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Mai VH, Ponce-Zea JE, Doan TP, Vu QH, Ryu B, Lee CH, Oh WK. Chalcone-Monoterpene Derivatives from the Buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus and Their Potential as Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1903-1913. [PMID: 39046805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Four new compounds, racemic chalcone-monoterpene hybrids (1-3) and a chalcone (9), along with nine known compounds (4-8, 10-13), have been isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were identified through NMR data analysis and confirmed by computational methods, including electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and further synthetic approaches. Compounds 1-5 were synthesized via a Diels-Alder reaction, a process informed by biomimetic condensation studies that combined chalcones and monoterpenes. These synthetic approaches also yielded various unnatural chalcone-monoterpene derivatives (14-23). The inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) of both naturally isolated and synthetically obtained compounds were evaluated. Compounds 4, 9, 13, and 16b exhibited potent PTP1B inhibitory activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.9 ± 0.2 to 3.9 ± 0.7 μM. The enantiomers (+)-4 and (-)-16b showed enhanced activity compared to their respective enantiomers. Kinetic studies indicate that all active compounds inhibit PTP1B through mixed mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations agree with the experimental assays on PTP1B. Our results suggest that chalcone-meroterpene adducts from the buds of C. operculatus exhibit potential as antidiabetic agents, partly due to their PTP1B enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hieu Mai
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jorge Eduardo Ponce-Zea
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi-Phuong Doan
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Quang Huy Vu
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeol Ryu
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Bernal A, Jacob S, Andresen K, Yemelin A, Hartmann H, Antelo L, Thines E. Identification of the polyketide synthase gene responsible for the synthesis of tanzawaic acids in Penicillium steckii IBWF104-06. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 164:103750. [PMID: 36379411 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms have been used as biological control agents (BCAs) in agriculture for a long time, but their importance has increased dramatically over the last few years. The Penicillium steckii IBWF104-06 strain has presented strong BCA activity in greenhouse experiments performed against phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. P. steckii strains generally produce different antifungal tanzawaic acids; interesting compounds known to be catalyzed by polyketide synthetases in other fungi. Since the decalin structure is characteristic for tanzawaic acids, two polyketide synthase genes (PsPKS1 and PsPKS2) were selected for further analysis, which have similarity in sequence and gene cluster structure with genes that are known to be responsible for the biosynthesis of decalin-containing compounds. Subsequently, gene-inactivation mutants of both PsPKS1 and PsPKS2 have been generated. It was found, that the ΔPspks1 mutant cannot produce tanzawaic acids any more, whereas reintegration of the original PsPKS1 gene into the genome of ΔPspks1 reestablished tanzawaic acid production. The mutant ΔPspks2 is not altered in tanzawaic acids production. Interestingly, both mutants ΔPsPKS1 and ΔPsPKS2 still display strong BCA activity, indicating that the mechanism of action is not related to the production of tanzawaic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Bernal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Jacob
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Andresen
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Yemelin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Luis Antelo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Microbiology and Biotechnology at the Institute of Molecular Physiology, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Bitchagno GTM, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem VA, Melchert D, Fobofou SA. Demystifying racemic natural products in the homochiral world. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:806-822. [PMID: 37118098 PMCID: PMC9562063 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural products possess structural complexity, diversity and chirality with attractive functions and biological activities that have significantly impacted drug discovery initiatives. Chiral natural products are abundant in nature but rarely occur as racemates. The occurrence of natural products as racemates is very intriguing from a biosynthetic point of view; as enzymes are chiral molecules, enzymatic reactions generating natural products should be stereospecific and lead to single-enantiomer products. Despite several reports in the literature describing racemic mixtures of stereoisomers isolated from natural sources, there has not been a comprehensive review of these intriguing racemic natural products. The discovery of many more natural racemates and their potential enzymatic sources in recent years allows us to describe the distribution and chemical diversity of this ‘class of natural products’ to enrich discussions on biosynthesis. In this Review, we describe the chemical classes, occurrence and distribution of pairs of enantiomers in nature and provide insights about recent advances in analytical methods used for their characterization. Special emphasis is on the biosynthesis, including plausible enzymatic and non-enzymatic formation of natural racemates, and their pharmacological significance. ![]()
Racemic natural products display a wealth of bioactivities and chemical diversity. Their derivation from intriguing racemization processes, through enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways, are discussed here, as well as their pharmacological properties and the analytical techniques developed for their identification, resolution and characterization.
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Li B, Guan X, Yang S, Zou Y, Liu W, Houk KN. Mechanism of the Stereoselective Catalysis of Diels-Alderase PyrE3 Involved in Pyrroindomycin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5099-5107. [PMID: 35258962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of pyrroindomycins A and B features a complexity-building [4 + 2] cycloaddition cascade, which generates the spirotetramate core under the catalytic effects of monofunctional Diels-Alderases PyrE3 and PyrI4. We recently showed that the main functions of PyrI4 include acid catalysis and induced-fit/conformational selection. We now present quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics studies implicating a different mode of action by PyrE3, which prearranges an anionic polyene substrate into a high-energy reactive conformation at which an inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction can occur with a low barrier. Stereoselection is realized by strong binding interactions at the endo stereochemical relationship and a local steric constraint on the endo-1,3-diene unit. These findings, illustrating distinct mechanisms for PyrE3 and PyrI4, highlight how nature has evolved multiple ways to catalyze Diels-Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xingyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yike Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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5
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Wang H, Yan R, Zou Y, Xing D, Zhong K. Light-driven Self-healing Polyurethane film based on PDA@Ag Nanoparticles with Improved Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1085-1093. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To endow the polyurethane (PU) coating with antimicrobial and self-healing ability, the PU composite film (PUDA@Ag) based on furfuryl functional polydopamine nanoparticles (FPDA NPs) and Diels-Alder (DA) reaction was prepared...
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Jeon BS, Huang TY, Ruszczycky MW, Choi SH, Kim N, Franklin JL, Hung SC, Liu HW. Byproduct formation during the biosynthesis of spinosyn A and evidence for an enzymatic interplay to prevent its formation. Tetrahedron 2022; 103. [PMID: 35685987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of spinosyn A in Saccharopolyspora spinosa involves a 1,4-dehydration followed by an intramolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition catalyzed by SpnM and SpnF, respectively. The cycloaddition also takes place in the absence of SpnF leading to questions regarding its mechanism of catalysis and biosynthetic role. Substrate analogs were prepared with an unactivated dienophile or an acyclic structure and found to be unreactive consistent with the importance of these features for cyclization. The SpnM-catalyzed dehydration reaction was also found to yield a byproduct corresponding to the C11 = C12 cis isomer of the SpnF substrate. This byproduct is stable both in the presence and absence of SpnF; however, relative production of the SpnM product and byproduct could be shifted in favor of the former by including SpnF or the dehydrogenase SpnJ in the reaction. This result suggests a potential interplay between the enzymes of spinosyn A biosynthesis that may help to improve the efficiency of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Teng-Yi Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mark W Ruszczycky
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sei-Hyun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Namho Kim
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Joseph Livy Franklin
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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7
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Zhou T, Zheng A, Huo L, Li C, Tan H, Wang S, Chen H. Total syntheses of ericifolione and its analogues via a biomimetic inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:270-273. [PMID: 34878459 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06361h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Driven by bioinspiration and appreciation of the structure of ericifolione, a biomimetic tautomerization/intermolecular inverse-electron-demand hetero Diels-Alder reaction cascade sequence promoted by sodium acetate to rapidly construct sterically hindered dihydropyran scaffolds was established, which allowed the first straightforward biomimetic total syntheses of ericifolione and its analogues with high simplicity. Moreover, this methodology set the stage for the preparation of relevant natural products or derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anquan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Luqiong Huo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changgeng Li
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haibo Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sasa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Centre for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, People's Republic of China. .,School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
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8
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Guillade L, Mora P, Villar P, Alvarez R, R de Lera A. Total synthesis of nahuoic acid A via a putative biogenetic intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15157-15169. [PMID: 34909158 PMCID: PMC8612404 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04524e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the biogenetic proposal of an intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition, the total synthesis of natural product nahuoic acid A, a cofactor-competitive inhibitor of the epigenetic enzyme lysine methyl transferase SETD8, has been carried out. A non-conjugated pentaenal precursor was synthesized with high levels of stereoselectivity at seven stereogenic centers and with the appropriate control of double bond geometries. Although the IMDA reaction of the non-conjugated pentaenal using Me2AlCl for catalysis at -40 °C selectively afforded the trans-fused diastereomer corresponding to the Re-endo mode of cycloaddition, under thermal reaction conditions it gave rise to a mixture of diastereomers, that preferentially formed through the exo mode, including the cis-fused angularly-methylated octahydronaphthalene diastereomer precursor of nahuoic acid A. The natural product could be obtained upon oxidation and overall deprotection of the hydroxyl groups present in the Si-exo IMDA diastereomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Guillade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Paula Mora
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Pedro Villar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Rosana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
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9
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Han J, Jiang L, Zhang L, Quinn RJ, Liu X, Feng Y. Peculiarities of meroterpenoids and their bioproduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3987-4003. [PMID: 33937926 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Meroterpenoids are a class of terpenoid-containing hybrid natural products with impressive structural architectures and remarkable pharmacological activities. Remarkable advances in enzymology and synthetic biology have greatly contributed to the elucidation of the molecular basis for their biosynthesis. Here, we review structurally unique meroterpenoids catalyzed by novel enzymes and unusual enzymatic reactions over the period of last 5 years. We also discuss recent progress on the biomimetic synthesis of chrome meroterpenoids and synthetic biology-driven biomanufacturing of tropolone sesquiterpenoids, merochlorins, and plant-derived meroterpenoid cannabinoids. In particular, we focus on the novel enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polyketide-terpenoids, nonribosomal peptide-terpenoids, terpenoid alkaloids, and meroterpenoid with unique structures. The biological activities of these meroterpenoids are also discussed. The information reviewed here might provide useful clues and lay the foundation for developing new meroterpenoid-derived drugs. KEY POINTS: • Meroterpenoids possess intriguing structural features and relevant biological activities. • Novel enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of meroterpenoids with unique structures. • Biomimetic synthesis and synthetic biology enable the construction and manufacturing of complex meroterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Han
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
| | - Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD, Brisbane, 4111, Australia.
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10
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Xu G, Yang S. Diverse evolutionary origins of microbial [4 + 2]-cyclases in natural product biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:154-161. [PMID: 33836196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural [4 + 2]-cyclases catalyze concerted cycloaddition during biosynthesis of over 400 natural products reported. Microbial [4 + 2]-cyclases are structurally diverse with a broad range of substrates. Thus far, about 52 putative microbial [4 + 2]-cyclases of 13 different types have been characterized, with over 20 crystal structures. However, how these cyclases have evolved during natural product biosynthesis remains elusive. Structural and phylogenetic analyses suggest that these different types of [4 + 2]-cyclases might have diverse evolutionary origins, such as reductases, dehydratases, methyltransferases, oxidases, etc. Divergent evolution of enzyme function might have occurred in these different families. Understanding the independent evolutionary history of these cyclases would provide new insights into their catalysis mechanisms and the biocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Suiqun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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11
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Alvarez R, de Lera AR. Natural polyenic macrolactams and polycyclic derivatives generated by transannular pericyclic reactions: optimized biogenesis challenging chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:1136-1220. [PMID: 33283831 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Covering from 1992 to the end of 2020-11-20.Genetically-encoded polyenic macrolactams, which are constructed by Nature using hybrid polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthase (PKSs/NRPSs) assembly lines, are part of the large collection of natural products isolated from bacteria. Activation of cryptic (i.e., silent) gene clusters in these microorganisms has more recently allowed to generate and eventually isolate additional members of the family. Having two unsaturated fragments separated by short saturated chains, the primary macrolactam is posited to undergo transannular reactions and further rearrangements thus leading to the generation of a structurally diverse collection of polycyclic (natural) products and oxidized derivatives. The review will cover the challenges that scientists face on the isolation of these unstable compounds from the cultures of the producing microorganisms, their structural characterization, biological activities, optimized biogenetic routes, as well as the skeletal rearrangements of the primary structures of the natural macrolactams derived from pericyclic reactions of the polyenic fragments. The efforts of the synthetic chemists to emulate Nature on the successful generation and structural confirmation of these natural products will also be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alvarez
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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12
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Han WB, Wang GY, Tang JJ, Wang WJ, Liu H, Gil RR, Navarro-Vázquez A, Lei X, Gao JM. Herpotrichones A and B, Two Intermolecular [4 + 2] Adducts with Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity from a Herpotrichia Species. Org Lett 2019; 22:405-409. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yi Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ji Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Roberto R. Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Armando Navarro-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Xinxiang Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Doyon TJ, Perkins JC, Baker Dockrey SA, Romero EO, Skinner KC, Zimmerman PM, Narayan ARH. Chemoenzymatic o-Quinone Methide Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20269-20277. [PMID: 31840992 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Generation of reactive intermediates and interception of these fleeting species under physiological conditions is a common strategy employed by Nature to build molecular complexity. However, selective formation of these species under mild conditions using classical synthetic techniques is an outstanding challenge. Here, we demonstrate the utility of biocatalysis in generating o-quinone methide intermediates with precise chemoselectivity under mild, aqueous conditions. Specifically, α-ketoglutarate-dependent non-heme iron enzymes, CitB and ClaD, are employed to selectively modify benzylic C-H bonds of o-cresol substrates. In this transformation, biocatalytic hydroxylation of a benzylic C-H bond affords a benzylic alcohol product which, under the aqueous reaction conditions, is in equilibrium with the corresponding o-quinone methide. o-Quinone methide interception by a nucleophile or a dienophile allows for one-pot conversion of benzylic C-H bonds into C-C, C-N, C-O, and C-S bonds in chemoenzymatic cascades on preparative scale. The chemoselectivity and mild nature of this platform is showcased here by the selective modification of peptides and chemoenzymatic synthesis of the chroman natural product (-)-xyloketal D.
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14
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Drulyte I, Obajdin J, Trinh CH, Kalverda AP, van der Kamp MW, Hemsworth GR, Berry A. Crystal structure of the putative cyclase IdmH from the indanomycin nonribosomal peptide synthase/polyketide synthase. IUCRJ 2019; 6:1120-1133. [PMID: 31709067 PMCID: PMC6830212 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519012399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Indanomycin is biosynthesized by a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthase/polyketide synthase (NRPS/PKS) followed by a number of 'tailoring' steps to form the two ring systems that are present in the mature product. It had previously been hypothesized that the indane ring of indanomycin was formed by the action of IdmH using a Diels-Alder reaction. Here, the crystal structure of a selenomethionine-labelled truncated form of IdmH (IdmH-Δ99-107) was solved using single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) phasing. This truncated variant allows consistent and easy crystallization, but importantly the structure was used as a search model in molecular replacement, allowing the full-length IdmH structure to be determined to 2.7 Å resolution. IdmH is a homodimer, with the individual protomers consisting of an α+β barrel. Each protomer contains a deep hydrophobic pocket which is proposed to constitute the active site of the enzyme. To investigate the reaction catalysed by IdmH, 88% of the backbone NMR resonances were assigned, and using chemical shift perturbation of [15N]-labelled IdmH it was demonstrated that indanomycin binds in the active-site pocket. Finally, combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) modelling of the IdmH reaction shows that the active site of the enzyme provides an appropriate environment to promote indane-ring formation, supporting the assignment of IdmH as the key Diels-Alderase catalysing the final step in the biosynthesis of indanomycin through a similar mechanism to other recently characterized Diels-Alderases involved in polyketide-tailoring reactions. An animated Interactive 3D Complement (I3DC) is available in Proteopedia at https://proteopedia.org/w/Journal:IUCrJ:S2052252519012399.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Drulyte
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Jana Obajdin
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Chi H. Trinh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Arnout P. Kalverda
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Marc W. van der Kamp
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, England
| | - Glyn R. Hemsworth
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Alan Berry
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
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15
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Shen J, Fan Y, Zhu G, Chen H, Zhu W, Fu P. Polycyclic Macrolactams Generated via Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reactions from an Antarctic Streptomyces Species. Org Lett 2019; 21:4816-4820. [PMID: 31188618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new polycyclic macrolactams, cyclamenols B-D (1-3), together with a known macrolactam, cyclamenol A (4), were isolated from the Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-4348. Their structures including absolute configurations were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, chemical methods, and ECD calculations. The biosynthetic pathways involving intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions were proposed. Compound 1 exhibited selective inhibition against the gastric carcinoma cell line N87 with an IC50 value of 10.8 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Yaqin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances , First Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Qingdao 266061 , China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Peng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266003 , China
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16
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17
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Kurasawa K, Kwon E, Kuwahara S, Enomoto M. Bioinspired Total Synthesis of Delitschiapyrone A. Org Lett 2018; 20:4645-4648. [PMID: 30003791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A bioinspired seven-step total synthesis of delitschiapyrone A was accomplished in 32% overall yield from commercially available 4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid. The key step of the synthesis is an exclusively regioselective and diastereoselective reaction cascade consisting of the Diels-Alder reaction, α-ketol rearrangement, and cyclic hemiacetalization, achieved by simply stirring a heterogeneous mixture of two Diels-Alder substrates (putative biosynthetic intermediates) and water at 35 °C, directly furnishing the pentacyclic natural product in 75% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kurasawa
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba , Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8572 , Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba , Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Shigefumi Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba , Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8572 , Japan
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba , Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8572 , Japan
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18
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Li X, Zheng Q, Yin J, Liu W, Gao S. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of equisetin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:4695-4697. [PMID: 28401214 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01929g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We here report that the biosynthesis of equisetin, a fungal tetramate natural product with potent anti-infectious activity, relies on Fsa2, a Diels-Alderase that constructs the trans-decalin system of the molecule in a stereo-selective manner. This finding led to the development of a concise chemo-enzymatic route toward the synthesis of equisetin, which involves facile preparation of a linear polyene precursor via 7-steps and Fsa2 activity for equisetin maturation through an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, thus exemplifying the significance of the combination of chemical and biological methods to achieve structurally complex cyclic natural products and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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19
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Chen N, Zhang F, Wu R, Hess BA. Biosynthesis of Spinosyn A: A [4 + 2] or [6 + 4] Cycloaddition? ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanhao Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - B. Andes Hess
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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20
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Zheng Q, Fang H, Liu W. Post-translational modifications involved in the biosynthesis of thiopeptide antibiotics. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:3376-3390. [PMID: 28358161 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00466d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiopeptide antibiotics are a class of typical ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) with complex chemical structures that are difficult to construct via chemical synthesis. To date, more than 100 thiopeptides have been discovered, and most of these compounds exhibit remarkable biological activities, such as antibacterial, antitumor and immunosuppressive activities. Therefore, studies of the biosynthesis of thiopeptides can contribute to the development of new drug leads and facilitate the understanding of the complex post-translational modifications (PTMs) of peptides and/or proteins. Since the biosynthetic gene clusters of thiopeptides were first discovered in 2009, several research studies regarding the biochemistry and enzymology of thiopeptide biosyntheses have been reported, indicating that their characteristic framework is constructed via a cascade of common PTMs and that additional specific PTMs diversify the molecules. In this review, we primarily summarize recent advances in understanding the biosynthesis of thiopeptide antibiotics and propose some potential applications based on our insights into the biosynthetic logic and machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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21
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Modified lignin: Preparation and use in reversible gel via Diels-Alder reaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:790-795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Wang LL, Candito D, Dräger G, Kirschning A. Synthetic Studies Probing Elansolid Biosynthesis: A para
-Quinone-Methide-Triggered Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ); Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - David Candito
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ); Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Gerald Dräger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ); Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ); Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
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23
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Monroy AA, Stappler E, Schuster A, Sulyok M, Schmoll M. A CRE1- regulated cluster is responsible for light dependent production of dihydrotrichotetronin in Trichoderma reesei. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182530. [PMID: 28809958 PMCID: PMC5557485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing light conditions, caused by the rotation of earth resulting in day and night or growth on the surface or within a substrate, result in considerably altered physiological processes in fungi. For the biotechnological workhorse Trichoderma reesei, regulation of glycoside hydrolase gene expression, especially cellulase expression was shown to be a target of light dependent gene regulation. Analysis of regulatory targets of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 under cellulase inducing conditions revealed a secondary metabolite cluster to be differentially regulated in light and darkness and by photoreceptors. We found that this cluster is involved in production of trichodimerol and that the two polyketide synthases of the cluster are essential for biosynthesis of dihydrotrichotetronine (syn. bislongiquinolide or bisorbibutenolide). Additionally, an indirect influence on production of the peptaibol antibiotic paracelsin was observed. The two polyketide synthetase genes as well as the monooxygenase gene of the cluster were found to be connected at the level of transcription in a positive feedback cycle in darkness, but negative feedback in light, indicating a cellular sensing and response mechanism for the products of these enzymes. The transcription factor TR_102497/YPR2 residing within the cluster regulates the cluster genes in a light dependent manner. Additionally, an interrelationship of this cluster with regulation of cellulase gene expression was detected. Hence the regulatory connection between primary and secondary metabolism appears more widespread than previously assumed, indicating a sophisticated distribution of resources either to degradation of substrate (feed) or to antagonism of competitors (fight), which is influenced by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Alonso Monroy
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva Stappler
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Andre Schuster
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
- * E-mail:
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24
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Abstract
[4 + 2]-Cycloadditions are increasingly being recognized in the biosynthetic pathways of many structurally complex natural products. A relatively small collection of enzymes from these pathways have been demonstrated to increase rates of cyclization and impose stereochemical constraints on the reactions. While mechanistic investigation of these enzymes is just beginning, recent studies have provided new insights with implications for understanding their biosynthetic roles, mechanisms of catalysis, and evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shao-An Wang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mark W Ruszczycky
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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25
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Chen J, Zheng G, Zhang Y, Aisa HA, Hao XJ. Phytotoxic Terpenoids from Ligularia cymbulifera Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:2033. [PMID: 28119715 PMCID: PMC5221121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligularia cymbulifera is one of the predominant species in the Hengduan Mountains, China, and has led to a decrease in the amount of forage grass in this area. However, little is known about the mechanism behind its predominance. In this study, two novel eremophilane sesquiterpenes, ligulacymirin A and B (1 and 2), together with seven other known terpenoids (3-9), were isolated from the roots of L. cymbulifera. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Each compound showed phytotoxic activities against Arabidopsis thaliana, and each was detected and identified in rhizosphere soil by UHPLC-MS. Compound 3 was the most potent phytotoxin, showing remarkable inhibition against both seedling growth (EC50 = 30.33 ± 0.94 μg/mL) and seed germination (EC50 = 155.13 ± 0.52 μg/mL), with an average content in rhizosphere soil of 3.44 μg/g. These results indicate that terpenoids in L. cymbulifera roots might be released as phytotoxins in rhizosphere soil to interfere with neighboring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guowei Zheng
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Haji A. Aisa
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Jiang Hao
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