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Zhen J, Abuliken Y, Yan Y, Gao C, Jiang Z, Huang T, Le TTT, Xiang L, Li P, Xie J. Mycobacterium LacI-type Transcription Regulator Rv3575c Affects Host Innate Immunity by Regulating Bacterial mce4 Operon-Mediated Cholesterol Transport. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 39236267 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved a highly specialized system to snatch essential nutrients from its host, among which host-derived cholesterol has been established as one main carbon source for M. tuberculosis to survive within granulomas. The uptake, catabolism, and utilization of cholesterol are important for M. tuberculosis to sustain within the host largely via remodeling of the bacterial cell walls. However, the regulatory mechanism of cholesterol uptake and its impact on bacterium fate within infected hosts remain elusive. Here, we found that M. tuberculosis LacI-type transcription regulator Rv3575c negatively regulates its mce4 family gene transcription. Overexpression of Rv3575c impaired the utilization of cholesterol as the sole carbon source by Mycobacterium smegmatis, activating the host's innate immune response and triggering cell pyroptosis. The M. smegmatis homologue of Rv3575c MSMEG6044 knockout showed enhanced hydrophobicity and permeability of the cell wall and resistance to ethambutol, suppressed the host innate immune response to M. smegmatis, and promoted the survival of M. smegmatis in macrophages and infected mouse lungs, leading to reduced transcriptional levels of TNFα and IL-6. In summary, these data indicate a role of Rv3575c in the pathogenesis of mycobacteria and reveal the key function of Rv3575c in cholesterol transport in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zhen
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuerigu Abuliken
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaru Yan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaoyun Gao
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Thi Thu Thuy Le
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liying Xiang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
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2
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He W, Jiang M, Li Y, Ge X. Identification of the Major Facilitator Superfamily Efflux Pump KpsrMFS in Klebsiella pneumoniae That Is Down-Regulated in the Presence of Multi-Stress Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1466. [PMID: 38338743 PMCID: PMC10855805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps play important roles in bacterial detoxification and some of them are stress-response elements that are up-regulated when the host is treated with antibiotics. However, efflux pumps that are down-regulated by stimulations are rarely discovered. Herein, we analyzed multiple transcriptome data and discovered a special (Major Facilitator Superfamily) MFS efflux pump, KpsrMFS, from Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was down-regulated when treated with antibiotics or extra carbon sources. Interestingly, overexpression of kpsrmfs resulted in halted cell growth in normal conditions, while the viable cells were rarely affected. The function of KpsrMFS was further analyzed and this efflux pump was determined to be a proton-driven transporter that can reduce the intracellular tetracycline concentration. In normal conditions, the expression of kpsrmfs was at a low level, while artificial overexpression of it led to increased endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, by comparing the functions of adjacent genes of kpsrmfs, we further discovered another four genes that can confer similar phenotypes, indicating a special regulon that regulates cell growth. Our work provides new insights into the roles of efflux pumps and suggests a possible regulon that may regulate cell growth and endogenous ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Li
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
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3
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Fernandes GFS, Thompson AM, Castagnolo D, Denny WA, Dos Santos JL. Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Challenges and New Horizons. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7489-7531. [PMID: 35612311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 2000 years, tuberculosis (TB) has claimed more lives than any other infectious disease. In 2020 alone, TB was responsible for 1.5 million deaths worldwide, comparable to the 1.8 million deaths caused by COVID-19. The World Health Organization has stated that new TB drugs must be developed to end this pandemic. After decades of neglect in this field, a renaissance era of TB drug discovery has arrived, in which many novel candidates have entered clinical trials. However, while hundreds of molecules are reported annually as promising anti-TB agents, very few successfully progress to clinical development. In this Perspective, we critically review those anti-TB compounds published in the last 6 years that demonstrate good in vivo efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, we highlight the main challenges and strategies for developing new TB drugs and the current global pipeline of drug candidates in clinical studies to foment fresh research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800903, Brazil
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4
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Lata S, Mahatha AC, Mal S, Gupta UD, Kundu M, Basu J. Unravelling novel roles of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcription factor Rv0081 in regulation of the nucleoid-associated proteins Lsr2 and EspR, cholesterol utilization and subversion of lysosomal trafficking in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1104-1120. [PMID: 35304930 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional network of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is designed to enable the organism to withstand host-associated stresses and to exploit the host milieu for its own survival and multiplication. Rv0081 (MT0088) is a transcriptional regulator whose interplay with other gene regulatory proteins and role in enabling M. tuberculosis to thrive within its host is incompletely understood. M. tuberculosis utilizes cholesterol within the granuloma. We show that deletion of Rv0081 compromises the ability of M. tuberculosis to utilize cholesterol as sole carbon source, to subvert lysosomal trafficking, and to form granulomas in vitro. Rv0081 downregulates expression of the nucleoid associated repressor Lsr2, leading to increased expression of the cholesterol catabolism-linked gene kshA and genes of the cholesterol importing operon, accounting for the requirement of Rv0081 in cholesterol utilization. Further, Rv0081 activates EspR which is required for secretion of ESX-1 substrates, which in turn are involved in subversion of lysosomal traffickingof M. tuberculosisand granuloma expansion. These results provide new insight into the role of Rv0081 under conditions which resemble the environment encountered by M. tuberculosis within its host. Rv0081 emergesas a central regulator of genes linked to various pathways which are crucial for the survival of the bacterium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Lata
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Amar Chandra Mahatha
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Soumya Mal
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Umesh D Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India
| | - Manikuntala Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
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Yuan T, Werman JM, Yin X, Yang M, Garcia-Diaz M, Sampson NS. Enzymatic β-Oxidation of the Cholesterol Side Chain in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bifurcates Stereospecifically at Hydration of 3-Oxo-cholest-4,22-dien-24-oyl-CoA. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1739-1751. [PMID: 33826843 PMCID: PMC8204306 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The unique ability
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to utilize host
lipids such as cholesterol for survival, persistence,
and virulence has made the metabolic pathway of cholesterol an area
of great interest for therapeutics development. Herein, we identify
and characterize two genes from the Cho-region (genomic locus responsible
for cholesterol catabolism) of the Mtb genome, chsH3 (Rv3538) and chsB1 (Rv3502c). Their protein products
catalyze two sequential stereospecific hydration and dehydrogenation
steps in the β-oxidation of the cholesterol side chain. ChsH3
favors the 22S hydration of 3-oxo-cholest-4,22-dien-24-oyl-CoA
in contrast to the previously reported EchA19 (Rv3516), which catalyzes
formation of the (22R)-hydroxy-3-oxo-cholest-4-en-24-oyl-CoA
from the same enoyl-CoA substrate. ChsB1 is stereospecific and catalyzes
dehydrogenation of the ChsH3 product but not the EchA19 product. The
X-ray crystallographic structure of the ChsB1 apo-protein was determined
at a resolution of 2.03 Å, and the holo-enzyme with bound NAD+ cofactor was determined at a resolution of 2.21 Å. The
homodimeric structure is representative of a classical NAD+-utilizing short-chain type alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase, including
a Rossmann-fold motif, but exhibits a unique substrate binding site
architecture that is of greater length and width than its homologous
counterparts, likely to accommodate the bulky steroid substrate. Intriguingly,
Mtb utilizes hydratases from the MaoC-like family in sterol side-chain
catabolism in contrast to fatty acid β-oxidation in other species
that utilize the evolutionarily distinct crotonase family of hydratases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Joshua M. Werman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Xingyu Yin
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Miguel Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, United States
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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6
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Faletrov YV, Gilep KA, Falchevskaya AS, Horetski MS, Panada JV, Andrievskaya EV, Rudaya EV, Frolova NS, Brzostek A, Plocinska R, Shkumatov VM. In Silico Modeling of Isoniazid-Steroid Conjugates Interactions with Mycobacterial Cytochromes P450 and Their Bioconversion in Vitro by the Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750821020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Persistence of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens-With a Focus on the Metabolic Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:615450. [PMID: 33520740 PMCID: PMC7841308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.615450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence has evolved as a potent survival strategy to overcome adverse environmental conditions. This capability is common to almost all bacteria, including all human bacterial pathogens and likely connected to chronic infections caused by some of these pathogens. Although the majority of a bacterial cell population will be killed by the particular stressors, like antibiotics, oxygen and nitrogen radicals, nutrient starvation and others, a varying subpopulation (termed persisters) will withstand the stress situation and will be able to revive once the stress is removed. Several factors and pathways have been identified in the past that apparently favor the formation of persistence, such as various toxin/antitoxin modules or stringent response together with the alarmone (p)ppGpp. However, persistence can occur stochastically in few cells even of stress-free bacterial populations. Growth of these cells could then be induced by the stress conditions. In this review, we focus on the persister formation of human intracellular bacterial pathogens, some of which belong to the most successful persister producers but lack some or even all of the assumed persistence-triggering factors and pathways. We propose a mechanism for the persister formation of these bacterial pathogens which is based on their specific intracellular bipartite metabolism. We postulate that this mode of metabolism ultimately leads, under certain starvation conditions, to the stalling of DNA replication initiation which may be causative for the persister state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
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8
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Mobile loop dynamics in adenosyltransferase control binding and reactivity of coenzyme B 12. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30412-30422. [PMID: 33199623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007332117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin is a complex organometallic cofactor that is processed and targeted via a network of chaperones to its dependent enzymes. AdoCbl (5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin) is synthesized from cob(II)alamin in a reductive adenosylation reaction catalyzed by adenosyltransferase (ATR), which also serves as an escort, delivering AdoCbl to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM). The mechanism by which ATR signals that its cofactor cargo is ready (AdoCbl) or not [cob(II)alamin] for transfer to MCM, is not known. In this study, we have obtained crystallographic snapshots that reveal ligand-induced ordering of the N terminus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATR, which organizes a dynamic cobalamin binding site and exerts exquisite control over coordination geometry, reactivity, and solvent accessibility. Cob(II)alamin binds with its dimethylbenzimidazole tail splayed into a side pocket and its corrin ring buried. The cosubstrate, ATP, enforces a four-coordinate cob(II)alamin geometry, facilitating the unfavorable reduction to cob(I)alamin. The binding mode for AdoCbl is notably different from that of cob(II)alamin, with the dimethylbenzimidazole tail tucked under the corrin ring, displacing the N terminus of ATR, which is disordered. In this solvent-exposed conformation, AdoCbl undergoes facile transfer to MCM. The importance of the tail in cofactor handover from ATR to MCM is revealed by the failure of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobinamide, lacking the tail, to transfer. In the absence of MCM, ATR induces a sacrificial cobalt-carbon bond homolysis reaction in an unusual reversal of the heterolytic chemistry that was deployed to make the same bond. The data support an important role for the dimethylbenzimidazole tail in moving the cobalamin cofactor between active sites.
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9
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Faletrov YV, Gilep KA, Falchevskaya AS, Horetski MS, Panada JV, Andrievskaya EV, Rudaya EV, Frolova NS, Brzostek A, Plocinska R, Shkumatov VM. [In silico modeling of izoniazid-steroid conjugates interactions with cytochromes P450 of mycobacteria and their bioconversion in vitro by the cells]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:378-385. [PMID: 33140731 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206605378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular docking of four hydrazones of isoniazid with steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone, 16α,17α-epoxypregnenolone, cholestenone) - IDHEA, IPRE, IEP5, ICHN, to mycobacterial cytochromes P450 was performed. The in silico study has shown than these hydrazones can be effectively bound to CYP121, CYP124, CYP125, CYP126A1, CYP130, and CYP51 with binding energy ranged from -9 kcal/mol to -12 kcal/mol. Calculations also demonstrated enhancement of passive lipid bilayer permeability with respect to isoniazid. In vitro IDHEA, IPRE, IEPR were found to undergo bioconversion into their 3-keto-4-en derivatives. This suggests their ability to penetrate into M. tuberculosis H37Rv cells. The results of this study are important in the context of understanding of specificity of binding of synthetic steroid derivatives to mycobacterial CYPs and indicate the possibility of using the steroid compounds studied by us as new ligands for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Faletrov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus; Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - K A Gilep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A S Falchevskaya
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - M S Horetski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus; Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - J V Panada
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus; Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - E V Andrievskaya
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - E V Rudaya
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - N S Frolova
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A Brzostek
- Institute for Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - R Plocinska
- Institute for Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - V M Shkumatov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus; Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
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10
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Bonds AC, Yuan T, Werman JM, Jang J, Lu R, Nesbitt NM, Garcia-Diaz M, Sampson NS. Post-translational Succinylation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Enoyl-CoA Hydratase EchA19 Slows Catalytic Hydration of Cholesterol Catabolite 3-Oxo-chol-4,22-diene-24-oyl-CoA. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2214-2224. [PMID: 32649175 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major carbon source for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during infection, and cholesterol utilization plays a significant role in persistence and virulence within host macrophages. Elucidating the mechanism by which cholesterol is degraded may permit the identification of new therapeutic targets. Here, we characterized EchA19 (Rv3516), an enoyl-CoA hydratase involved in cholesterol side-chain catabolism. Steady-state kinetics assays demonstrated that EchA19 preferentially hydrates cholesterol enoyl-CoA metabolite 3-oxo-chol-4,22-diene-24-oyl-CoA, an intermediate of side-chain β-oxidation. In addition, succinyl-CoA, a downstream catabolite of propionyl-CoA that forms during cholesterol degradation, covalently modifies targeted mycobacterial proteins, including EchA19. Inspection of a 1.9 Å resolution X-ray crystallography structure of Mtb EchA19 suggests that succinylation of Lys132 and Lys139 may perturb enzymatic activity by modifying the entrance to the substrate binding site. Treatment of EchA19 with succinyl-CoA revealed that these two residues are hotspots for succinylation. Replacement of these specific lysine residues with negatively charged glutamate reduced the rate of catalytic hydration of 3-oxo-chol-4,22-diene-24-oyl-CoA by EchA19, as does succinylation of EchA19. Our findings suggest that succinylation is a negative feedback regulator of cholesterol metabolism, thereby adding another layer of complexity to Mtb physiology in the host. These regulatory pathways are potential noncatabolic targets for antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber C. Bonds
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Joshua M. Werman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Jungwon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Natasha M. Nesbitt
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Miguel Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
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11
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Potential anti-TB investigational compounds and drugs with repurposing potential in TB therapy: a conspectus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5633-5662. [PMID: 32372202 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The latest WHO report estimates about 1.6 million global deaths annually from TB, which is further exacerbated by drug-resistant (DR) TB and comorbidities with diabetes and HIV. Exiguous dosing, incomplete treatment course, and the ability of the tuberculosis bacilli to tolerate and survive current first-line and second-line anti-TB drugs, in either their latent state or active state, has resulted in an increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR-TB). Although a better understanding of the TB microanatomy, genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, has resulted in the discovery of a few novel promising anti-TB drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers of late, no new anti-TB drug candidates have been approved for routine therapy in over 50 years, with only bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid recently receiving tentative regulatory approval. Considering this, alternative approaches for identifying possible new anti-TB drug candidates, for effectively eradicating both replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are still urgently required. Subsequently, several antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs with known treatment indications (TB targeted and non-TB targeted) are now being repurposed and/or derivatized as novel antibiotics for possible use in TB therapy. Insights gathered here reveal that more studies focused on drug-drug interactions between licensed and potential lead anti-TB drug candidates need to be prioritized. This write-up encapsulates the most recent findings regarding investigational compounds with promising anti-TB potential and drugs with repurposing potential in TB therapy.
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12
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Cox JAG, Taylor RC, Brown AK, Attoe S, Besra GS, Fütterer K. Crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis FadB2 implicated in mycobacterial β-oxidation. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:101-108. [PMID: 30644849 PMCID: PMC6333283 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318017242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, which is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The survival of M. tuberculosis in host macrophages through long-lasting periods of persistence depends, in part, on breaking down host cell lipids as a carbon source. The critical role of fatty-acid catabolism in this organism is underscored by the extensive redundancy of the genes implicated in β-oxidation (∼100 genes). In a previous study, the enzymology of the M. tuberculosis L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase FadB2 was characterized. Here, the crystal structure of this enzyme in a ligand-free form is reported at 2.1 Å resolution. FadB2 crystallized as a dimer with three unique dimer copies per asymmetric unit. The structure of the monomer reveals a dual Rossmann-fold motif in the N-terminal domain, while the helical C-terminal domain mediates dimer formation. Comparison with the CoA- and NAD+-bound human orthologue mitochondrial hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase shows extensive conservation of the residues that mediate substrate and cofactor binding. Superposition with the multi-catalytic homologue M. tuberculosis FadB, which forms a trifunctional complex with the thiolase FadA, indicates that FadB has developed structural features that prevent its self-association as a dimer. Conversely, FadB2 is unable to substitute for FadB in the tetrameric FadA-FadB complex as it lacks the N-terminal hydratase domain of FadB. Instead, FadB2 may functionally (or physically) associate with the enoyl-CoA hydratase EchA8 and the thiolases FadA2, FadA3, FadA4 or FadA6 as suggested by interrogation of the STRING protein-network database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. G. Cox
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
| | - Rebecca C. Taylor
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
| | - Alistair K. Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
| | - Samuel Attoe
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
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