1
|
Huth SE, Tampellini N, Guerrero MD, Miller SJ. Catalytic Enantioselective Sulfoxidation of Functionalized Thioethers Mediated by Aspartic Acid-Containing Peptides. Org Lett 2024; 26:6872-6877. [PMID: 39102356 PMCID: PMC11329351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
A peptide-catalyzed enantioselective oxidation of sulfides to yield pharmaceutically relevant chiral sulfoxides is reported. Experimental evidence suggesting that a hydrogen bond-donating moiety must be present in the substrate to achieve high levels of enantioinduction is supported by computational modeling of transition states. These models also indicate that dual points of contact between the peptidic catalyst and substrate are likely responsible for the formation of one desired sulfoxide in 94:6 er.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah E. Huth
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Nicolò Tampellini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Maria D. Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Gonzalo G, Coto-Cid JM, Lončar N, Fraaije MW. Asymmetric Sulfoxidations Catalyzed by Bacterial Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases. Molecules 2024; 29:3474. [PMID: 39124879 PMCID: PMC11313838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenase from Methylophaga sp. (mFMO) was previously discovered to be a valuable biocatalyst used to convert small amines, such as trimethylamine, and various indoles. As FMOs are also known to act on sulfides, we explored mFMO and some mutants thereof for their ability to convert prochiral aromatic sulfides. We included a newly identified thermostable FMO obtained from the bacterium Nitrincola lacisaponensis (NiFMO). The FMOs were found to be active with most tested sulfides, forming chiral sulfoxides with moderate-to-high enantioselectivity. Each enzyme variant exhibited a different enantioselective behavior. This shows that small changes in the substrate binding pocket of mFMO influence selectivity, representing a tunable biocatalyst for enantioselective sulfoxidations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Juan M. Coto-Cid
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Nikola Lončar
- Gecco Biotech B.V., Zernikepark 6-8, 9747AN Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Serviou SK, Gkizis PL, Sánchez DP, Plassais N, Gohier F, Cabanetos C, Kokotos CG. Expanding the Use of Benzothioxanthene Imides to Photochemistry: Eco-Friendly Aerobic Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400903. [PMID: 38867402 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The sulfoxide moiety is one of the most commonly utilized groups in pharmaceutical and industrial chemistry. The need for sustainability and easy accessibility to sulfoxide moieties is deemed necessary, due to its ubiquity in natural products and potentially pharmaceutically active compounds. In this context, we report herein a sustainable, aerobic and environmentally friendly photochemical protocol based on the use of a benzothioxathene imide as the photocatalyst to selectively oxidize sulfides under mild irradiation (456 nm), in very low catalyst loading (0.01 mol %) and on water. In addition, to demonstrate the compatibility of our protocol with wide scope of substrates, the latter was successfully applied to the synthesis of the biologically-active Sulforaphane and Modafinil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis K Serviou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nathan Plassais
- CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR-MATRIX, F-49000, Angers, France
- Department of Physics, University of Seoul, 02504, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin X, Jia S, Ye H, He P, You L. Neighboring Effects of Sulfur Oxidation State on Dynamic Covalent Bonds and Assemblies. Org Lett 2024; 26:3640-3645. [PMID: 38635892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The impact of a varied sulfur oxidation state (sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone) on imine dynamic covalent chemistry is presented. The role of noncovalent interactions, including chalcogen bonds and CH hydrogen bonds, on aldehyde/imine structures and imine exchange reactions was elucidated through experimental and computational evidence. The change in the sulfur oxidation state and diamine linkage further allowed the regulation of imine macrocycles, providing a platform for controlling molecular assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuaipeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hebo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hayashi M, Burtoloso ACB. Synthesis of gem-Difluorinated Keto-Sulfoxides from Sulfoxonium Ylides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400108. [PMID: 38318729 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic molecules containing fluorine and sulfur atoms represent a large percentage of approved pharmaceuticals. Those with combination of both S and F atoms in their structure such as Xtandi, approved in 2012 for prostate cancer, indicates the importance of synthetic methods that accommodates both atoms in an organic moiety. In this study, a novel aspect of sulfoxonium ylide reactivity was explored, unveiling a streamlined and mild synthesis method for gem-difluorinated keto-sulfoxides. Our protocol offers a direct and practical approach to prepare these compounds in 14-80 % chemical yields, that were represented by 21 examples. NMR studies and Hammett correlations gave strong evidence about the mechanism of this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Hayashi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo CEP, SP-13563-120, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Antonio C B Burtoloso
- Department of Physical Chemistry, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo CEP, SP-13563-120, São Carlos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gunasekera S, Pryyma A, Jung J, Greenwood R, Patrick BO, Perrin DM. Diphenylphosphinylhydroxylamine (DPPH) Affords Late-Stage S-imination to access free-NH Sulfilimines and Sulfoximines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314906. [PMID: 38289976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Sulfilimines, as potential aza-isosteres of sulfoxides, are valued as building blocks, auxiliaries, ligands, bioconjugation handles, and as precursors to versatile S(VI) scaffolds including sulfoximines and sulfondiimines. Here, we report a thioether imination methodology that exploits O-(diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxyl amine (DPPH). Under mild, metal-free, and biomolecule-compatible conditions, DPPH enables late-stage S-imination on peptides, natural products, and a clinically trialled drug, and shows both excellent chemoselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. This methodological report is extended to an efficient and high-yielding one-pot reaction for accessing free-NH sulfoximines with diverse substrates including ones of potential clinical importance. In the presence of a rhodium catalyst, sulfoxides are S-iminated in higher yields to afford free-NH sulfoximines. S-imination was validated on an oxidatively delicate amatoxin to give sulfilimine and sulfoximine congeners. Interestingly, these new sulfilimine and sulfoximine-amatoxins show cytotoxicity. This method is further extended to create sulfilimine and sulfoximine-Fulvestrant and buthionine analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanal Gunasekera
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Alla Pryyma
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Jimin Jung
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Rebekah Greenwood
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chetty LC, Kruger HG, Arvidsson PI, Naicker T, Govender T. Investigating the efficacy of green solvents and solvent-free conditions in hydrogen-bonding mediated organocatalyzed model reactions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7992-7998. [PMID: 38454950 PMCID: PMC10918449 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00679h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have delved into various reactions conducted using green solvents or under solvent-free conditions, employing hydrogen bonding organocatalysis to advance more sustainable practices in chemical synthesis. The outcomes suggest that cyclopentyl methyl ether could potentially replace non-polar organic solvents such as hexane and toluene with comparable enantioselectivity and yields. The non-polar nature of liquefied or supercritical CO2 restricts its application to reactions that require non-polar solvents. Furthermore, pursuing solvent-free conditions, even without liquid substrates, might result in similar conversion rates with reduced catalyst loading. These findings highlight the potential of exploring solvent-free conditions when enantioselectivity is not of concern. Based on the results, solvent-free conditions and bio-based solvents can serve as viable alternatives to conventional organic solvents without compromising performance. This is expected to influence the way chemists approach reaction optimisation within method development in the field, fostering a broader adoption of environmentally friendly approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd C Chetty
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Per I Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery & Development Platform & Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3886 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu D, Robin S, Gloaguen E, Brenner V, Mons M, Aitken DJ. Effects of sulfoxide and sulfone sidechain-backbone hydrogen bonding on local conformations in peptide models. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2074-2077. [PMID: 38293794 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05933b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We examine peptide model systems designed to probe short-range N-H⋯OS sidechain-backbone hydrogen bonding involving amino acid residues with sidechain sulfoxide or sulfone functional groups and its effects on local conformations. A strong 7-membered ring hydrogen bond of this type accompanies an intra-residue N-H⋯OC interaction and stabilizes an extended backbone conformation in preference to classical folded structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Liu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ICMMO, Orsay 91400, France.
| | - Sylvie Robin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ICMMO, Orsay 91400, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Eric Gloaguen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ISMO, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Valérie Brenner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, DRF, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Michel Mons
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LIDYL, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.
| | - David J Aitken
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ICMMO, Orsay 91400, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Q, Li Y, Luo Z, Liu W, Ma T, Luo B, Fan J, Li Y, Guo B, Tang L, Fan L. Novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide derivatives as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107034. [PMID: 38118299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
In continuation of our program to search for novel potential anti-ischemic stroke agents, a series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole and sulfoxide hybrids of phthalide derivatives was designed and synthesized in this study to evaluate their anti-ischemic stroke activity. Among them, compounds 5b, 5d, 5 l, and 5 m exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA). In particular, compound 5b possessed considerable antithrombotic activity in animal models, as demonstrated by the effective alleviation of carrageenan-induced and FeCl3-induced thrombosis in tail and carotid arteries, respectively. Notably, intraperitoneal administration of compound 5b could better protect the brain from injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in rats compared with precursor 3-n-butylphthalide. Further pharmacokinetics, liver microsomal stability, and PAMPA-BBB assays also indicated that compound 5b had relatively high bioavailability, metabolic stability, and BBB permeability. Moreover, compound 5b showed a safety profile that was superior to the clinical drugs clopidogrel, aspirin, and 3-n-butylphthalide in the mouse-tail bleeding assay. Finally, molecular docking predicted that the potential target of the antiplatelet aggregation activity of compound 5b was P2Y12 receptor. This research provides a novel candidate compound for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinyang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfu Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Taigui Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Bilan Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Judi Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingling Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar S, Chand S, Singh KN. Electro-oxidative coupling of Bunte salts with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates: a benign access to unsymmetrical sulfoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:850-856. [PMID: 38175526 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfoxides has been explored using Bunte salts and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under constant current electrolysis at room temperature. In addition to being eco-safe and using mild conditions, the present protocol is free from the use of metal/oxidant, and is endowed with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Shiv Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Krishna Nand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Caserta S, Genovese C, Cicero N, Toscano V, Gangemi S, Allegra A. The Interplay between Medical Plants and Gut Microbiota in Cancer. Nutrients 2023; 15:3327. [PMID: 37571264 PMCID: PMC10421419 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a dynamic community of bacteria distributed in the gastroenteric tract and changes in response to diseases, diet, use of antibiotics and probiotics, hygiene status, and other environmental factors. Dysbiosis, a disruption of the normal crosstalk between the host and the microbes, is associated with obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, is linked to a reduction of anti-inflammatory bacteria like Lactobacillus and Roseburia, and to an increase in the growth of proinflammatory species like Ruminococcus gnavus and Bacteroidetes. Some plants possess anticancer properties and various studies have reported that some of these are also able to modulate the gut microbiota. The aim of this work is to evaluate the crucial relationship between medical plants and gut microbiota and the consequences on the onset and progression of cancer. In vivo studies about hematological malignancies showed that beta-glucans tie to endogenous antibeta glucan antibodies and to iC3b, an opsonic fragment of the central complement protein C3, leading to phagocytosis of antibody-targeted neoplastic cells and potentiation of the cytotoxic activity of the innate immune system if administered together with monoclonal antibodies. In conclusion, this review suggests the potential use of medical plants to improve gut dysbiosis and assist in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santino Caserta
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Claudia Genovese
- National Research Council, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Via Empedocle 58, 95128 Catania, Italy;
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Valeria Toscano
- National Research Council, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Via Empedocle 58, 95128 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|