expression levels of P-Akt, P-mTORC1, P-S6K1 and MyoD were significantly increased, while those of Beclin-1 and LC3-II were significantly decreased in the PRE ground squirrels. This study demonstrated that the decrease in protein expression levels in the Akt/mTOR pathway (P-Akt, P-mTORC1 and P-4E-BP1) and cell regeneration (myogenin) and the increase in protein expression levels of the calpain pathway (calpain1 and calpain2) and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (MuRF-1) were involved in the mechanism of muscle atrophy in gastrocnemius muscle of the pathologically obese Kunming mice induced by high-fat diet. In contrast, the increased protein expression levels of the Akt/mTOR pathway (P-Akt, P-mTORC1 and P-S6K1) and cell regeneration (MyoD), and the decreased protein expression levels of the autophagy lysosomal pathway (Beclin-1 and LC3-II) were involved in the mechanism of anti-atrophy in gastrocnemius muscle of the healthy obese ground squirrels fattened before hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Qiaohua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Xuli Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Shenyang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Nan He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Huiping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Rongrong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Chang); (Y. Gao); (Yan); (X. Gao); (Wang)
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China. E-mail: (Niu); (Shen); (Fang)
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Bertile F, Habold C, Le Maho Y, Giroud S. Body Protein Sparing in Hibernators: A Source for Biomedical Innovation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634953. [PMID: 33679446 PMCID: PMC7930392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are not only the major structural components of living cells but also ensure essential physiological functions within the organism. Any change in protein abundance and/or structure is at risk for the proper body functioning and/or survival of organisms. Death following starvation is attributed to a loss of about half of total body proteins, and body protein loss induced by muscle disuse is responsible for major metabolic disorders in immobilized patients, and sedentary or elderly people. Basic knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control proteostasis is continuously growing. Yet, finding and developing efficient treatments to limit body/muscle protein loss in humans remain a medical challenge, physical exercise and nutritional programs managing to only partially compensate for it. This is notably a major challenge for the treatment of obesity, where therapies should promote fat loss while preserving body proteins. In this context, hibernating species preserve their lean body mass, including muscles, despite total physical inactivity and low energy consumption during torpor, a state of drastic reduction in metabolic rate associated with a more or less pronounced hypothermia. The present review introduces metabolic, physiological, and behavioral adaptations, e.g., energetics, body temperature, and nutrition, of the torpor or hibernation phenotype from small to large mammals. Hibernating strategies could be linked to allometry aspects, the need for periodic rewarming from torpor, and/or the ability of animals to fast for more or less time, thus determining the capacity of individuals to save proteins. Both fat- and food-storing hibernators rely mostly on their body fat reserves during the torpid state, while minimizing body protein utilization. A number of them may also replenish lost proteins during arousals by consuming food. The review takes stock of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that promote body protein and muscle sparing during the inactive state of hibernation. Finally, the review outlines how the detailed understanding of these mechanisms at play in various hibernators is expected to provide innovative solutions to fight human muscle atrophy, to better help the management of obese patients, or to improve the ex vivo preservation of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Bertile
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Habold
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Ecology, Physiology & Ethology Department, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Ecology, Physiology & Ethology Department, Strasbourg, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yan X, Gao X, Niu Q, Peng X, Zhang J, Ma X, Wei Y, Wang H, Gao Y, Chang H. Differential protein metabolism and regeneration in hypertrophic diaphragm and atrophic gastrocnemius muscles in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:958-971. [PMID: 33517584 DOI: 10.1113/ep089187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The aim was to investigate whether diaphragm hypertrophy and gastrocnemius atrophy during hibernation of Daurian ground squirrels involve differential regulation of protein metabolism and regeneration. What is the main finding and its importance? We clarified the differences in protein metabolism and muscle regenerative potential in the diaphragm and gastrocnemius of hibernating ground squirrels, reflecting the different adaptability of muscles. ABSTRACT Are differences in the regulation of protein metabolism and regeneration involved in the different phenotypic adaptation mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and atrophy in hibernators? Two fast-type muscles (diaphragm and gastrocnemius) in summer active and hibernating Daurian ground squirrels were selected to detect changes in cross-sectional area (CSA) and protein expression indicative of protein synthesis metabolism (protein expression of P-Akt, P-mTORC1, P-S6K1 and P-4E-BP1), protein degradation metabolism (MuRF1, atrogin-1, calpain-1, calpain-2, calpastatin, desmin, troponin T, Beclin1 and LC3-II) and muscle regeneration (MyoD, myogenin and myostatin). In the hibernation group compared with the summer active group, the CSA of the diaphragm muscle increased significantly by 26.1%, whereas the CSA of the gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly by 20.4%. Our study also indicated that increased protein synthesis, decreased protein degradation and increased muscle regenerative potential contributed to diaphragm muscle hypertrophy, whereas decreased protein synthesis, increased protein degradation and decreased muscle regenerative potential contributed to gastrocnemius muscle atrophy. In conclusion, the differences in muscle regeneration and regulatory pattern of protein metabolism might contribute to the different adaptive changes observed in the diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles of ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xuli Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qiaohua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiufeng Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710069, China
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8
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Popova S, Ulanova A, Gritsyna Y, Salmov N, Rogachevsky V, Mikhailova G, Bobylev A, Bobyleva L, Yutskevich Y, Morenkov O, Zakharova N, Vikhlyantsev I. Predominant synthesis of giant myofibrillar proteins in striated muscles of the long-tailed ground squirrel Urocitellus undulatus during interbout arousal. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15185. [PMID: 32938992 PMCID: PMC7495002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying muscle-mass retention during hibernation have been extensively discussed in recent years. This work tested the assumption that protein synthesis hyperactivation during interbout arousal of the long-tailed ground squirrel Urocitellus undulatus should be accompanied by increased calpain-1 activity in striated muscles. Calpain-1 is known to be autolysed and activated in parallel. Western blotting detected increased amounts of autolysed calpain-1 fragments in the heart (1.54-fold, p < 0.05) and m. longissimus dorsi (1.8-fold, p < 0.01) of ground squirrels during interbout arousal. The total protein synthesis rate determined by SUnSET declined 3.67-fold in the heart (p < 0.01) and 2.96-fold in m. longissimus dorsi (p < 0.01) during interbout arousal. The synthesis rates of calpain-1 substrates nebulin and titin in muscles did not differ during interbout arousal from those in active summer animals. A recovery of the volume of m. longissimus dorsi muscle fibres, a trend towards a heart-muscle mass increase and a restoration of the normal titin content (reduced in the muscles during hibernation) were observed. The results indicate that hyperactivation of calpain-1 in striated muscles of long-tailed ground squirrels during interbout arousal is accompanied by predominant synthesis of giant sarcomeric cytoskeleton proteins. These changes may contribute to muscle mass retention during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Popova
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anna Ulanova
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Yulia Gritsyna
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Nikolay Salmov
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vadim Rogachevsky
- Laboratory of Signal Perception Mechanisms, Institute of Cell Biophysics, FRC PSCBR, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Gulnara Mikhailova
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexander Bobylev
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Liya Bobyleva
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Yana Yutskevich
- Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai, 350040, Russia
| | - Oleg Morenkov
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Cell Biophysics, FRC PSCBR, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Nadezda Zakharova
- Laboratory of Natural and Artificial Hypobiosis Mechanisms, Institute of Cell Biophysics, FRC PSCBR, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Ivan Vikhlyantsev
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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9
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Mou J, Xu J, Wang Z, Wang C, Yang X, Wang X, Xue H, Wu M, Xu L. Effects of photoperiod on morphology and function in testis and epididymis of Cricetulus barabensis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2109-2125. [PMID: 32743820 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod regulates the seasonal reproductive rhythms of mammals by influencing the development and function of sexual organs; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We examined the morphology and functioning of the main sex organs of striped dwarf hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) under different photoperiods (short daylight [SD], moderate daylight [MD], and long daylight [LD]) and further investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. There was an inverse correlation between blood melatonin levels and photoperiod in the order SD > MD > LD. Decreases in body and tissue weights were observed under SD, whereas testis and epididymis weights between MD and LD were comparable. The diameters of the spermatogenic tubules, thickness of the spermatogenic epithelium, and the number of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells decreased under SD, whereas the serum-luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and fecal testosterone concentrations decreased under LD. In SD, bax/bcl2 protein expression increased in the testes and decreased in the epididymides, whereas LC3II/LC3I remained unchanged in the testes and increased in the epididymides compared with the MD group. In LD, bax/bcl2 and LC3II/LC3I protein expression levels were unchanged in the testes but were decreased in the epididymides. In SD and LD, adenosine triphosphate synthase and citrate synthase protein expression levels were unchanged in the testes but were decreased in the epididymides. Drp1 and Mff protein expression increased in the testes and decreased in the epididymides. Overall, different regulatory mechanisms in the testis and epididymis led to degeneration under SD and maintenance under LD, preferentially protecting mitochondrial function in the testis by regulating mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Mou
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanli Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Xueqi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Huiliang Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Laixiang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
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10
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Transcriptional changes in muscle of hibernating arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii): implications for attenuation of disuse muscle atrophy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9010. [PMID: 32488149 PMCID: PMC7265340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity generates muscle atrophy in most mammalian species. In contrast, hibernating mammals demonstrate limited muscle loss over the prolonged intervals of immobility during winter, which suggests that they have adaptive mechanisms to reduce disuse muscle atrophy. To identify transcriptional programs that underlie molecular mechanisms attenuating muscle loss, we conducted a large-scale gene expression profiling in quadriceps muscle of arctic ground squirrels, comparing hibernating (late in a torpor and during torpor re-entry after arousal) and summer active animals using next generation sequencing of the transcriptome. Gene set enrichment analysis showed a coordinated up-regulation of genes involved in all stages of protein biosynthesis and ribosome biogenesis during both stages of hibernation that suggests induction of translation during interbout arousals. Elevated proportion of down-regulated genes involved in apoptosis, NFKB signaling as well as significant under expression of atrogenes, upstream regulators (FOXO1, FOXO3, NFKB1A), key components of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (FBXO32, TRIM63, CBLB), and overexpression of PPARGC1B inhibiting proteolysis imply suppression of protein degradation in muscle during arousals. The induction of protein biosynthesis and decrease in protein catabolism likely contribute to the attenuation of disuse muscle atrophy through prolonged periods of immobility of hibernation.
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11
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Shen-Hui X, Fu WW, Zhang J, Wang HP, Dang K, Chang H, Gao YF. Different fuel regulation in two types of myofiber results in different antioxidant strategies in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) during hibernation. J Exp Biol 2020:jeb.231639. [PMID: 34005794 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that different skeletal muscles in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) possess different antioxidant strategies during hibernation; however, the reason for these varied strategies remains unclear. To clarify this issue, we studied REDD1, FOXO4, PGC-1α, FOXO1, and atrogin-1 proteins to determine the potential cause of the different antioxidant strategies in Daurian ground squirrels during hibernation, and to clarify whether different strategies affect atrophy-related signals. Results showed that the soleus (SOL) muscle experienced intracellular hypoxia during interbout arousal, but no oxidative stress. This may be due to increased PGC-1α expression enhancing antioxidant capacity in the SOL under hypoxic conditions. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle showed no change in oxidative stress, hypoxia, or antioxidant capacity during hibernation. The FOXO1 and PGC-1α results strongly suggested differentially regulated fuel metabolism in the SOL and EDL muscles during hibernation, i.e., enhanced lipid oxidation and maintained anaerobic glycolysis, respectively. Atrogin-1 expression did not increase during hibernation in either the SOL or EDL, indicating that protein synthesis was not inhibited by atrogin-1. Thus, our results suggest that different fuel regulation may be one mechanism related to antioxidant defense strategy formation in different kinds of skeletal muscle fibers of Daurian ground squirrels during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shen-Hui
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Wei-Wei Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Kai Dang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yun-Fang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710069, China
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12
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Wei Y, Zhang J, Yan X, Peng X, Xu S, Chang H, Wang H, Gao Y. Remarkable Protective Effects of Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Enzymes and Tissue Specificity in Different Skeletal Muscles of Daurian Ground Squirrels Over the Torpor-Arousal Cycle. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1449. [PMID: 31824343 PMCID: PMC6883408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hibernating mammals experience conditions of extreme oxidative stress, such as fasting, muscle disuse, and repeated hypoxic ischemia-reperfusion, during the torpor-arousal cycle. Despite this, they experience little oxidative injury and are thus an interesting model of anti-oxidative damage. Thus, in the current study, we explored the levels and underlying mechanism of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in three skeletal muscles [slow-twitch soleus (SOL), fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and mixed gastrocnemius (GAS)] of Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) during hibernation. Results showed that hydrogen peroxide content in the EDL and GAS decreased significantly during pre-hibernation (PRE) and late torpor (LT) compared to levels in the summer active (SA) group. Furthermore, relative to SA levels, malondialdehyde content decreased significantly during interbout arousal (IBA) and early torpor (ET) in all three skeletal muscles and decreased in the EDL and GAS during LT. Compared with the SA group, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and catalase (CAT) protein expression in the SOL and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and SOD2 expression in the GAS increased significantly during the entire hibernation season. Furthermore, SOD1 in the IBA group and CAT and GPx1 in the ET and LT groups increased significantly in the EDL. The activities of most tested antioxidant enzymes were higher in the IBA group than in the LT group, whereas CAT remained highly active throughout the hibernation season in all three muscles. Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 protein levels were significantly elevated in the SOL and EDL during hibernation, and increased during the PRE, IBA, and ET states in the GAS. Thus, activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway resulted in the elimination of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Specifically, ROS levels were maintained at physiological levels by the up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme expression in skeletal muscles under oxidative stress during hibernation, thus preventing oxidative injury over the torpor-arousal cycle. Different antioxidant patterns and oxidative stress levels were also observed among the different skeletal muscles of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shenhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Chang H, Peng X, Yan X, Zhang J, Xu S, Wang H, Wang Z, Ma X, Gao Y. Autophagy and Akt-mTOR signaling display periodic oscillations during torpor-arousal cycles in oxidative skeletal muscle of Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). J Comp Physiol B 2019; 190:113-123. [PMID: 31729534 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Whether hibernation accelerates or suppresses autophagy is still unknown. In the current study, we examined changes in autophagy in oxidative soleus (SOL) muscle in summer active (SA), pre-hibernation (PRE), torpor (TOR), interbout arousal (IBA), and post-hibernation groups of Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Here, the SOL muscle showed no significant atrophy during hibernation in regard to muscle wet weight, fiber cross-sectional area, or MuRF1 protein level. Autophagy-related proteins beclin1 and Atg7 increased significantly, whereas LC3-II decreased significantly in the PRE group compared with the SA group. However, neither the expression nor activity of cathepsin L showed any differences between the SA and PRE groups. In addition, beclin1, LC3-II, and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio increased, p62 decreased, LC3 puncta increased, p62 puncta decreased, and cathepsin L activity increased in the TOR group compared with the PRE group. In contrast, beclin1, LC3-II, and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio decreased, p62 increased, LC3 puncta decreased, p62 puncta increased, and cathepsin L activity declined in the IBA group compared with the TOR group. Moreover, the phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) and mTOR (Ser2448) changed significantly during hibernation and showed an inverse relationship with autophagy changes. In conclusion, autophagy proteins displayed periodic oscillation in the torpor-arousal cycle, which may be advantageous in maintaining SOL muscle mass during the entire hibernation period. Furthermore, the Akt-mTOR signaling was decreased in TOR and increased in IBA group in the SOL muscle of Daurian ground squirrels during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Ma X, Chang H, Wang Z, Xu S, Peng X, Zhang J, Yan X, Lei T, Wang H, Gao Y. Differential activation of the calpain system involved in individualized adaptation of different fast-twitch muscles in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:328-341. [PMID: 31219776 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00124.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the lateral gastrocnemius (LG), plantaris (PL), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles to determine whether differential activation of the calpain system is related to the degree of atrophy in these fast-twitch skeletal muscles during hibernation in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Results from morphological indices showed various degrees of atrophy in the order LG > PL > EDL. Furthermore, all three muscles underwent fast-to-slow fiber-type conversion in hibernation. In regard to the calpain system in the LG muscle, cytosolic Ca2+ increased significantly in hibernation, followed by recovery in posthibernation. Furthermore, calpastatin expression significantly decreased, and calpain 1 and 2 expression significantly increased, which may be responsible for the increased degradation of desmin during hibernation compared with that during summer activity. In the EDL muscle, Ca2+ overload was observed during interbout arousal, and calpastatin showed an increase during hibernation and interbout arousal, which could explain the increased levels of troponin T during both periods compared with levels during summer activity. These findings suggest that cytosolic Ca2+ overload and subsequent calpain 1 and 2 activation may be an important mechanism of LG muscle atrophy during hibernation. Cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis and high expression of calpain inhibitor calpastatin during hibernation may also be an important mechanism for the EDL muscle to maintain muscle mass. Thus, the differential activation of the calpain system and selective degradation of downstream substrates may be involved in muscle atrophy of different fast-twitch muscles during hibernation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that the extent of both muscle atrophy and calpain system activation differed in fast-twitch lateral gastrocnemius (LG), plantaris (PL), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) skeletal muscles in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels, but similar hierarchies in the order of LG > PL > EDL. The differential activation of the calpain system and selective degradation of downstream substrates may be involved in muscle atrophy in different fast-twitch muscles during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Shenhui Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingyun Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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15
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Zhang J, Wei Y, Qu T, Wang Z, Xu S, Peng X, Yan X, Chang H, Wang H, Gao Y. Prosurvival roles mediated by the PERK signaling pathway effectively prevent excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced skeletal muscle loss during high-stress conditions of hibernation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19728-19739. [PMID: 30941772 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress conditions like hypoxia, ischemia, and ischemia/reperfusion can trigger excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which can lead to cell apoptosis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in non-hibernators. However, although hibernators experience multiple stress conditions during hibernation, their skeletal muscles appear to be well protected. We hypothesize that hibernators effectively avoid cell apoptosis, at least partially, by controlling ERS level. Here, we focused on the potential occurrence of ERS and how hibernators cope with it during different hibernation states. Results indicated that the protein expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phosphorylated PKR-like ER protein kinase, phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), and activating transcription factor 4 were significantly increased during hibernation, but primarily recovered in posthibernation. In the torpor-arousal cycle, the expression levels of the above indicators were lower during inter-bout arousal (IBA) than that during late torpor (LT). However, there was no change in C/EBP homologous protein expression and no apoptosis in skeletal muscles during the different hibernation states. In conclusion, the upregulation of p-eIF2α and GRP78 were identified as two crucial mechanisms mediated by the PERK signaling pathway to alleviate elevated ERS. The downregulation of ERS during IBA may be a unique countermeasure for hibernating squirrels to prevent excessive ERS. Thus, these special anti-excessive ERS abilities of ground squirrels contribute to the prevention of skeletal muscle cell apoptosis during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ting Qu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shenhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Wang Z, Jiang S, Cao J, Liu K, Xu S, Arfat Y, Guo Q, Chang H, Goswami N, Hinghofer‐Szalkay H, Gao Y. Novel findings on ultrastructural protection of skeletal muscle fibers during hibernation of Daurian ground squirrels: Mitochondria, nuclei, cytoskeleton, glycogen. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13318-13331. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education Xi'an China
| | - Shan‐Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education Xi'an China
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education Xi'an China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education Xi'an China
| | - Shen‐Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education Xi'an China
| | - Yasir Arfat
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education Xi'an China
| | - Quan‐Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education Xi'an China
| | - Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education Xi'an China
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Physiology Unit, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Helmut Hinghofer‐Szalkay
- Physiology Unit, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
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17
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Costanzo JP. Overwintering adaptations and extreme freeze tolerance in a subarctic population of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 189:1-15. [PMID: 30390099 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The terrestrially hibernating wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is well-known for its iconic freeze tolerance, an overwintering adaptation that has received considerable investigation over the past 35 years. Virtually, all of this research has concerned frogs indigenous to the temperate regions of its broad range within North America. However, recent investigations have shown that frogs of subarctic populations are extremely cold hardy, being capable of surviving freezing for longer periods and at much lower temperatures as compared to conspecifics from temperate regions. Their exceptional freeze tolerance is partly supported by an enhanced cryoprotectant system that uses very high levels of urea and glucose to limit ice formation, regulate metabolism, and protect macromolecules and cellular structures from freezing/thawing stresses. In the weeks before they begin hibernating, northern frogs undertake radical physiological transitions, such as depletion of fat stores and catabolism of muscle protein, that prime the cryoprotectant system by accruing urea and stockpiling glycogen from which glucose is mobilized during freezing. Concentrations of cryoprotectants ultimately achieved in Alaskan frogs when freezing occurs vary among tissues but generally are higher than those of frogs inhabiting milder climates. This review summarizes the molecular, biochemical, and physiological adaptations permitting this northern phenotype to survive the long and harsh winters of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon P Costanzo
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 45056, Oxford, OH, USA.
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18
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Wei Y, Zhang J, Xu S, Peng X, Yan X, Li X, Wang H, Chang H, Gao Y. Controllable oxidative stress and tissue specificity in major tissues during the torpor-arousal cycle in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180068. [PMID: 30305429 PMCID: PMC6223210 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hibernators experience repeated hypoxic ischaemia and reperfusion during the torpor–arousal cycle. We investigated levels of oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and the underlying mechanism in heart, liver, brain and kidney tissue as well as plasma during different periods of hibernation in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Our data showed that the levels of hydrogen peroxide significantly increased in the heart and brain during late torpor (LT) compared with levels during the summer active (SA) state. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly lower during interbout arousal (IBA) and early torpor (ET) than that during SA or pre-hibernation (PRE), and MDA levels in the LT brain were significantly higher than the levels in other states. Superoxide dismutase 2 protein levels increased markedly in the heart throughout the entire torpor–arousal cycle. Catalase expression remained at an elevated level in the liver during the hibernation cycle. Superoxide dismutase 1 and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) expression increased considerably in all tissues during the IBA and ET states. In addition, the activities of the various antioxidant enzymes were higher in all tissues during IBA and ET than during LT; however, GPx activity in plasma decreased significantly during the hibernation season. The expression of p-Nrf2 decreased in all tissue types during IBA, but significantly increased during LT, especially in liver tissue. Interestingly, most changed indicators recovered to SA or PRE levels in post-hibernation (POST). These results suggest that increased reactive oxygen species during LT may activate the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway and may contribute to the decreased MDA levels found during the IBA and ET states, thereby protecting organisms from oxidative damage over the torpor-arousal cycle of hibernation. This is the first report on the remarkable controllability of oxidative stress and tissue specificity in major oxidative tissues of a hibernator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
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19
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Kapustina SY, Adiya Y, Brandler OV. Genetic Differentiation of the Daurian Ground Squirrel Spermophilus dauricus Brandt, 1843 according to Variability of the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region. BIOL BULL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Muscle-specific activation of calpain system in hindlimb unloading rats and hibernating Daurian ground squirrels: a comparison between artificial and natural disuse. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:863-876. [PMID: 30039299 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the regulation of calpain system is involved in non-hibernators and hibernators in disused condition, the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were used for investigating the muscle mass, the ratio of muscle wet weight/body weight (MWW/BW), fiber-type distribution, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and the protein expression of MuRF1, calpain-1, calpain-2, calpastatin, desmin, troponin T, and troponin C in hindlimb unloading rats and hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. The muscle mass, MWW/BW, and fiber CSA were found significantly decreased in SOL and EDL of hindlimb unloading rats, but unchanged in hibernating ground squirrels. The MuRF1 expression was increased in both SOL and EDL of unloading rats, while it was only increased in SOL, but maintained in EDL of hibernating ground squirrels. The expression levels of calpain-1 and calpain-2 were increased in different degrees in unloaded SOL and EDL in rats, while they were maintained in EDL and even reduced in SOL of hibernating ground squirrels. Besides, the expression of calpastatin was decreased in unloaded rats, but increased in hibernating ground squirrels. The desmin expression was decreased in unloaded rats, but maintained in hibernating squirrels. Interestingly, the levels of troponin T and troponin C were decreased in both SOL and EDL of unloaded rats, but increased in hibernating ground squirrels with muscle-type specificity. In conclusion, differential calpain activation and substrate-selective degradation in slow and fast muscles are involved in the mechanisms of muscle atrophy of unloaded rats and remarkable ability of muscle maintenance of hibernating ground squirrels.
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21
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Wei Y, Gong L, Fu W, Xu S, Wang Z, Zhang J, Ning E, Chang H, Wang H, Gao Y. Unexpected regulation pattern of the IKKβ/NF‐κB/MuRF1 pathway with remarkable muscle plasticity in the Daurian ground squirrel (
Spermophilus dauricus
). J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8711-8722. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Lingchen Gong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
| | - Weiwei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
| | - Shenhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
| | - Er Ning
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
| | - Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
| | - Huiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest University, Ministry of EducationXi'anChina
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22
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Riley DA, Van Dyke JM, Vogel V, Curry BD, Bain JLW, Schuett R, Costill DL, Trappe T, Minchev K, Trappe S. Soleus muscle stability in wild hibernating black bears. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R369-R379. [PMID: 29641232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00060.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on studies of fast skeletal muscles, hibernating black and brown bears resist skeletal muscle atrophy during months of reduced physical activity and not feeding. The present study examined atrophy sparing in the slow soleus muscle, known to be highly prone to disuse atrophy in humans and other mammals. We demonstrated histochemically that the black bear soleus is rich in slow fibers, averaging 84.0 ± 6.6%. The percentages of slow fibers in fall (87.3 ± 4.9%) and during hibernation (87.1 ± 5.6%) did not differ ( P = 0.3152) from summer. The average fiber cross-sectional area to body mass ratio (48.6 ± 11.7 µm2/kg) in winter hibernating bears was not significantly different from that of summer (54.1 ± 11.8 µm2/kg, P = 0.4186) and fall (47.0 ± 9.7 µm2/kg, P = 0.9410) animals. The percentage of single hybrid fibers containing both slow and fast myosin heavy chains, detected biochemically, increased from 2.6 ± 3.8% in summer to 24.4 ± 24.4% ( P = 0.0244) during hibernation. The shortening velocities of individual hybrid fibers remained unchanged from that of pure slow and fast fibers, indicating low content of the minority myosins. Slow and fast fibers in winter bears exhibited elevated specific tension (kN/m2; 22%, P = 0.0161 and 11%, P = 0.0404, respectively) and maintained normalized power. The relative stability of fiber type percentage and size, fiber size-to-body mass ratio, myosin heavy chain isoform content, shortening velocity, power output, and elevated specific tension during hibernation validates the ability of the black bear to preserve the biochemical and performance characteristics of the soleus muscle during prolonged hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - J M Van Dyke
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - V Vogel
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - B D Curry
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - J L W Bain
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - R Schuett
- Pewaukee Veterinary Service, Pewaukee, Wisconsin
| | - D L Costill
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - T Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - K Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - S Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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23
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Chang H, Jiang S, Ma X, Peng X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Xu S, Wang H, Gao Y. Proteomic analysis reveals the distinct energy and protein metabolism characteristics involved in myofiber type conversion and resistance of atrophy in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 26:20-31. [PMID: 29482114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous hibernation studies demonstrated that such a natural model of skeletal muscle disuse causes limited muscle atrophy and a significant fast-to-slow fiber type shift. However, the underlying mechanism as defined in a large-scale analysis remains unclarified. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) based quantitative analysis were used to examine proteomic changes in the fast extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) of Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Although the wet weights and fiber cross-sectional area of the EDL muscle showed no significant decrease, the percentage of slow type fiber was 61% greater (P < 0.01) in the hibernation group. Proteomics analysis identified 264 proteins that were significantly changed (ratio < 0.83 or >1.2-fold and P < 0.05) in the hibernation group, of which 23 proteins were categorized into energy production and conversion and translation and 22 proteins were categorized into ribosomal structure and biogenesis. Along with the validation by western blot, MAPKAP kinase 2, ATP5D, ACADSB, calcineurin, CSTB and EIF2S were up-regulated in the hibernation group, whereas PDK4, COX II and EIF3C were down-regulated in the hibernation group. MAPKAP kinase 2 and PDK4 were associated with glycolysis, COX II and ATP5D were associated with oxidative phosphorylation, ACADSB was associated with fatty acid metabolism, calcineurin and CSTB were associated with catabolism, and EIF2S and EIF3C were associated with anabolism. Moreover, the total proteolysis rate of EDL in the hibernation group was significantly inhibited compared with that in the pre-hibernation group. These distinct energy and protein metabolism characteristics may be involved in myofiber type conversion and resistance to atrophy in the EDL of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Shanfeng Jiang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China
| | - Xiufeng Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Xin Peng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Shenhui Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
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24
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Onopiuk A, Półtorak A, Sun DW, Wierzbicka A. Effects of selected myofibrillar protein activities on beef tenderization process based on electrophoretic analysis. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onopiuk
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej Półtorak
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- Food Refrigeration & Computerised Food Technology; University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Agricultural and Food Science Centre; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Agnieszka Wierzbicka
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
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25
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Zhang J, Li Y, Li G, Ma X, Wang H, Goswami N, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Chang H, Gao Y. Identification of the optimal dose and calpain system regulation of tetramethylpyrazine on the prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy in hindlimb unloading rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:513-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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26
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Arfat Y, Chang H, Gao Y. Stress-responsive microRNAs are involved in re-programming of metabolic functions in hibernators. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2695-2704. [PMID: 28574587 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation includes re-programing of metabolic capacities, partially, encouraged by microRNAs (miRNAs). Albeit much is known about the functions of miRNAs, we need learning on low temperature miRNAs target determination. As hibernators can withstand low body temperatures (TB) for a long time without anguish tissue damage, understanding the means and mechanisms that empower them to do as such are of restorative intrigue. Nonetheless, these mechanisms by which miRNAs and the hibernators react to stressful conditions are not much clear. It is evident from recent data that the gene expression and the translation of mRNA to protein are controlled by miRNAs. The miRNAs also influence regulation of major cellular processes. As the significance of miRNAs in stress conditions adaptation are getting clearer, this audit article abridges the key alterations in miRNA expression and the mechanism that facilitates stress survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Arfat
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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Hu NF, Chang H, Du B, Zhang QW, Arfat Y, Dang K, Gao YF. Tetramethylpyrazine ameliorated disuse-induced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy in hindlimb unloading rats through suppression of Ca2+/ROS-mediated apoptosis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:117-127. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the possible mechanism underlying the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) against disuse-induced muscle atrophy. Sprague−Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HLU, a model of disuse atrophy) or cage controls. The rats were given TMP (60 mg/kg body mass) or vehicle (water) by gavage. Compared with vehicle treatment, TMP significantly attenuated the loss of gastrocnemius muscle mass (−33.56%, P < 0.01), the decrease of cross-sectional area of slow fiber (−10.99%, P < 0.05) and fast fiber (−15.78%, P < 0.01) during HLU. Although TMP failed to further improve recovery of muscle function or fatigability compared with vehicle treatment, it can suppress the higher level of lactate (−22.71%, P < 0.01) induced by HLU. Besides, TMP could effectually reduce the increased protein expression of muscle RING-finger protein 1 induced by HLU (−14.52%, P < 0.01). Furthermore, TMP can ameliorate the calcium overload (−54.39%, P < 0.05), the increase of malondialdehyde content (−19.82%, P < 0.05), the decrease of superoxide dismutase activity (21.34%, P < 0.05), and myonuclear apoptosis (−78.22%, P < 0.01) induced by HLU. Moreover, TMP significantly reduced HLU-induced increase of Bax to B-cell lymphoma 2 (−36.36%, P < 0.01) and cytochrome c release (−36.16%, P < 0.05). In conclusion, TMP attenuated HLU-induced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy through suppression of Ca2+/reactive oxygen species increase and consequent proteolysis and apoptosis. Therefore, TMP might exhibit therapeutic effect against oxidative stress, cytosolic calcium overload, and mitochondrial damage in disuse-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Fei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Bei Du
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade and Commerce, Xian Yang 712046, China
| | - Quan-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yasir Arfat
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Kai Dang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yun-Fang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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Chang H, Jiang SF, Dang K, Wang HP, Xu SH, Gao YF. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of myofibrillar contents and relevant synthesis and proteolytic proteins in soleus muscle of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels ( Spermophilus dauricus). Proteome Sci 2016; 14:16. [PMID: 27833457 PMCID: PMC5101720 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-016-0105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) deviate from significant increase of protein catabolism and loss of myofibrillar contents during long period of hibernation inactivity. METHODS Here we use iTRAQ based quantitative analysis to examine proteomic changes in the soleus of squirrels in pre-hibernation, hibernation and post-hibernation states. The total proteolysis rate of soleus was measured by the release of the essential amino acid tyrosine from isolated muscles. Immunofluorescent analysis was used to determine muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Western blot was used for the validation of the quantitative proteomic analysis. RESULTS The proteomic responses to hibernation had a 0.4- to 0.8-fold decrease in the myofibrillar contractile protein levels of myosin-3, myosin-13 and actin, but a 2.1-fold increase in myosin-2 compared to pre-hibernation group. Regulatory proteins such as troponin C and tropomodulin-1 were 1.4-fold up-regulated and 0.7-fold down-regulated, respectively, in hibernation compared to pre-hibernation group. Moreover, 10 proteins with proteolytic function in hibernation, which was less than 14 proteins in the post-hibernation group, were up-regulated relative to the pre-hibernation group. The total proteolysis rates of soleus in hibernation and post-hibernation groups were significantly inhibited as compared with pre-hibernation group. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the myofibrillar remodeling and partial suppression of myofibrillar proteolysis were likely responsible for preventing skeletal muscle atrophy during prolonged disuse in hibernation. This is the first study where the myofibrillar contents and relevant synthesis and proteolytic proteins in slow soleus was discussed based on proteomic investigation performed on wild Daurian ground squirrels. Our results lay the foundation for further research in preventing disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan-Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Dang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen-Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
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29
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Abstract
Hibernation is characterized by prolonged periods of inactivity with concomitantly low nutrient intake, conditions that would typically result in muscle atrophy combined with a loss of oxidative fibers. Yet, hibernators consistently emerge from winter with very little atrophy, frequently accompanied by a slight shift in fiber ratios to more oxidative fiber types. Preservation of muscle morphology is combined with down-regulation of glycolytic pathways and increased reliance on lipid metabolism instead. Furthermore, while rates of protein synthesis are reduced during hibernation, balance is maintained by correspondingly low rates of protein degradation. Proposed mechanisms include a number of signaling pathways and transcription factors that lead to increased oxidative fiber expression, enhanced protein synthesis and reduced protein degradation, ultimately resulting in minimal loss of skeletal muscle protein and oxidative capacity. The functional significance of these outcomes is maintenance of skeletal muscle strength and fatigue resistance, which enables hibernating animals to resume active behaviors such as predator avoidance, foraging and mating immediately following terminal arousal in the spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark J Cotton
- Department of Biology, College of St Benedict/St John's University, Collegeville, MN 56321, USA
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Dang K, Feng B, Gao Y, Hu N, Jiang S, Fu W, Hinghofer-Szalkay HG. Muscle protection during hibernation of Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus): role of atrogin-1, MuRF1, and fiber-type transition. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of protection from skeletal muscle atrophy in the hind limb extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus Brandt, 1843). The effects of unrestrained hibernation and 14 day hind limb unloading (HLU) on EDL were studied in three seasons (summer, autumn, and winter). Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA skeletal muscle expression, wet muscle mass, and muscle to body mass ratios were unchanged during hibernation in all three seasons. EDL mass measurements decreased following HLU and atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA expression increased. In summer, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA expression increased by 85% and 75%, respectively; in autumn, by 95% and 69%, respectively; and in winter, by 91% and 65%, respectively (P < 0.05). In the HLU group, microscopic skeletal muscle changes were present, including a reduction in the percentage of type-I skeletal muscle fibers. Fat storage in Daurian ground squirrels and a shorter photoperiod during hibernation did not affect the protective mechanisms that prevented skeletal muscle atrophy. The results of this study suggest that the stable expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and the transition from fast glycolytic fibers to slow oxidative fibers are associated with a lack of skeletal muscle atrophy in the hibernating Daurian ground squirrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ban Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naifei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710069, People’s Republic of China
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Güth R, Chaidez A, Samanta MP, Unguez GA. Properties of skeletal muscle in the teleost Sternopygus macrurus are unaffected by short-term electrical inactivity. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:699-710. [PMID: 27449658 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00068.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is distinguished from other tissues on the basis of its shape, biochemistry, and physiological function. Based on mammalian studies, fiber size, fiber types, and gene expression profiles are regulated, in part, by the electrical activity exerted by the nervous system. To address whether similar adaptations to changes in electrical activity in skeletal muscle occur in teleosts, we studied these phenotypic properties of ventral muscle in the electric fish Sternopygus macrurus following 2 and 5 days of electrical inactivation by spinal transection. Our data show that morphological and biochemical properties of skeletal muscle remained largely unchanged after these treatments. Specifically, the distribution of type I and type II muscle fibers and the cross-sectional areas of these fiber types observed in control fish remained unaltered after each spinal transection survival period. This response to electrical inactivation was generally reflected at the transcript level in real-time PCR and RNA-seq data by showing little effect on the transcript levels of genes associated with muscle fiber type differentiation and plasticity, the sarcomere complex, and pathways implicated in the regulation of muscle fiber size. Data from this first study characterizing the acute influence of neural activity on muscle mass and sarcomere gene expression in a teleost are discussed in the context of comparative studies in mammalian model systems and vertebrate species from different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Güth
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; and
| | - Alexander Chaidez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; and
| | | | - Graciela A Unguez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; and
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Fu W, Hu H, Dang K, Chang H, Du B, Wu X, Gao Y. Remarkable preservation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and inhibition of apoptosis contribute to anti-muscle atrophy effect in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27020. [PMID: 27256167 PMCID: PMC4891705 DOI: 10.1038/srep27020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms that hibernators deviated from muscle atrophy during prolonged hibernating inactivity remain elusive. This study tested the hypothesis that the maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and inhibition of apoptosis would be responsible for preventing muscle atrophy in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. The results showed that intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis was maintained in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) in hibernation and post-hibernation, while cytosolic Ca2+ was overloaded in gastrocnemius (GAS) in hibernation with a recovery in post-hibernation. The Ca2+ overload was also observed in interbout arousals in all three type muscles. Besides, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was unchanged in transcriptional level among pre-hibernation, hibernation and interbout arousals, and reduced to a minimum in post-hibernation. Furthermore, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in protein level was reduced in hibernation but recovered in interbout arousals. Although cytochrome C was increased in GAS and EDL in post-hibernation, no apoptosis was observed by TUNEL assay. These findings suggested that the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in hibernation might be regulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ overload during interbout arousals, which were likely responsible for preventing muscle atrophy via inhibition of apoptosis. Moreover, the muscle-specificity indicated that the different mechanisms against disuse-induced atrophy might be involved in different muscles in hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Huanxin Hu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luo Yang 471003, China
| | - Kai Dang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Bei Du
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade and Commerce, Xian Yang 712046, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
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Dang K, Li YZ, Gong LC, Xue W, Wang HP, Goswami N, Gao YF. Stable atrogin-1 (Fbxo32) and MuRF1 (Trim63) gene expression is involved in the protective mechanism in soleus muscle of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Biol Open 2016; 5:62-71. [PMID: 26740574 PMCID: PMC4728309 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that protect against or limit muscle atrophy in hibernators during prolonged inactivity has important implications for its treatment. We examined whether external factors influence the pathways regulating protein synthesis and degradation, leading to muscle atrophy prevention in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). We investigated the effects of 14-day hindlimb-unloading (HU) in different seasons and two-month hibernation on the soleus (SOL) muscle wet mass, muscle-to-body mass ratio, fiber cross sectional area (CSA), fiber distribution and muscle ultrastructure. We also measured changes in the protein expression and activation states of Akt, mTOR and FoxO1 and the mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Compared with the control groups, autumn and winter HU significantly lowered SOL muscle wet mass and muscle-to-body mass ratio, decreased type I and II fiber CSA and induced ultrastructural anomalies. However, these measured indices were unchanged between Pre-hibernation and Hibernation groups. Furthermore, phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR significantly decreased, while the phosphorylation level of FoxO1 and mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 increased after HU. During hibernation, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR significantly decreased, but the phosphorylation level of FoxO1 and mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 remained unchanged. Overall, our findings suggest that disuse and seasonality may not be sufficient to initiate the innate protective mechanism that prevents SOL atrophy during prolonged periods of hibernation inactivity. The stable expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 may facilitate to prevent SOL atrophy via controlling ubiquitination of muscle proteins during hibernation. Summary: mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 remains unchanged during hibernation of Daurian ground squirrels, suggesting that stable expression of these genes may facilitate the prevention of SOL atrophy via controlling ubiquitylation of muscle proteins during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ya-Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ling-Chen Gong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Institute of Physiology, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Yun-Fang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, China
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Salmov NN, Vikhlyantsev IM, Ulanova AD, Gritsyna YV, Bobylev AG, Saveljev AP, Makariushchenko VV, Maksudov GY, Podlubnaya ZA. Seasonal changes in isoform composition of giant proteins of thick and thin filaments and titin (connectin) phosphorylation level in striated muscles of bears (Ursidae, Mammalia). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:343-55. [PMID: 25761688 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the isoform composition of thick and thin filament proteins (titin, myosin heavy chains (MyHCs), nebulin), as well as in the phosphorylation level of titin in striated muscles of brown bear (Ursus arctos) and hibernating Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus) were studied. We found that the changes that lead to skeletal muscle atrophy in bears during hibernation are not accompanied by a decrease in the content of nebulin and intact titin-1 (T1) isoforms. However, a decrease (2.1-3.4-fold) in the content of T2 fragments of titin was observed in bear skeletal muscles (m. gastrocnemius, m. longissimus dorsi, m. biceps) during hibernation. The content of the stiffer N2B titin isoform was observed to increase relative to the content of its more compliant N2BA isoform in the left ventricles of hibernating bears. At the same time, in spite of the absence of decrease in the total content of T1 in the myocardium of hibernating brown bear, the content of T2 fragments decreased ~1.6-fold. The level of titin phosphorylation only slightly increased in the cardiac muscle of hibernating brown bear. In the skeletal muscles of brown bear, the level of titin phosphorylation did not vary between seasons. However, changes in the composition of MyHCs aimed at increasing the content of slow (I) and decreasing the content of fast (IIa) isoforms of this protein during hibernation of brown bear were detected. Content of MyHCs I and IIa in the skeletal muscles of hibernating Himalayan black bear corresponded to that in the skeletal muscles of hibernating brown bear.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Salmov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Reilly BD, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Activity, abundance and expression of Ca2+-activated proteases in skeletal muscle of the aestivating frog, Cyclorana alboguttata. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 185:243-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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