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Neto AVGS, Filogonio R, Leite CAC. Recovery of the baroreflex and autonomic modulation after anesthesia with MS-222 in bullfrogs. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111654. [PMID: 38729257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The time course for recovery after anesthesia is poorly described for tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). We suggest that the baroreflex and the heart rate variability (HRV) could be used to index the recovery of the autonomic modulation after anesthesia. We analyzed the recovery profile of behavioral and physiological parameters over time to analyze the progression of recovery after anesthesia of American bullfrogs with MS-222. Mean heart rate stabilized after 17 h, whereas the baroreflex efficiency index took 23 h and the baroreflex operating gain, 29 h. Mean arterial pressure recovered after 26 h. Power spectral density peaked at 23 h and again after 40 h. Baroreflex was a relevant component of the first phase of HRV, while autonomic modulation for resting may take longer than 40 h. We suggest that physiological recovery is a complex phenomenon with multiple progressive phases, and the baroreflex may be a useful tool to observe the first substantial recovery of post-instrumentation capacity for autonomic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio V G S Neto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Filogonio
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cléo A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Graphene Oxide-Reinforced Alginate Hydrogel for Controlled Release of Local Anesthetics: Synthesis, Characterization, and Release Studies. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040246. [PMID: 35448147 PMCID: PMC9026710 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In pain relief, lidocaine has gained more attention as a local anesthetic. However, there are several side effects that limit the use of local anesthetics. Therefore, it is hypothesized that a hydrogel system with facile design can be used for prolonged release of lidocaine. In this study, we developed a formulation comprises of sodium alginate (SA) and graphene oxide (GO) to prolong the release of lidocaine. The gelation was induced by physically crosslinking the alginate with Ca2+ ions. The formation of blank SA and GO-reinforced SA hydrogels was investigated with different concentration of Ca2+ ions. The controlled release of lidocaine hydrochloride (LH) on both hydrogel systems was studied in PBS solution. The GO-reinforced SA hydrogels exhibited more sustained release than SA hydrogels without GO. In vitro biocompatibility test in L929 fibroblast cells confirmed the non-toxic property of hydrogels. Furthermore, to prove the in-situ gelation and biodegradability of hydrogels the hydrogels were injected on mice model and confirmed the stable gel formation. The hydrogels implanted onto the subcutaneous tissue of hydrogels retained over one week. These results indicate that LH-loaded GO-reinforced SA hydrogel can be a potential biomaterial for controlled release of local anesthetics.
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DiGeronimo PM, Balko JA. Sedation and Anesthesia of Amphibians. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 25:31-47. [PMID: 34823696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians commonly are managed under human care for research, education, conservation, and companionship and frequently are in need of sedation, anesthesia, or end-of-life care involving euthanasia. Objective investigation of sedative and anesthetic protocols in these taxa still is in its infancy, but knowledge of current best practices is paramount to appropriate care. Tricaine methanesulfonate delivered via immersion (bath) is the most common anesthetic agent in amphibians, but several other effective techniques have been identified. This summary provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence-based literature regarding amphibian sedative, anesthetic, and euthanasia techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M DiGeronimo
- Adventure Aquarium, 1 Riverside Drive, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; Animal & Bird Health Care Center, 1785 Springdale Road, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA.
| | - Julie A Balko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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DiGeronimo PM, da Cunha AF. Local and Regional Anesthesia in Zoological Companion Animal Practice. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 25:321-336. [PMID: 34823697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Local anesthetics provide analgesia and can be incorporated into multimodal anesthetic protocols. They work by blocking the voltage-dependent sodium ion channels along neurons that mediate nociception. Systemically, these drugs can be cardiotoxic in a dose-dependent manner. Lidocaine and bupivacaine are the most commonly used local anesthetics and their use has been reported in all classes of vertebrates. Despite anecdotal reports to the contrary, zoologic companion animals are unlikely to be more susceptible to the cardiotoxic effects of local anesthetics than domestic small animals. Local anesthetics can be clinically useful for analgesia and anesthesia in zoologic companion animal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M DiGeronimo
- Adventure Aquarium, 1 Riverside Drive, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; Animal & Bird Health Care Center, 1785 Springdale Road, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA.
| | - Anderson F da Cunha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 5715 W Utopia Road, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
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Physicochemical and pharmacological investigations of polyvinylpyrrolidone - tetrahydroxyborate hydrogel containing the local anesthetic lidocaine. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rocha GC, Castro SA, Taylor EW, Tavares D, Leite CAC. A Decerebrate Preparation of the Rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, Provides an Experimental Model for Study of Autonomic Modulation of the Cardiovascular System in Reptiles. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 94:269-285. [PMID: 34142933 DOI: 10.1086/714973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, has been successfully used as an experimental model to study control of the cardiovascular system in squamate reptiles. Recent technical advances, including equipment miniaturization, have lessened the impact of instrumentation on in vivo recordings, and an increased range of anesthetic drugs has improved recording conditions for in situ preparations. Nevertheless, any animal-based experimental approach has to manage limitations regarding the avoidance of pain and stress the stability of the preparation and duration of experiments and the potentially overriding effects of anesthesia. To address such aspects, we tested a new experimental preparation, the decerebrate rattlesnake, in a study of the autonomic control of cardiovascular responses following the removal of general anesthesia. The preparation exhibited complex cardiovascular adjustments to deal with acute increases in venous return (caused by tail lifting), to compensate for blood flow reduction in the cephalic region (caused by head lifting), for body temperature control (triggered by an external heating source), and in response to stimulation of chemoreceptors (triggered by intravenous injection of NaCN). The decerebrate preparation retained extensive functional integrity of autonomic centers, and it was suitable for monitoring diverse cardiac and vascular variables. Furthermore, reanesthetizing the preparation markedly blunted cardiovascular performance. Isoflurane limited the maintenance of recovered cardiovascular variables in the prepared animal and reduced or abolished the observed cardiovascular reflexes. This preparation enables the recording of multiple concomitant cardiovascular variables for the study of mechanistic questions regarding the central integration of autonomic reflex responses in the absence of anesthesia.
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Williams CJA, James LE, Bertelsen MF, Wang T. Analgesia for non-mammalian vertebrates. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ferreira TH, Mans C, Di Girolamo N. Evaluation of the sedative and physiological effects of intramuscular lidocaine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) sedated with alfaxalone. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:496-500. [PMID: 31076335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if intramuscular (IM) lidocaine potentiates the sedative effects of alfaxalone and results in cardiopulmonary changes in sedated bearded dragons. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental crossover study. ANIMALS A group of eight adult bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) weighing 334 ± 46 g. METHODS Animals were administered alfaxalone (10 mg kg-1 subcutaneously) and 15 minutes later either lidocaine 2% (4 mg kg-1) or 0.9% sodium chloride (0.2 mL kg-1) was administered IM in the thoracic limb. The treatments were randomized and separated by 7 days. Sedation was scored based on body position, eye closure, jaw tone, swallowing, pick up response, righting reflex and pelvic limb withdrawal reflex. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (fR) were recorded every 5 minutes until recovery from sedation. RESULTS Lidocaine had no significant effect on duration or depth of alfaxalone sedation. HR increased significantly for <10 minutes following lidocaine administration by a median (interquartile range) of 33% (28-37%; p = 0.024). No clinically significant effects on fR occurred following lidocaine injection. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of lidocaine 2% (4 mg kg-1) IM did not potentiate alfaxalone sedation but resulted in a transient clinically relevant increase in HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana H Ferreira
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Christoph Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicola Di Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Ferreira TH, Mans C. Evaluation of neuraxial anesthesia in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:126-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Salla RF, Rizzi-Possignolo GM, Oliveira CR, Lambertini C, Franco-Belussi L, Leite DS, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Abdalla FC, Jenkinson TS, Toledo LF, Jones-Costa M. Novel findings on the impact of chytridiomycosis on the cardiac function of anurans: sensitive vs. tolerant species. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5891. [PMID: 30425891 PMCID: PMC6228586 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding of the physiological effects of chytridiomycosis is crucial to worldwide amphibian conservation. Therefore, we analyzed the cardiac function of two anuran species (Xenopus laevis and Physalaemus albonotatus) with different susceptibilities to infection by the causative agent of chytridiomycosis, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereafter Bd). Methods We analyzed the in situ heart rate (fH - bpm), relative ventricular mass (RVM -%), and Ca2+ handling in heart of Bd infected animals compared to uninfected controls of both study species. Results Bd infection resulted in a 78% decrease in contraction force values in P. albonotatus when compared to the less susceptible X. laevis. This negative effect was even more evident (82%) for the cardiac pumping capacity. The time to reach peak tension was 125% longer in P. albonotatus than in X. laevis, and cardiac relaxation was 57% longer. Discussion These results indicate a delay in the cardiac cycle of P. albonotatus on a beat-to-beat basis, which was corroborated by the bradycardia observed in situ. In summary, Bd-sensitive species present impaired cardiac function, which could be a factor in mortality risk. The more pronounced effects of Bd in P. albonotatus may not only result from electrolyte imbalance, as previously reported, but also could be an effect of toxins produced by Bd. For X. laevis, the ability to promote cardiac adjustments seems to be an important homeostatic feature that allows greater tolerance to chytridiomycosis. This study provides new physiological mechanisms underlying the tolerance or susceptibility of amphibian species to chytridiomycosis, which determine their adaptability to survive in the affected environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel F Salla
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele M Rizzi-Possignolo
- Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Carolina Lambertini
- Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Domingos S Leite
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio C Abdalla
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas S Jenkinson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica Jones-Costa
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF ALFAXALONE AND PROPOFOL IN THE BULLFROG,LITHOBATES CATESBEIANUS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1638/2017-0152r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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