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Rajagopalan A, Narasimhan S. Do lipases and amylases of an endangered Indian carp Hypselobarbus pulchellus play a role in visceral fat dynamics; evidence of in vitro macromolecular interactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132822. [PMID: 38830493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Fat depots or triglycerides are hydrolysed by the action of lipases in fish to be used for energy and/or for growth and reproduction. In herbivores fishes, de novo synthesis of lipids from non- lipid substrates (glucose) leads to fat deposits and/or fatty infiltration in organs especially on ovaries limiting its normal functions. This study was aimed to understand lipases from the digestive tract (DT) of adult Hypselobarbus pulchellus of different sizes, their partial purification, characterisation and their isozymes. In-vitro hydrolysis study on interaction of carbohydrate with proteins was evaluated to establish specific protein selection that combat undue glucose release. Results of the study identified four lipase isoenzymes of ~ mol. wt 19.88, 24.29, 32.86, 54.56 kDa with optimal pH of 3.5 and 8, pH stability between pH 5.5-10; optimal temperature at 35 °C and heat stability between 35 and 45 °C. Characterisation studies indicated presence of thiol group in their active site and Ca, Na and Zn ions activated lipase activity. Rice bran as carbohydrate source when used along with azolla (plant protein) and fish meal (animal protein) may combat undue release of excess glucose that leads to visceral fat formation in H. pulchellus as assessed from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Rajagopalan
- Regional Research Centre of ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Hesserghatta Lake Post, Bangalore, India
| | - Sridhar Narasimhan
- Regional Research Centre of ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Hesserghatta Lake Post, Bangalore, India.
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Panserat S, Plagnes-Juan E, Gazzola E, Palma M, Magnoni LJ, Marandel L, Viegas I. Hepatic Glycerol Metabolism-Related Genes in Carnivorous Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): Insights Into Molecular Characteristics, Ontogenesis, and Nutritional Regulation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:882. [PMID: 32848841 PMCID: PMC7413064 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol metabolism in rainbow trout is poorly studied even though it is at the interface between lipid and glucose metabolism. Moreover, glycerol can be an important ingredient in new aquafeed formulation to decrease the catabolism of dietary amino acids. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize for the first time the different genes coding for key enzymes and proteins involved in hepatic glycerol metabolism. From the trout genomes, all the paralogous genes coding for glycerol transport (aqp9b), glycerol kinase (gk2a and gk5), glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase (pgp), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd1a, gpd1b, and gpd1c) were identified. The ontogenesis determined that the capacity to metabolize glycerol begins with the apparition of the liver during the development (stage 22) and are more expressed at the endogenous–exogenous feeding period (stage 35). The postprandial regulation of the expression of these genes in juvenile trout showed that the postprandial peak of expression is between 4 and 24 h after the last meal for many of the genes, demonstrating that glycerol metabolism could be nutritionally regulated at a molecular level. However, surprisingly, no regulation of the mRNA abundance for the glycerol metabolism-related genes by different levels of dietary glycerol (0, 2.5, and 5%) have been detected, showing that hepatic glycerol metabolism is poorly regulated at a molecular level by dietary glycerol in rainbow trout juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Panserat
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NuMéA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Elisabeth Plagnes-Juan
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NuMéA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Elsa Gazzola
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NuMéA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Mariana Palma
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonardo J Magnoni
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lucie Marandel
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NuMéA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Ivan Viegas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Palma M, Trenkner LH, Rito J, Tavares LC, Silva E, Glencross BD, Jones JG, Wade NM, Viegas I. Limitations to Starch Utilization in Barramundi ( Lates calcarifer) as Revealed by NMR-Based Metabolomics. Front Physiol 2020; 11:205. [PMID: 32265728 PMCID: PMC7098972 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical diets for commercial barramundi production rarely contain greater than 10% starch, used mainly as a binding agent during extrusion. Alternative ingredients such as digestible starch have shown some capacity to spare dietary protein catabolism to generate glucose. In the present study, a carnivorous fish species, the Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) was subjected to two diets with the same digestible energy: Protein (P) – with high protein content (no digestible starch); and Starch (S) – with high digestible (pregelatinized) starch content. The effects of a high starch content diet on hepatic glycogen synthesis as well as the muscle and liver metabolome were studied using a complementary approach of 1H and 2H NMR. The hepatosomatic index was lower for fish fed high starch content diet while the concentration of hepatic glycogen was similar between groups. However, increased glycogen synthesis via the direct pathway was observed in the fish fed high starch content diet which is indicative of increased carbohydrate utilization. Multivariate analysis also showed differences between groups in the metabolome of both tissues. Univariate analysis revealed more variations in liver than in muscle of fish fed high starch content diet. Variations in metabolome were generally in agreement with the increase in the glycogen synthesis through direct pathway, however, this metabolic shift seemed to be insufficient to keep the growth rate as ensured by the diet with high protein content. Although liver glycogen does not make up a substantial quantity of total stored dietary energy in carnivorous fish, it is a key regulatory intermediate in dietary energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Palma
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lauren H Trenkner
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - João Rito
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ludgero C Tavares
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Brett D Glencross
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John G Jones
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nicholas M Wade
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ivan Viegas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) are a highly valued aquaculture species, and, as obligate carnivores, they have a demonstrated preference for dietary protein over lipid or starch to fuel energetic growth demands. In order to investigate how carnivorous fish regulate nutritional cues, we examined the metabolic effects of feeding two isoenergetic diets that contained different proportions of digestible protein or starch energy. Fish fed a high proportion of dietary starch energy had a higher proportion of liver SFA, but showed no change in plasma glucose levels, and few changes in the expression of genes regulating key hepatic metabolic pathways. Decreased activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin growth signalling cascade was consistent with decreased growth performance values. The fractional synthetic rate (lipogenesis), measured by TAG 2H-enrichment using 2H NMR, was significantly higher in barramundi fed with the starch diet compared with the protein diet (0·6 (se 0·1) v. 0·4 (se 0·1) % per d, respectively). Hepatic TAG-bound glycerol synthetic rates were much higher than other closely related fish such as sea bass, but were not significantly different (starch, 2·8 (se 0·3) v. protein, 3·4 (se 0·3) % per d), highlighting the role of glycerol as a metabolic intermediary and high TAG-FA cycling in barramundi. Overall, dietary starch significantly increased hepatic TAG through increased lipogenesis. Compared with other fish, barramundi possess a unique mechanism to metabolise dietary carbohydrates and this knowledge may define ways to improve performance of advanced formulated feeds.
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Introduction to the XIIIth ICBF conference special issue. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 236:110519. [PMID: 31255804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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