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Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Horiuchi Y, Yamamoto M, Totsuka Y, Wakabayashi K. Pierisin, Cytotoxic and Apoptosis-Inducing DNA ADP-Ribosylating Protein in Cabbage Butterfly. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:270. [PMID: 38922164 PMCID: PMC11209040 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pierisin-1 was serendipitously discovered as a strong cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing protein from pupae of the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae against cancer cell lines. This 98-kDa protein consists of the N-terminal region (27 kDa) and C-terminal region (71 kDa), and analysis of their biological function revealed that pierisin-1 binds to cell surface glycosphingolipids on the C-terminal side, is taken up into the cell, and is cleaved to N- and C-terminal portions, where the N-terminal portion mono-ADP-ribosylates the guanine base of DNA in the presence of NAD to induce cellular genetic mutation and apoptosis. Unlike other ADP-ribosyltransferases, pieisin-1 was first found to exhibit DNA mono-ADP-ribosylating activity and show anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo against various cancer cell lines. Pierisin-1 was most abundantly produced during the transition from the final larval stage to the pupal stage of the cabbage butterfly, and this production was regulated by ecdysteroid hormones. This suggests that pierisn-1 might play a pivotal role in the process of metamorphosis. Moreover, pierisin-1 could contribute as a defense factor against parasitization and microbial infections in the cabbage butterfly. Pierisin-like proteins in butterflies were shown to be present not only among the subtribe Pierina but also among the subtribes Aporiina and Appiadina, and pierisin-2, -3, and -4 were identified in these butterflies. Furthermore, DNA ADP-ribosylating activities were found in six different edible clams. Understanding of the biological nature of pierisin-1 with DNA mono-ADP-ribosylating activity could open up exciting avenues for research and potential therapeutic applications, making it a subject of great interest in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Horiuchi
- Aquatic Food Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Tokyo Innovation Center, Nissui Corporation, 1-32-3 Shichikoku, Hachioji City 192-0991, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Medicine and Life Science, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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2
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Sarathbabu S, Marimuthu SK, Ghatak S, Vidyalakshmi S, Gurusubramanian G, Ghosh SK, Subramanian S, Zhang W, Kumar NS. Induction of Apoptosis by Pierisin-6 in HPV Positive HeLa and HepG2 Cancer Cells is Mediated by the Caspase-3 Dependent Mitochondrial Pathway. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:337-346. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666181127113848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
To explore the cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of the pierisin-6 protein in HPV HeLa
and HepG2 cell lines.
Methods:
In this study, isolation, and purification of cytotoxic Prierisin-6 from the larvae of Pieris napi by
affinity column chromatography techniques. Characterization of full-length mRNA of pierisin-6 gene was performed
using 3’/5’ RACE PCR. The quantitative RT-PCR used to study the developmental stage-specific expression
of pierisin-6 mRNA. The most effective concentration of Pierisin-6 protein was determined by measuring
cell proliferation. Apoptosis was assessed using AO/Et-Br, Propidium Iodide, and Rhodamine 123 assays,
whereas protein levels of caspase 3, cytochrome C were evaluated by ELISA method. Pierisin-6 induced cell
cycle arrest was determined using Propidium iodide by FACS.
Results:
In this study, Pierisin-6, a novel apoptotic protein was found to have cytotoxicity against HeLa, HepG2
human cancer cell lines and L-132 human lung epithelial cell line. Among the target cells, HeLa was the most
sensitive to Pierisin-6. Flow cytometry analysis confirms an increased percentage of apoptotic cells in sub G1
phase and cell cycle arrest at S phase. Alteration in the transmembrane potential of mitochondria, Cytochrome c
released from the mitochondrial membrane, and caspase substrate assay demonstrated the cleavage of Ac-
DEVD-pNA signifying the activation of Caspase-3. These findings suggested that Pierisin-6 significantly induce
apoptosis in HeLa and HepG2 cells and is attributed mainly through a mitochondrial pathway by activation of
caspases. The developmental and stage-specific expression of pierisin-6 mRNA was one thousand-fold increased
from second to third instar larvae and gradually declined before pupation.
Conclusion:
Pierisin-6 represents a promising therapeutic approach for liver cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satheesh K. Marimuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641004, TN, India
| | - Souvik Ghatak
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India
| | | | | | - Sankar K. Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India
| | - Selvi Subramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641004, TN, India
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Nachimuthu S. Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India
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3
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Oda T, Hirabayashi H, Shikauchi G, Takamura R, Hiraga K, Minami H, Hashimoto H, Yamamoto M, Wakabayashi K, Shimizu T, Sato M. Structural basis of autoinhibition and activation of the DNA-targeting ADP-ribosyltransferase pierisin-1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15445-15455. [PMID: 28765284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosyltransferases transfer the ADP-ribose moiety of βNAD+ to an acceptor molecule, usually a protein that modulates the function of the acceptor. Pierisin-1 is an ADP-ribosyltransferase from the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae and is composed of N-terminal catalytic and C-terminal ricin B-like domains. Curiously, it ADP-ribosylates the DNA duplex, resulting in apoptosis of various cancer cells, which has raised interest in pierisin-1 as an anti-cancer agent. However, both the structure and the mechanism of DNA ADP-ribosylation are unclear. Here, we report the crystal structures of the N-terminal catalytic domain of pierisin-1, its complex with βNAD+, and the catalytic domain with the linker connecting it to the ricin B-like domains. We found that the catalytic domain possesses a defined, positively charged region on the molecular surface but that its overall structure is otherwise similar to those of protein-targeting ADP-ribosyltransferases. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that pierisin-1 binds double-stranded but not single-stranded DNA and that Lys122, Lys123, and Lys124, which are found in a loop, and Arg181 and Arg187, located in a basic cleft near the loop, are required for DNA binding. Furthermore, the structure of the catalytic domain with the linker revealed an autoinhibitory mechanism in which the linker occupies and blocks both the βNAD+- and DNA-binding sites, suggesting that proteolytic cleavage to remove the linker is necessary for enzyme catalysis. Our study provides a structural basis for the DNA-acceptor specificity of pierisin-1 and reveals that a self-regulatory mechanism is required for its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oda
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirabayashi
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Gen Shikauchi
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryouma Takamura
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hiraga
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Minami
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- the Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan, and
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- the Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sato
- From the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan,
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Subbarayan S, Marimuthu SK, Nachimuthu SK, Zhang W, Subramanian S. Characterization and cytotoxic activity of apoptosis-inducing pierisin-5 protein from white cabbage butterfly. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:16-27. [PMID: 26812112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, caspase-dependent apoptosis-inducing pierisin-5 gene was identified and characterized from cabbage white butterfly, Pieris canidia. A thousand-fold increase in expression of pierisin-5 gene was observed from second to third instar larvae, gradually decreasing before pupation. Pierisin-5 was purified from the fifth-instar larvae and was found to exhibit cytotoxicity against HeLa and HepG2 human cancer cell lines. Pierisin-5 showed growth inhibition and several morphological changes such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation with programmed cell death in HeLa and HepG2 cells. Moreover, DNA fragmentation was observed after gel electrophoresis analysis. Caspase substrate assay showed further cleavage of Ac-DEVD-pNA, suggesting the activation of Caspase-3. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in cancer cell lines treated with pierisin-5. These findings suggest that pierisin-5 could significantly induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines and is mediated by activation of caspase-3 in the mitochondrial pathway. Phylogenetic analysis using pierisin proteins from Pierid butterflies, ADP-ribosylating toxins from bacteria, human, rat, and mouse indicated the possibility of horizontal transfer of pierisin genes from bacteria to butterflies. The single copy of pierisin gene unlike other insect toxin genes also supports lateral transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Selvi Subramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641004 TN, India.
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5
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Nakano T, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Yamamoto M, Watanabe M. Pierisins and CARP-1: ADP-ribosylation of DNA by ARTCs in butterflies and shellfish. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 384:127-49. [PMID: 25033755 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, and related species possess a previously unknown ADP-ribosylating toxin, guanine specific ADP-ribosyltransferase. This enzyme toxin, known as pierisin, consists of enzymatic N-terminal domain and receptor-binding C-terminal domain, or typical AB-toxin structure. Pierisin efficiently transfers an ADP-ribosyl moiety to the N(2) position of the guanine base of dsDNA. Receptors for pierisin are suggested to be the neutral glycosphingolipids, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4). This DNA-modifying toxin exhibits strong cytotoxicity and induces apoptosis in various human cell lines, which can be blocked by Bcl-2. Pierisin also produces detrimental effects on the eggs and larvae of the non-habitual parasitoids. In contrast, a natural parasitoid of the cabbage butterfly, Cotesia glomerata, was resistant to this toxin. The physiological role of pierisin in the butterfly is suggested to be a defense factor against parasitization by wasps. Other type of DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase is present in certain kinds of edible clams. For example, the CARP-1 protein found in Meretrix lamarckii consists of an enzymatic domain without a possible receptor-binding domain. Pierisin and CARP-1 are almost fully non-homologous at the amino acid sequence level, but other ADP-ribosyltransferases homologous to pierisin are present in different biological species such as eubacterium Streptomyces. Possible diverse physiological roles of the DNA ADP-ribosyltransferases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakano
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan,
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6
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Demonstration of cytotoxicity against wasps by pierisin-1: a possible defense factor in the cabbage white butterfly. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60539. [PMID: 23637752 PMCID: PMC3634060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, produces pierisin-1, a protein inducing apoptosis of mammalian cells. In the present study, the biological activity of pierisin-1 as a protective agent against parasitic wasps for P. rapae was examined. Pierisin-1 caused detrimental effects on eggs and larvae of non-habitual parasitoids for P. rapae, Glyptapanteles pallipes, Cotesia kariyai and Cotesia plutellae at 1-100 µg/ml, levels essentially equivalent to those found in P. rapae larvae. In contrast, eggs and larvae of the natural parasitoid of P. rapae, Cotesia glomerata proved resistant to the toxicity of pierisin-1 through inhibition of pierisin-1 penetration of the surface layer. The expression level of pierisin-1 mRNA in the larvae of P. rapae was increased by parasitization by C. plutellae, whereas it was decreased by C. glomerata. In addition, C. plutellae was associated with elevation of activated pierisin-1 in the hemolymph. From these observations, it is suggested that pierisin-1 could contribute as a defense factor against parasitization by some type of wasps in P. rapae.
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7
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Peptide toxin glacontryphan-M is present in the wings of the butterfly Hebomoia glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17920-4. [PMID: 23071323 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209632109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein profiling has revealed the presence of glacontryphan-M, a peptide toxin identified only in the sea snail genus Conus, in the wings of Hebomoia glaucippe (HG). The wings and body of HG were homogenized and the proteins were extracted and analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis with subsequent in-gel digestion. Posttranslational protein modifications were detected and analyzed by nano-LC-MS/MS. An antibody was generated against glacontryphan-M, and protein extracts from the wings of HG samples from Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines were tested by immunoblotting. Glacontryphan-M was unambiguously identified in the wings of HG containing the following posttranslational protein modifications: monoglutamylation at E55, methylation at E53, quinone modification at W61, cyanylation at C56, and amidation of the C terminus at G63. Immunoblotting revealed the presence of the toxin in the wings of HG from all origins, showing a single band for glacontryphan-M in HG samples from Malaysia and Philippines and a double band in HG samples from Indonesia. Intriguingly, sequence analysis indicated that the Conus glacontryphan is identical to that of HG. The toxin may function as a defense against diverse predators, including ants, mantes, spiders, lizards, green frogs, and birds.
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8
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Yamamoto M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Nakano T, Totsuka Y, Imanishi S, Mitsuhashi J, Watanabe M, Nakagama H, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Nucleotide sequence and chromosomal localization of the gene for pierisin-1, a DNA ADP-ribosylating protein, in the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae. Genetica 2012; 139:1251-8. [PMID: 22237414 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-011-9626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, contains a unique DNA ADP-ribosylating protein, pierisin-1, which transfers ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to guanine bases of DNA. Pierisin-like proteins are only distributed in subtribes Pierina, Aporiina and Appiadina of the family Pieridae. In this study, we obtained genomic clones carrying the pierisin-1 gene from adult samples of P. rapae by plaque hybridization. The pierisin-1 gene was found to consist of two exons, 0.1-kb exon 1 and 3.9-kb exon 2, and a 2.3-kb intron. In addition, we could demonstrate that the putative promoter in the about 3-kb upstream region from the transcription start site of the gene include a transcriptional activating motif involved in immune pathways and hormonal regulation. We also examined chromosomal localization of the pierisin-1 gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using Cy3-labeled pierisin-1 genomic clone demonstrated the localization of the gene near the kinetochore in chromosome 9. Thus, we confirmed that the pierisin-1 gene is located in the genome of P. rapae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yamamoto
- Division of Cancer Development System, Carcinogenesis Research Group, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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9
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Yamamoto M, Nakano T, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Totsuka Y, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Matsumoto Y, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Molecular cloning of apoptosis-inducing Pierisin-like proteins, from two species of white butterfly, Pieris melete and Aporia crataegi. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:326-33. [PMID: 19631761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pierisin-1, present in cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, induces apoptosis against various kinds of cancer cell lines. Another cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae, also has an apoptosis-inducing protein, Pierisin-2. These proteins exhibit DNA ADP-ribosylating activity. Pierisin-like proteins are found to be distributed in subtribes Pierina, Aporiina and Appiadina. In this study, we performed the cDNA cloning of Pierisin-like proteins designated Pierisin-3 from gray-veined white, Pieris melete, and Pierisin-4 from black-veined white, Aporia crataegi. The nucleotide sequences of Pierisin-3 and -4 encode an 850 and an 858 amino acid protein, respectively. The partial peptide sequences of Pierisin-3 and -4 purified from pupae were identical to the deduced amino acid sequence of ORF. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed that Pierisin-3 is 93% similar to Pierisin-1 and Pierisin-4 is 64%. Pierisin-3 and -4 synthesized in vitro with the rabbit reticulocyte lysate exhibited apoptosis-inducing activity against human cervical carcinoma HeLa and human gastric carcinoma TMK-1 cells. Site-directed mutagenesis at a glutamic acid residue comprising the NAD-binding site resulted in a significant decrease in cytotoxicity of both proteins. Moreover, the proteins incubated with calf thymus DNA and beta-NAD resulted in the formation of N(2)-(ADP-ribos-1-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine, as in the case of Pierisin-1 and -2. These findings could provide useful information for understanding the importance of apoptosis-inducing ability and molecular evolution of Pierisin-like proteins in family Pieridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yamamoto
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Distribution of cytotoxic and DNA ADP-ribosylating activity in crude extracts from butterflies among the family Pieridae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:2516-20. [PMID: 18256183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712221105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabbage butterflies, Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae, contain strong cytotoxic proteins, designated as pierisin-1 and -2, against cancer cell lines. These proteins exhibit DNA ADP-ribosylating activity. To determine the distribution of substances with cytotoxicity and DNA ADP-ribosylating activity among other species, crude extracts from 20 species of the family Pieridae were examined for cytotoxicity in HeLa cells and DNA ADP-ribosylating activity. Both activities were detected in extracts from 13 species: subtribes Pierina (Pieris rapae, Pieris canidia, Pieris napi, Pieris melete, Pieris brassicae, Pontia daplidice, and Talbotia naganum), Aporiina (Aporia gigantea, Aporia crataegi, Aporia hippia, and Delias pasithoe), and Appiadina (Appias nero and Appias paulina). All of these extracts contained substances recognized by anti-pierisin-1 antibodies, with a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa established earlier for pierisin-1. Moreover, sequences containing NAD-binding sites, conserved in ADP-ribosyltransferases, were amplified from genomic DNA from 13 species of butterflies with cytotoxicity and DNA ADP-ribosylating activity by PCR. Extracts from seven species, Appias lyncida, Leptosia nina, Anthocharis scolymus, Eurema hecabe, Catopsilia pomona, Catopsilia scylla, and Colias erate, showed neither cytotoxicity nor DNA ADP-ribosylating activity, and did not contain substances recognized by anti-pierisin-1 antibodies. Sequences containing NAD-binding sites were not amplified from genomic DNA from these seven species. Thus, pierisin-like proteins, showing cytotoxicity and DNA ADP-ribosylating activity, are suggested to be present in the extracts from butterflies not only among the subtribe Pierina, but also among the subtribes Aporiina and Appiadina. These findings offer insight to understanding the nature of DNA ADP-ribosylating activity in the butterfly.
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Matsumoto Y, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Nakano T, Yamamoto M, Iwabuchi K, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Persistence of pierisin-1 activities in the adult cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, during storage after killing. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2007; 83:175-178. [PMID: 24367143 PMCID: PMC3855205 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.83.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Crude extracts from larvae, pupae and adults of cabbage white butterflies, Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae, and green-veined butterfly, Pieris napi, have an ability to induce apoptosis in the human cancer cell lines. As apoptosis inducing protein, pierisin-1 and -2 have been isolated from pupae of P. rapae and P. brassicae, respectively, and shown to exhibit DNA ADP-ribosylating activity. Although the highest activity was detected in the late phase of larvae and early phase of pupae, certain activity was found in adult butterflies. In order to investigate distribution of substances having pierisin-like activities in butterflies, many species need to be analyzed. However, fresh samples of larvae and pupae are hard to obtain, especially if samples are of scarce species or from overseas. The usage of adult butterflies is practical to examine the distribution of pierisin-like activity in many species. In this study, we examined the cytotoxicity of crude extracts from adults of P. rapae against HeLa cells and DNA ADP-ribosylation ability during storage for 1, 2 and 8 weeks at room temperature after killing adult butterflies after eclosion. Body weights decreased to 18% for 8 weeks through dehydration. Cytotoxicity of samples from butterfly kept for 1, 2 and 8 weeks decreased to 47, 39 and 22%, respectively, of the control value. DNA ADP-ribosylating activity of the samples also decreased to 30, 27 and 23%. Similar reduction was observed on western blot analysis with anti-pierisin-1 antibody. Fortunately, these results suggest that cytotoxic and DNA ADP-ribosylating activity persists to some extent in the body after killing, at least for 8 weeks. Thus, butterfly adult samples kept for two months at room temperature can still be useful for examination of the presence of substance having pierisin-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Matsumoto
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Yuko Matsushima-Hibiya
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakano
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Kikuo Iwabuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Takashi Sugimura
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo,
Japan
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12
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Carpusca I, Jank T, Aktories K. Bacillus sphaericus mosquitocidal toxin (MTX) and pierisin: the enigmatic offspring from the family of ADP-ribosyltransferases. Mol Microbiol 2007; 62:621-30. [PMID: 17076664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mosquitocidal toxin (MTX) from Bacillus sphaericus and the apoptosis-inducing pierisin-1 from the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae are two of the most intriguing members of the family of ADP-ribosyltransferases. They are both approximately 100 kDa proteins, composed of an N-terminal ADP-ribosyltransferase (approximately 27 kDa) and a C-terminal putative binding and translocation domain (approximately 70 kDa) consisting of four ricin-B-like domains. While they both share structural homologies, with an overall amino acid sequence identity of approximately 30% that becomes approximately 50% at the level of the catalytic core, and functional similarities, notably in terms of enzyme regulation, they seem to largely differ with regard to their targets or cell internalization mechanisms. MTX ADP-ribosylates numerous proteins in lysates of target insect cells at arginine residues, whereas pierisin-1 modifies DNA of insect and mammalian cells by ADP-ribosylation at 2'-deoxyguanosine residues resulting in DNA adducts, mutations and eventually apoptosis. This target specificity differentiates pierisin-1 from all other ADP-ribosyltransferases described so far, and implies that the enzyme must reach the nucleus of target cells. The recently solved crystal structure of MTX catalytic domain is helpful to reveal new insights into structural organization, catalytic mechanisms, proteolytic activation and autoinhibition of both enzymes. The uptake and processing of the ADP-ribosyltransferases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Carpusca
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Nakano T, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Yamamoto M, Enomoto S, Matsumoto Y, Totsuka Y, Watanabe M, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Purification and molecular cloning of a DNA ADP-ribosylating protein, CARP-1, from the edible clam Meretrix lamarckii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13652-7. [PMID: 16945908 PMCID: PMC1564245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cabbage butterflies Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae have unique enzymes, named pierisin-1 and -2, respectively, that catalyze the ADP-ribosylation of guanine residues of DNA, which has been linked with induction of apoptosis and mutation in mammalian cell lines. In the present study, we identified ADP-ribosylation activity targeting DNA in six kinds of edible clam. Similar to our observations with pierisin-1 and -2, crude extracts from the clams Meretrix lamarckii, Ruditapes philippinarum, and Corbicula japonica incubated with calf thymus DNA and beta-NAD resulted in production of N(2)-(ADP-ribos-1-yl)-2'-deoxyguanosine. The DNA ADP-ribosylating protein in the hard clam M. lamarckii, designated as CARP-1, was purified by column chromatography, and its cDNA was cloned. The cDNA encodes a 182-aa protein with a calculated molecular mass of 20,332. The protein synthesized in vitro from the cDNA in a reticulocyte lysate exhibited the same ADP-ribosylating activity as that of purified CARP-1. Neither the nucleotide nor the deduced amino acid sequence of CARP-1 showed homology with pierisin-1 or -2. However, a glutamic acid residue (E128) at the putative NAD-binding site, conserved in all ADP-ribosyltransferases, was found in CARP-1, and replacement of aspartic acid for this glutamic acid resulted in loss of almost all ADP-ribosylating activity. CARP-1 in the culture medium showed no cytotoxicity against HeLa and TMK-1 cells; however, introduction of this protein by electroporation induced apoptosis in these cells. The finding of clam ADP-ribosylating protein targeting guanine residues in DNA could offer new insights into the biological significance of ADP-ribosylation of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakano
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
| | - Yuko Matsushima-Hibiya
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
| | - Shigeki Enomoto
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
| | - Yasuko Matsumoto
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
- Department of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugimura
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- *Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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