1
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Long MJC, Aye Y. Climbing into their Skin to Understand Contextual Protein-Protein Associations and Localizations: Functional Investigations in Transgenic Live Model Organisms. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400005. [PMID: 38511872 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Borrowing some quotes from Harper Lee's novel "To Kill A Mockingbird" to help frame our manuscript, we discuss methods to profile local proteomes. We initially focus on chemical biology regimens that function in live organisms and use reactive biotin species for this purpose. We then consider ways to add new dimensions to these experimental regimens, principally by releasing less reactive (i. e., more selective) (preter)natural electrophiles. Although electrophile release methods may have lower resolution and label fewer proteins than biotinylation methods, their ability to probe simultaneously protein function and locale raises new and interesting possibilities for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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2
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Lawer A, Schulz L, Sawyer R, Liu X. Harmony of Protein Tags and Chimeric Molecules Empowers Targeted Protein Ubiquitination and Beyond. Cells 2024; 13:426. [PMID: 38474390 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial mechanisms that underlie the intricacies of biological systems and disease mechanisms. This review focuses on the latest advancements in the design of heterobifunctional small molecules that hijack PTM machineries for target-specific modifications in living systems. A key innovation in this field is the development of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which promote the ubiquitination of target proteins for proteasomal degradation. The past decade has seen several adaptations of the PROTAC concept to facilitate targeted (de)phosphorylation and acetylation. Protein fusion tags have been particularly vital in these proof-of-concept studies, aiding in the investigation of the functional roles of post-translationally modified proteins linked to diseases. This overview delves into protein-tagging strategies that enable the targeted modulation of ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and acetylation, emphasizing the synergies and challenges of integrating heterobifunctional molecules with protein tags in PTM research. Despite significant progress, many PTMs remain to be explored, and protein tag-assisted PTM-inducing chimeras will continue to play an important role in understanding the fundamental roles of protein PTMs and in exploring the therapeutic potential of manipulating protein modifications, particularly for targets not yet addressed by existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggie Lawer
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Luke Schulz
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Renata Sawyer
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Xuyu Liu
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
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3
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Huang KT, Poganik JR, Parvez S, Raja S, Miller B, Long MJC, Fetcho JR, Aye Y. Z-REX: shepherding reactive electrophiles to specific proteins expressed tissue specifically or ubiquitously, and recording the resultant functional electrophile-induced redox responses in larval fish. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1379-1415. [PMID: 37020146 PMCID: PMC11150335 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
This Protocol Extension describes the adaptation of an existing Protocol detailing the use of targetable reactive electrophiles and oxidants, an on-demand redox targeting toolset in cultured cells. The adaptation described here is for use of reactive electrophiles and oxidants technologies in live zebrafish embryos (Z-REX). Zebrafish embryos expressing a Halo-tagged protein of interest (POI)-either ubiquitously or tissue specifically-are treated with a HaloTag-specific small-molecule probe housing a photocaged reactive electrophile (either natural electrophiles or synthetic electrophilic drug-like fragments). The reactive electrophile is then photouncaged at a user-defined time, enabling proximity-assisted electrophile-modification of the POI. Functional and phenotypic ramifications of POI-specific modification can then be monitored, by coupling to standard downstream assays, such as click chemistry-based POI-labeling and target-occupancy quantification; immunofluorescence or live imaging; RNA-sequencing and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of downstream-transcript modulations. Transient expression of requisite Halo-POI in zebrafish embryos is achieved by messenger RNA injection. Procedures associated with generation of transgenic zebrafish expressing a tissue-specific Halo-POI are also described. The Z-REX experiments can be completed in <1 week using standard techniques. To successfully execute Z-REX, researchers should have basic skills in fish husbandry, imaging and pathway analysis. Experience with protein or proteome manipulation is useful. This Protocol Extension is aimed at helping chemical biologists study precision redox events in a model organism and fish biologists perform redox chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ting Huang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesse R Poganik
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sruthi Raja
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian Miller
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Fetcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Van Hall-Beauvais A, Poganik JR, Huang KT, Parvez S, Zhao Y, Lin HY, Liu X, Long MJC, Aye Y. Z-REX uncovers a bifurcation in function of Keap1 paralogs. eLife 2022; 11:e83373. [PMID: 36300632 PMCID: PMC9754640 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying electrophile signaling is marred by difficulties in parsing changes in pathway flux attributable to on-target, vis-à-vis off-target, modifications. By combining bolus dosing, knockdown, and Z-REX-a tool investigating on-target/on-pathway electrophile signaling, we document that electrophile labeling of one zebrafish-Keap1-paralog (zKeap1b) stimulates Nrf2- driven antioxidant response (AR) signaling (like the human-ortholog). Conversely, zKeap1a is a dominant-negative regulator of electrophile-promoted Nrf2-signaling, and itself is nonpermissive for electrophile-induced Nrf2-upregulation. This behavior is recapitulated in human cells: (1) zKeap1b-expressing cells are permissive for augmented AR-signaling through reduced zKeap1b-Nrf2 binding following whole-cell electrophile treatment; (2) zKeap1a-expressing cells are non-permissive for AR-upregulation, as zKeap1a-Nrf2 binding capacity remains unaltered upon whole-cell electrophile exposure; (3) 1:1 ZKeap1a:zKeap1b-co-expressing cells show no Nrf2-release from the Keap1-complex following whole-cell electrophile administration, rendering these cells unable to upregulate AR. We identified a zKeap1a-specific point-mutation (C273I) responsible for zKeap1a's behavior during electrophilic stress. Human-Keap1(C273I), of known diminished Nrf2-regulatory capacity, dominantly muted electrophile-induced Nrf2-signaling. These studies highlight divergent and interdependent electrophile signaling behaviors, despite conserved electrophile sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse R Poganik
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kuan-Ting Huang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | - Hong-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Xuyu Liu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- School of Chemistry, The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
- The Heart Research Institute, NewtownNewtownAustralia
| | - Marcus John Curtis Long
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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5
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Poganik JR, Huang KT, Parvez S, Zhao Y, Raja S, Long MJC, Aye Y. Wdr1 and cofilin are necessary mediators of immune-cell-specific apoptosis triggered by Tecfidera. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5736. [PMID: 34593792 PMCID: PMC8484674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the emerging importance of reactive electrophilic drugs, deconvolution of their principal targets remains difficult. The lack of genetic tractability/interventions and reliance on secondary validation using other non-specific compounds frequently complicate the earmarking of individual binders as functionally- or phenotypically-sufficient pathway regulators. Using a redox-targeting approach to interrogate how on-target binding of pleiotropic electrophiles translates to a phenotypic output in vivo, we here systematically track the molecular components attributable to innate immune cell toxicity of the electrophilic-drug dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera®). In a process largely independent of canonical Keap1/Nrf2-signaling, Keap1-specific modification triggers mitochondrial-targeted neutrophil/macrophage apoptosis. On-target Keap1–ligand-engagement is accompanied by dissociation of Wdr1 from Keap1 and subsequent coordination with cofilin, intercepting Bax. This phagocytic-specific cell-killing program is recapitulated by whole-animal administration of dimethyl fumarate, where individual depletions of the players identified above robustly suppress apoptosis. The mechanism-of-action of many electrohilic drugs remains poorly understood. Here, the authors use a redox-targeting approach to elucidate the basis for the innate immune cell toxicity of dimethyl fumarate, showing that it modifies Keap1 to trigger mitochondrial-targeted neutrophil/macrophage apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Poganik
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kuan-Ting Huang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory (SZBL), Guangdong, China
| | - Sruthi Raja
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Abstract
CoVID-19 is a multi-symptomatic disease which has made a global impact due to its ability to spread rapidly, and its relatively high mortality rate. Beyond the heroic efforts to develop vaccines, which we do not discuss herein, the response of scientists and clinicians to this complex problem has reflected the need to detect CoVID-19 rapidly, to diagnose patients likely to show adverse symptoms, and to treat severe and critical CoVID-19. Here we aim to encapsulate these varied and sometimes conflicting approaches and the resulting data in terms of chemistry and biology. In the process we highlight emerging concepts, and potential future applications that may arise out of this immense effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
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7
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Guan I, Williams K, Pan J, Liu X. New Cysteine Covalent Modification Strategies Enable Advancement of Proteome‐wide Selectivity of Kinase Modulators. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Guan
- School of Chemistry The Heart Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Kayla Williams
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Jolyn Pan
- Faculty of Science & Engineering The University of Waikato 124 Hillcrest Road, Hillcrest Hamilton 3216 New Zealand
| | - Xuyu Liu
- School of Chemistry The Heart Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
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8
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Long MJC, Rogg C, Aye Y. An Oculus to Profile and Probe Target Engagement In Vivo: How T-REX Was Born and Its Evolution into G-REX. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:618-631. [PMID: 33228351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide a personal account of innovation and design principles underpinning a method to interrogate precision electrophile signaling that has come to be known as "REX technologies". This Account is framed in the context of trying to improve methods of target mining and understanding of individual target-ligand engagement by a specific natural electrophile and the ramifications of this labeling event in cells and organisms. We start by explaining from a practical standpoint why gleaning such understanding is critical: we are constantly assailed by a battery of electrophilic molecules that exist as a consequence of diet, food preparation, ineluctable endogenous metabolic processes, and potentially disease. The resulting molecules, which are detectable in the body, appear to be able to modify function of specific proteins. Aside from potentially being biologically relevant in their own right, these labeling events are essentially identical to protein-covalent drug interactions. Thus, on what proteins and even in what ways a covalent drug will work can be understood through the eyes of natural electrophiles; extending this logic leads to the postulate that target identification of specific electrophiles can inform on drug design. However, when we entered this field, there was no way to interrogate how a specific labeling event impacted a specific protein in an unperturbed cell. Methods to evaluate stoichiometry of labeling, and even chemospecificity of a specific phenotype were limited. There were further no generally accepted ways to study electrophile signaling that did not hugely disturb physiology.We developed T-REX, a method to study single-protein-specific electrophile engagement, to interrogate how single-protein electrophile labeling shapes pathway flux. Using T-REX, we discovered that labeling of several proteins by a specific electrophile, even at low occupancy, leads to biologically relevant signaling outputs. Further experimentation using T-REX showed that in some instances, single-protein isoforms were electrophile responsive against other isoforms, such as Akt3. Selective electrophile-labeling of Akt3 elicited inhibition of Akt-pathway flux in cells and in zebrafish embryos. Using these data, we rationally designed a molecule to selectively target Akt3. This was a fusion of the naturally derived electrophile and an isoform-nonspecific, reversible Akt inhibitor in phase-II trials, MK-2206. The resulting molecule was a selective inhibitor of Akt3 and was shown to fare better than MK-2206 in breast cancer xenograft mouse models. Recently, we have also developed a means to screen electrophile sensors that is unbiased and uses a precise burst of electrophiles. Using this method, dubbed G-REX, in conjunction with T-REX, we discovered new DNA-damage response upregulation pathways orchestrated by simple natural electrophiles. We thus emphasize how deriving a quantitative understanding of electrophile signaling that is linked to thorough and precise mechanistic studies can open doors to numerous medicinally and biologically relevant insights, from gleaning better understanding of target engagement and target mining to rational design of targeted covalent medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Rogg
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yimon Aye
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Liu X, Long MJC, Hopkins BD, Luo C, Wang L, Aye Y. Precision Targeting of pten-Null Triple-Negative Breast Tumors Guided by Electrophilic Metabolite Sensing. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:892-902. [PMID: 32607436 PMCID: PMC7318068 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Off-target effects continue to impede disease interventions, particularly when targeting a specific protein within a family of similar proteins, such as kinase isoforms that play tumor-subtype-specific roles in cancers. Exploiting the specific electrophilic-metabolite-sensing capability of Akt3, versus moderate or no sensing, respectively, by Akt2 and Akt1, we describe a first-in-class functionally Akt3-selective covalent inhibitor [MK-H(F)NE], wherein the electrophilic core is derived from the native reactive lipid metabolite HNE. Mechanistic profiling and pathway interrogations point to retention of the metabolite's structure-as opposed to implicit electrophilicity-as being essential for biasing isoform preference, which we found translates to tumor-subtype specificity against pten-null triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). MK-H(F)NE further enables novel downstream target identification specific to Akt3-function in disease. In TNBC xenografts, MK-H(F)NE fares better than reversible pan-Akt-inhibitors and does not show commonly observed side-effects associated with Akt1-inhibition. Inhibitors derived from native-metabolite sensing are thus an enabling plan-of-action for unmasking kinase-isoform-biased molecular targets and tumor-subtype-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Liu
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The
Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Hopkins
- Department
of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Chaosheng Luo
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lingxi Wang
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Long MJC, Zhao Y, Aye Y. Neighborhood watch: tools for defining locale-dependent subproteomes and their contextual signaling activities. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:42-55. [PMID: 34458747 PMCID: PMC8341840 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient associations between numerous organelles-e.g., the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria-forge highly-coordinated, particular environments essential for cross-compartment information flow. Our perspective summarizes chemical-biology tools that have enabled identifying proteins present within these itinerant communities against the bulk proteome, even when a particular protein's presence is fleeting/substoichiometric. However, proteins resident at these ephemeral junctions also experience transitory changes to their interactomes, small-molecule signalomes, and, importantly, functions. Thus, a thorough census of sub-organellar communities necessitates functionally probing context-dependent signaling properties of individual protein-players. Our perspective accordingly further discusses how repurposing of existing tools could allow us to glean a functional understanding of protein-specific signaling activities altered as a result of organelles pulling together. Collectively, our perspective strives to usher new chemical-biology techniques that could, in turn, open doors to modulate functions of specific subproteomes/organellar junctions underlying the nuanced regulatory subsystem broadly termed as contactology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhao
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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11
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Poganik JR, Van Hall-Beauvais AK, Long MJC, Disare MT, Zhao Y, Aye Y. The mRNA-Binding Protein HuR Is a Kinetically-Privileged Electrophile Sensor. Helv Chim Acta 2020; 103. [PMID: 34113045 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The key mRNA-binding proteins HuR and AUF1 are reported stress sensors in mammals. Intrigued by recent reports of sensitivity of these proteins to the electrophilic lipid prostaglandin A2 and other redox signals, we here examined their sensing abilities to a prototypical redox-linked lipid-derived electrophile, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Leveraging our T-REX electrophile delivery platform, we found that only HuR, and not AUF1, is a kinetically-privileged sensor of HNE in HEK293T cells, and sensing functions through a specific cysteine, C13. Cells depleted of HuR, upon treatment with HNE, manifest unique alterations in cell viability and Nrf2-transcription-factor-driven antioxidant response (AR), which our recent work shows is regulated by HuR at the Nrf2-mRNA level. Mutagenesis studies showed that C13-specific sensing alone is not sufficient to explain HuR-dependent stress responsivities, further highlighting a complex context-dependent layer of Nrf2/AR regulation through HuR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Poganik
- Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne.,Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853 New York, United States
| | - Alexandra K Van Hall-Beauvais
- Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne
| | - Marcus J C Long
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853 New York, United States
| | - Michael T Disare
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853 New York, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne
| | - Yimon Aye
- Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne
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12
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Ponomaryov DV, Grigorʼeva LR, Nemtarev AV, Tsepaeva OV, Mironov VF, Gnezdilov OI, Antipin IS. 3,28-Diacetoxylup-20(29)-ene-30-oic Acid and Its ω-Bromoalkyl
Esters. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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