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Guagnoni IN, Armelin VA, da Silva Braga VH, Monteiro DA, Florindo LH. Cardiovascular responses and the role of the neurohumoral cardiac regulation during digestion in the herbivorous lizard Iguana iguana. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247105. [PMID: 38186316 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Carnivorous reptiles exhibit an intense metabolic increment during digestion, which is accompanied by several cardiovascular adjustments responsible for meeting the physiological demands of the gastrointestinal system. Postprandial tachycardia, a well-documented phenomenon in these animals, is mediated by the withdrawal of vagal tone associated with the chronotropic effects of non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic (NANC) factors. However, herbivorous reptiles exhibit a modest metabolic increment during digestion and there is no information about postprandial cardiovascular adjustments. Considering the significant impact of feeding characteristics on physiological responses, we investigated cardiovascular and metabolic responses, as well as the neurohumoral mechanisms of cardiac control, in the herbivorous lizard Iguana iguana during digestion. We measured oxygen consumption rate (O2), heart rate (fH), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), myocardial activity, cardiac autonomic tone, fH/MAP variability and baroreflex efficiency in both fasting and digesting animals before and after parasympathetic blockade with atropine followed by double autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol. Our results revealed that the peak of O2 in iguanas was reached 24 h after feeding, accompanied by an increase in myocardial activity and a subtle tachycardia mediated exclusively by a reduction in cardiac parasympathetic activity. This represents the first reported case of postprandial tachycardia in digesting reptiles without the involvement of NANC factors. Furthermore, this withdrawal of vagal stimulation during digestion may reduce the regulatory range for short-term fH adjustments, subsequently intensifying the blood pressure variability as a consequence of limiting baroreflex efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Noll Guagnoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, SP 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences (IB), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Diana Amaral Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, SP 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
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An overview of the phylogeny of cardiorespiratory control in vertebrates with some reflections on the 'Polyvagal Theory'. Biol Psychol 2022; 172:108382. [PMID: 35777519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammals show clear changes in heart rate linked to lung ventilation, characterized as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). These changes are controlled in part by variations in the level of inhibitory control exerted on the heart by the parasympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system (PNS). This originates from preganglionic neurons in the nucleus ambiguous that supply phasic, respiration-related activity to the cardiac branch of the vagus nerve, via myelinated, efferent fibres with rapid conduction velocities. An elaboration of these central mechanisms, under the control of a 'vagal system' has been endowed by psychologists with multiple functions concerned with 'social engagement' in mammals and, in particular, humans. Long-term study of cardiorespiratory interactions (CRI) in other major groups of vertebrates has established that they all show both tonic and phasic control of heart rate, imposed by the PNS. This derives centrally from neurones located in variously distributed nuclei, supplying the heart via fast-conducting, myelinated, efferent fibres. Water-breathing vertebrates, which include fishes and larval amphibians, typically show direct, 1:1 CRI between heart beats and gill ventilation, controlled from the dorsal vagal motor nucleus. In air-breathing, ectothermic vertebrates, including reptiles, amphibians and lungfish, CRI mirroring RSA have been shown to improve oxygen uptake during phasic ventilation by changes in perfusion of their respiratory organs, due to shunting of blood over across their undivided hearts. This system may constitute the evolutionary basis of that generating RSA in mammals, which now lacks a major physiological role in respiratory gas exchange, due to their completely divided systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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Joyce W, Wang T. Regulation of heart rate in vertebrates during hypoxia: A comparative overview. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13779. [PMID: 34995393 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to low oxygen (hypoxia) places conflicting demands on the heart. Whilst an increase in heart rate (tachycardia) may compensate systemic oxygen delivery as arterial oxygenation falls, the heart itself is an energetically expensive organ that may benefit from slowing (bradycardia) to reduce work when oxygen is limited. Both strategies are apparent in vertebrates, with tetrapods (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) classically exhibiting hypoxic tachycardia and fishes displaying characteristic hypoxic bradycardia. With a richer understanding of the ontogeny and evolution of the responses, however, we see similarities in the underlying mechanisms between vertebrate groups. For example, in adult mammals, primary bradycardia results from the hypoxic stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors that are overwhelmed by mechano-sensory feedback from the lung associated with hyperpnoea. Fish-like bradycardia prevails in the mammalian foetus (which, at this stage, is incapable of pulmonary ventilation), and in fish and foetus alike, the bradycardia ensues despite an elevation of circulating catecholamines. In both cases, the reduced heart rate may primarily serve to protect the heart. Thus, the comparative perspective offers fundamental insight into how and why different vertebrates regulate heart rate in different ways during periods of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology—Zoophysiology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology—Zoophysiology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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Eme J, Tate KB, Rhen T, Crossley DA. Cardiovascular responses to putative chemoreceptor stimulation of embryonic common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) chronically incubated in hypoxia (10% O 2). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 259:110977. [PMID: 33984502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental hypoxia has been shown to result in significant changes in cardiovascular development of American alligators and common snapping turtles. These include similar effects on cardiac mass and aspects of cardiovascular function. However, given the distant phylogenetic relationship between crocodilians and chelonians, we hypothesized that snapping turtles would also exhibit differences in the effects of developmental hypoxia on cardiovascular regulation. This hypothesis was based in part on prior studies that documented differences in plasticity of vagal tone on the heart between alligators and snapping turtles incubated in hypoxic conditions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated how 10% O2 exposure over final 80% of incubation altered the heart rate and blood pressure response to two chemical manipulations of the "chemoreflex" in common snapping turtles at 70% and 90% of incubation. NaCN injections produced a dose dependent bradycardia that was mediated by cholinergic receptor stimulation. This reflex was relatively unaffected by hypoxic incubation conditions in snapping turtle embryos. Injections of the 5-HT3 agonist phenylbiguanide (PBG) caused a pronounced bradycardia that decreased in intensity at 90% of incubation in embryos from the normoxic group while the heart rate response was unchanged in the hypoxic group. This differs from the previously reported diminished heart rate response of embryonic alligators incubated in 10% O2, suggesting plasticity in this chemoreflex response differs between the species. Our data also indicate the cardiovascular response is mediated by a secondary cholinergic receptor stimulation however the inability of ganglionic blockade to inhibit the PBG response leaves the location of the receptors antagonized by PBG in question in embryonic snapping turtles. Primarily, our findings refute the hypothesis that hypoxic incubation decreases the "chemoreflex' response of snapping turtle embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Eme
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096, United States of America.
| | - Kevin B Tate
- Department of Biology, Texas Lutheran University, 1000 W. Court St., Seguin, TX 78155, United States of America.
| | - Turk Rhen
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell St Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States of America.
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America.
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Sartori MR, Kohl ZF, Taylor EW, Abe AS, Crossley Ii DA. Blood flow distribution in embryonic common snapping turtles Chelydra serpentina (Reptilia; Chelonia) during acute hypoxia and α-adrenergic regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 238:110575. [PMID: 31505219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic turtles have four distinct vascular beds that separately perfuse the developing embryo's body and the extra-embryonic yolk sac, amnion and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). The mechanisms enabling differential regulation of blood flow through these separate beds, in order to meet the varying demands of the embryo during development, is of current interest. The present investigation followed the changes in blood flow distribution during an acute exposure to hypoxia and after α-adrenergic blockade. We monitored heart rate (fH), mean arterial pressure (Pm), and determined relative blood flow distribution (%Q̇sys) using colored microspheres. At 70% and 90% of the incubation period hypoxia elicited a bradycardia without changing Pm while %Q̇sys was altered only at 70%, increasing to the CAM and liver. Blockade of α-adrenergic responses with phentolamine did not change fH or Pm but increased %Q̇sys to the shell. These results show the capacity of embryos to redistribute cardiac output during acute hypoxia, however α-adrenergic receptors seemed to play a relatively small role in embryonic cardiovascular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Sartori
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
| | - Zachary F Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Edwin W Taylor
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Augusto S Abe
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Dane A Crossley Ii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Sartori MR, Kohl ZF, Taylor EW, Abe AS, Crossley DA. Convective oxygen transport during development in embryos of the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.185967. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.185967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the maturation of convective oxygen transport in embryos of the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Measurements included: mass, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (fH), blood oxygen content and affinity and blood flow distribution at 50%, 70% and 90% of the incubation period. Body mass increased exponentially, paralleled by increased cardiac mass and metabolic rate. Heart rate was constant from 50% to 70% of incubation but was significantly reduced at 90%. Hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) were constant at the three points of development studied but arteriovenous difference (A-V diff) doubled from 50 to 90% of incubation. Oxygen affinity was lower early in 50% of incubation compared to all other age groups. Blood flow was directed predominantly to the embryo but highest to the CAM at 70% incubation and was directed away from the yolk as it was depleted at 90% incubation. The findings indicate that the plateau or reduction in egg VO2 characteristic of the late incubation period of turtle embryos may be related to an overall reduction in mass-specific VO2 that is correlated with decreasing relative heart mass and plateaued CAM blood flow. Importantly, if the blood properties remain unchanged prior to hatching, as they did during the incubation period studied in the current investigation, this could account for the pattern of VO2 previously reported for embryonic snapping turtles prior to hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R. Sartori
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Zachary F. Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Edwin W. Taylor
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Augusto S. Abe
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Dane A. Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Longhini LS, Zena LA, da Silva GSF, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. Temperature effects on the cardiorespiratory control of American bullfrog tadpoles based on a non-invasive methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3763-3770. [PMID: 28819055 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature effects on cardiac autonomic tonus in amphibian larval stages have never been investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of different temperatures (15, 25 and 30°C) on the cardiorespiratory rates and cardiac autonomic tonus of premetamorphic tadpoles of the bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus To this end, a non-invasive method was developed to permit measurements of electrocardiogram (ECG) and buccal movements (fB; surface electromyography of the buccal floor). For evaluation of autonomic regulation, intraperitoneal injections of Ringer solution (control), atropine (cholinergic muscarinic antagonist) and sotalol (β-adrenergic antagonist) were performed. Ringer solution injections did not affect heart rate (fH) or fB across temperatures. Cardiorespiratory parameters were significantly augmented by temperature (fH: 24.5±1.0, 54.5±2.0 and 75.8±2.8 beats min-1 at 15, 25 and 30°C, respectively; fB: 30.3±1.1, 73.1±4.0 and 100.6±3.7 movements min-1 at 15, 25 and 30°C, respectively). A predominant vagal tone was observed at 15°C (32.0±3.2%) and 25°C (27.2±6.7%) relative to the adrenergic tone. At 30°C, the adrenergic tone increased relative to the lower temperature. In conclusion, the cholinergic and adrenergic tones seem to be independent of temperature for colder thermal intervals (15-25°C), while exposure to a hotter ambient temperature (30°C) seems to be followed by a significant increase in adrenergic tone and may reflect cardiovascular adjustments made to match oxygen delivery to demand. Furthermore, while excluding the use of implantable electrodes or cannulae, this study provides a suitable non-invasive method for investigating cardiorespiratory function (cardiac and respiratory rates) in water-breathing animals such as the tadpole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Longhini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Zena
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Glauber S F da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
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Crossley DA, Crossley JL, Smith C, Harfush M, Sánchez-Sánchez H, Garduño-Paz MV, Méndez-Sánchez JF. Developmental cardiovascular physiology of the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28642099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of reptilian cardiovascular development and regulation has increased substantially for two species the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) during the past two decades. However, what we know about cardiovascular maturation in many other species remains poorly understood or unknown. Embryonic sea turtles have been studied to understand the maturation of metabolic function, but these studies have not addressed the cardiovascular system. Although prior studies have been pivotal in characterizing development, and factors that influence it, the development of cardiovascular function, which supplies metabolic function, is unknown in sea turtles. During our investigation we focused on quantifying how cardiovascular morphological and functional parameters change, to provide basic knowledge of development in the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). Embryonic mass, as well as mass of the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and brain increased during turtle embryo development. Although heart rate was constant during this developmental period, arterial pressure approximately doubled. Further, while embryonic olive ridley sea turtles lacked cholinergic tone on heart rate, there was a pronounced beta adrenergic tone on heart rate that decreased in strength at 90% of incubation. This beta adrenergic tone may be partially originating from the sympathetic nervous system at 90% of incubation, with the majority originating from circulating catecholamines. Data indicates that olive ridley sea turtles share traits of embryonic functional cardiovascular maturation with the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) but not the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Alan Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Janna Lee Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Camilla Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martha Harfush
- Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga CONANP-SEMARNAT, Mazunte, Tonameca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Hermilo Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica Vanessa Garduño-Paz
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José Fernando Méndez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Sartori MR, Abe AS, Crossley DA, Taylor EW. Rates of oxygen uptake increase independently of changes in heart rate in late stages of development and at hatching in the green iguana, Iguana iguana. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 205:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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McGlashan JK, Thompson MB, Van Dyke JU, Spencer RJ. Thyroid Hormones Reduce Incubation Period without Developmental or Metabolic Costs in Murray River Short-Necked Turtles (Emydura macquarii). Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:34-46. [DOI: 10.1086/689744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Braga VHDS, Armelin VA, Teixeira MT, Abe AS, Rantin FT, Florindo LH. The Effects of Feeding on Cardiac Control of the Broad-Nosed Caiman (Caiman latirostris): The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System and NANC Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 325:524-531. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Da Silva Braga
- Department of Zoology and Botany; São Paulo State University (UNESP); São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Zoology and Botany; São Paulo State University (UNESP); São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Teodoro Teixeira
- Department of Zoology and Botany; São Paulo State University (UNESP); São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Augusto Shinya Abe
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq); São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Zoology; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP); São Paulo State University (UNESP); Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq); São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar); São Carlos, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Zoology and Botany; São Paulo State University (UNESP); São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq); São Paulo Brazil
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP); São Paulo State University (UNESP); Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
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An appraisal of the use of an infrared digital monitoring system for long-term measurement of heart rate in reptilian embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 188:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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