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Farhadi A, Xue L, Zhao Q, Han F, Xu C, Chen H, Li E. Identification of key genes and molecular pathways associated with claw regeneration in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101184. [PMID: 38154166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) possesses extensive regenerative abilities, enabling it to replace missing body parts, including claws, legs, and even eyes. Studying the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying regenerative ability in diverse animal phyla has the potential to provide new insights into regenerative medicine in humans. In the present study, we performed mRNA sequencing to reveal the genetic mechanisms underlying the claw regeneration in mud crab. Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed in biological pathways associated with cuticle synthase, collagen synthase, tissue regeneration, blastema formation, wound healing, cell cycle, cell division, and cell migration. The top GO enrichment terms were microtubule-based process, collagen trimer, cell cycle process, and extracellular matrix structural constituent. The most enriched KEGG pathways were ECM-receptor interaction and focal adhesion. The genes encoding key functional proteins, such as collagen alpha, cuticle protein, early cuticle protein, arthrodial cuticle protein, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1), and DNA replication licensing factor mcm2-like (MCM2) were the most significant and important DEGs suspected to participate in claw regeneration. The findings of this research offer a comprehensive and insightful understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying claw regeneration in S. paramamosain. By elucidating the specific genes and molecular pathways implicated in this process, our study contributes significantly to the broader field of regenerative biology and offers potential avenues for further exploration in crustacean limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Farhadi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Laizhong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Fenglu Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Erchao Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Liu C, Zhang W, Dong Q, Liu H. Exoskeleton protein repertoires in decapod crustaceans revealed distinct biomineralization evolution with molluscs. J Proteomics 2024; 291:105046. [PMID: 37981007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans are the champions of mineral mobilization and deposition in the animal kingdom due to their unique ability to rapidly and periodically mineralize and demineralize their exoskeletons. They are commonly covered with mineralized exoskeletons for protection and regularly molt throughout their lives. Mineralized crustacean exoskeletons are formed under the control of macromolecules especially matrix proteins but the types of matrix proteins are understudied compared to those in molluscan shells. This gap hinders our understanding of their evolutionary paths compared with those of molluscs. Here, we comprehensively analyzed matrix proteins in the exoskeleton of two crabs, one shrimp, and one crayfish and resulted in a major improvement (∼10-fold) in the identification of biomineralization proteins compared to conventional methods for decapod crustaceans. By a comparison with well-studied molluscan biomineralization proteins, we found that decapod crustaceans evolved novel proteins to form mineralized exoskeletons while sharing some proteins with those of molluscs. Our study sheds light on their evolution and adaption to different environment for exoskeleton formation and provides a foundation for further studies of mineralization in crustaceans under normal and climate-changed conditions. SIGNIFICANCE: Most crustaceans have mineralized exoskeletons as protection. How they form these hierarchical structures is still unclear. This is due partially to the understudied matrix proteins in the minerals. This study filled such a gap by using proteomic analysis of matrix proteins from four decapod crustacean exoskeletons. Many novel proteins were discovered which enabled a solid comparison with those of molluscs. By comparison, we proposed that crustaceans evolved novel proteins to form mineralized exoskeletons while sharing some proteins with those of molluscs. This is useful for us to understand the evolution of two major biomineralized phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China.
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Qianli Dong
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
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Liu L, Liu X, Fu Y, Fang W, Wang C. Whole-body transcriptome analysis provides insights into the cascade of sequential expression events involved in growth, immunity, and metabolism during the molting cycle in Scylla paramamosain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11395. [PMID: 35794121 PMCID: PMC9259733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic process of crab molting are still poorly understood at the individual level. We investigated global expression changes in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, at the transcriptome level and revealed a cascade of sequential expression events for genes involved in various aspects of the molting process using whole-body sequencing of juvenile crabs. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) produced 139.49 Gb of clean reads and 20,436 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among different molting stages. The expression patterns for genes involved in several molecular events critical for molting, such as cuticle reconstruction, cytoskeletal structure remodeling, hormone regulation, immune responses, and metabolism, were characterized and considered as mechanisms underlying molting in S. paramamosain. Among these genes, we identified 10,695 DEGs in adjacent molting stages. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that significantly enriched pathways included structural constituents of cuticle, binding and chitin metabolic processes, steroid hormone biosynthesis, insulin resistance, and amino sugar metabolic processes. The expression profiles of 12 functional genes detected via RNA-seq were corroborated via real-time RT-PCR assays. The results revealed gene expression profiles across the molting cycle and identified possible activation pathways for future investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, No.169, Qixing South Road, Meishan Port District, Beilun District, Ningbo, 315832, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, No.169, Qixing South Road, Meishan Port District, Beilun District, Ningbo, 315832, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Ningbo Institute of Oceanography, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, No.169, Qixing South Road, Meishan Port District, Beilun District, Ningbo, 315832, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, No.169, Qixing South Road, Meishan Port District, Beilun District, Ningbo, 315832, Zhejiang, China.
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Farhadi A, Lv L, Song J, Zhang Y, Ye S, Zhang N, Zheng H, Li S, Zhang Y, Ikhwanuddin M, Ma H. Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing revealed the roles of chitin-related genes in the eyestalk abnormality of a novel mud crab hybrid (Scylla serrata ♀ × S. paramamosain ♂). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:611-626. [PMID: 35351543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a kind of insoluble structural polysaccharide and plays different roles in different species. In crustaceans, it forms the structural components in the exoskeleton. In our previous studies, novel mud crab hybrids have been produced from the interspecific hybridization of Scylla serrata ♀ × S. paramamosain ♂. Some of the hybrid crabs have been found to be morphologically (eyestalk) abnormal, but the genetic mechanism remains unknown. To address this question, we performed whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing on the control group (normal hybrids), abnormal hybrids, and S. paramamosain to uncover the genetic basis underlying this morphological abnormality. A total of 695 mRNAs, 10 miRNAs, 44 circRNAs, and 1957 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between normal and abnormal hybrids. Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with chitin and cuticle metabolism were identified, including chitin synthase, chitinase, chitin deacetylase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, β-1,4-endoglucanase, N-alpha-acetyltransferase, cuticle proprotein, early cuticle protein, and arthrodial cuticle protein. Functional analysis showed that DE miRNAs, DE circRNAs, DE lncRNAs, and lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network were enriched in pathways related to the amino acid, carbohydrate, and glycogen metabolism. Considering the importance of the chitin and cuticle in exoskeleton formation, it can be concluded that the changes in the chitin and cuticle biosynthesis might have caused the eyestalk abnormality in hybrid crabs. These findings can lay the solid foundation for a better understanding of the important roles of chitin and cuticle related genes and the development of hybridization techniques in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Farhadi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ligang Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jun Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shaopan Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Qingdao Zhongkehai Recycling Water Aquaculture System Co., Ltd, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Malaysia
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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Liu L, Fu Y, Xiao L, Liu X, Fang W, Wang C. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the hepatopancreas in Scylla paramamosain during the molting cycle. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100870. [PMID: 34237491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The hepatopancreas is the key organ involved in energy storage, immune response, and metabolism during crustacean molting, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms in the hepatopancreas that regulate molting remain unknown. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive proteomic analysis in the hepatopancreas and quantified 1527 proteins, of which 193 changed significantly in abundance among three molting stages (pre-molt: PrM, post-molt: PoM, and inter-molt: InM) of Scylla paramamosain using iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS. Ten exoskeleton and cuticle reconstruction proteins, such as chitinase, cuticle protein and myosin heavy chain, were found change significantly in abundance between PoM and PrM. Six energy metabolism proteins such as mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome b-c1 and cAMP-dependent protein kinase with positive loadings showed a higher abundance in InM than PoM. In addition, all differentially abundance proteins (DAPs) were annotated for GO function and KEGG pathway analysis. GO analysis demonstrated function subcategories mainly including thiamine metabolism, complement and coagulation cascades, endocrine, shigellosis, salmonella infection, and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the DAPs were mainly involved in reconstruction of the exoskeleton and cuticle, energy reserves, metabolism, and immune response during the molting process. The results for the proteins and key pathways involved in the molting process provide fundamental molecular evidence that will improve our understanding of morphological and metabolism variation in the molting cycle and will serve as a potential blueprint for future study on molecular mechanism of molting in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Ningbo Institute of Oceanography, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Lichan Xiao
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China.
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Niemisto M, Fields DM, Clark KF, Waller JD, Greenwood SJ, Wahle RA. American lobster postlarvae alter gene regulation in response to ocean warming and acidification. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:806-819. [PMID: 33520168 PMCID: PMC7820155 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon emissions released into the atmosphere is driving rapid, concurrent increases in temperature and acidity across the world's oceans. Disentangling the interactive effects of warming and acidification on vulnerable life stages is important to our understanding of responses of marine species to climate change. This study evaluates the interactive effects of these stressors on the acute response of gene expression of postlarval American lobster (Homarus americanus), a species whose geographic range is warming and acidifying faster than most of the world's oceans. In the context of our experiment, we found two especially noteworthy results: First, although physiological end points have consistently been shown to be more responsive to warming in similar experimental designs, our study found gene regulation to be considerably more responsive to elevated pCO2. Furthermore, the combined effect of both stressors on gene regulation was significantly greater than either stressor alone. Using a full factorial experimental design, lobsters were raised in control and elevated pCO2 concentrations (400 ppm and 1,200 ppm) and temperatures (16°C and 19°C). A transcriptome was assembled from an identified 414,517 unique transcripts. Overall, 1,108 transcripts were differentially expressed across treatments, several of which were related to stress response and shell formation. When temperature alone was elevated (19°C), larvae downregulated genes related to cuticle development; when pCO2 alone was elevated (1,200 ppm), larvae upregulated chitinase as well as genes related to stress response and immune function. The joint effects of end-century stressors (19°C, 1,200 ppm) resulted in the upregulation of those same genes, as well as cellulase, the downregulation of calcified cuticle proteins, and a greater upregulation of genes related to immune response and function. These results indicate that changes in gene expression in larval lobster provide a mechanism to respond to stressors resulting from a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Niemisto
- Darling Marine CenterUniversity of Maine School of Marine SciencesWalpoleMEUSA
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast BoothbayMEUSA
| | | | - K. Fraser Clark
- Department of Animal Science and AquacultureFaculty of AgricultureDalhousie UniversityBible HillNSCanada
| | | | - Spencer J. Greenwood
- Department of Biomedical SciencesAtlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward IslandCharlottetownPEICanada
| | - Richard A. Wahle
- Darling Marine CenterUniversity of Maine School of Marine SciencesWalpoleMEUSA
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Kong J, Liu C, Wang T, Yang D, Yan Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Huang J, Zheng G, Xie L, Zhang R. Cloning, characterization and functional analysis of an Alveoline-like protein in the shell of Pinctada fucata. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12258. [PMID: 30115934 PMCID: PMC6095885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Shell matrix proteins (SMPs) have important functions in biomineralization. In the past decades, the roles of SMPs were gradually revealed. In 2015, our group identified 72 unique SMPs in Pinctada fucata, among which Alveoline-like (Alv) protein was reported to have homologous genes in Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of Alv and the functional analysis of Alv protein during shell formation were explored. The deduced protein (Alv), which has a molecular mass of 24.9 kDa and an isoelectric point of 11.34, was characterized, and the functional analyses was explored in vivo and in vitro. The Alv gene has high expression in mantle and could response to notching damage. The functional inhibition of Alv protein in vivo by injecting recombinant Alv (rAlv) antibodies destroyed prism structure but accelerated nacre growth. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining showed that native Alv exists in the EDTA-insoluble matrix of both prismatic and nacreous layers and has different distribution patterns in the inner or outer prismatic layer. Taken together, the characterization and functional analyses of matrix protein Alv could expand our understanding of basic matrix proteins and their functions during shell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kong
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314006, China
| | - Tianpeng Wang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yangjia Liu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingliang Huang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guilan Zheng
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314006, China.
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Mrak P, Bogataj U, Štrus J, Žnidaršič N. Cuticle morphogenesis in crustacean embryonic and postembryonic stages. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:77-95. [PMID: 27816526 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The crustacean cuticle is a chitin-based extracellular matrix, produced in general by epidermal cells and ectodermally derived epithelial cells of the digestive tract. Cuticle morphogenesis is an integrative part of embryonic and postembryonic development and it was studied in several groups of crustaceans, but mainly with a focus on one selected aspect of morphogenesis. Early studies were focused mainly on in vivo or histological observations of embryonic or larval molt cycles and more recently, some ultrastructural studies of the cuticle differentiation during development were performed. The aim of this paper is to review data on exoskeletal and gut cuticle formation during embryonic and postembryonic development in crustaceans, obtained in different developmental stages of different species and to bring together and discuss different aspects of cuticle morphogenesis, namely data on the morphology, ultrastructure, composition, connections to muscles and molt cycles in relation to cuticle differentiation. Based on the comparative evaluation of microscopic analyses of cuticle in crustacean embryonic and postembryonic stages, common principles of cuticle morphogenesis during development are discussed. Additional studies are suggested to further clarify this topic and to connect the new knowledge to related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urban Bogataj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Organic matrices in metazoan calcium carbonate skeletons: Composition, functions, evolution. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tynyakov J, Bentov S, Abehsera S, Yehezkel G, Roth Z, Khalaila I, Weil S, Berman A, Plaschkes I, Tom M, Aflalo ED, Sagi A. A crayfish molar tooth protein with putative mineralized exoskeletal chitinous matrix properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:3487-98. [PMID: 26385331 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.123539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Some crustaceans possess exoskeletons that are reinforced with calcium carbonate. In the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, the molar tooth, which is part of the mandibular exoskeleton, contains an unusual crystalline enamel-like apatite layer. As this layer resembles vertebrate enamel in composition and function, it offers an interesting example of convergent evolution. Unlike other parts of the crayfish exoskeleton, which is periodically shed and regenerated during the molt cycle, molar mineral deposition takes place during the pre-molt stage. The molar mineral composition transforms continuously from fluorapatite through amorphous calcium phosphate to amorphous calcium carbonate and is mounted on chitin. The process of crayfish molar formation is entirely extracellular and presumably controlled by proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, low-molecular weight molecules and calcium salts. We have identified a novel molar protein termed Cq-M15 from C. quadricarinatus and cloned its transcript from the molar-forming epithelium. Its transcript and differential expression were confirmed by a next-generation sequencing library. The predicted acidic pI of Cq-M15 suggests its possible involvement in mineral arrangement. Cq-M15 is expressed in several exoskeletal tissues at pre-molt and its silencing is lethal. Like other arthropod cuticular proteins, Cq-M15 possesses a chitin-binding Rebers-Riddiford domain, with a recombinant version of the protein found to bind chitin. Cq-M15 was also found to interact with calcium ions in a concentration-dependent manner. This latter property might make Cq-M15 useful for bone and dental regenerative efforts. We suggest that, in the molar tooth, this protein might be involved in calcium phosphate and/or carbonate precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Tynyakov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shmuel Bentov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shai Abehsera
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Galit Yehezkel
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ziv Roth
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Isam Khalaila
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Simy Weil
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amir Berman
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Inbar Plaschkes
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Moshe Tom
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 8511911, Israel
| | - Eliahu D Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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11
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Roer R, Abehsera S, Sagi A. Exoskeletons across the Pancrustacea: Comparative Morphology, Physiology, Biochemistry and Genetics. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:771-91. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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12
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Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the molecular basis of brachyurization and adaptation to benthic lifestyle in Eriocheir sinensis. Gene 2015; 558:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Structural and Functional Analyses of a Strong Chitin-Binding Protein-1 (SCBP-1) from the Exoskeleton of the Crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:361-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Terwilliger NB. Gene expression profile, protein production, and functions of cryptocyanin during the crustacean molt cycle. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2011.595972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Luquet G. Biomineralizations: insights and prospects from crustaceans. Zookeys 2012:103-21. [PMID: 22536102 PMCID: PMC3335408 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.176.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For growing, crustaceans have to molt cyclically because of the presence of a rigid exoskeleton. Most of the crustaceans harden their cuticle not only by sclerotization, like all the arthropods, but also by calcification. All the physiology of crustaceans, including the calcification process, is then linked to molting cycles. This means for these animals to find regularly a source of calcium ions quickly available just after ecdysis. The sources of calcium used are diverse, ranging from the environment where the animals live to endogenous calcium deposits cyclically elaborated by some of them. As a result, crustaceans are submitted to an important and energetically demanding calcium turnover throughout their life. The mineralization process occurs by precipitation of calcium carbonate within an organic matrix network of chitin-proteins fibers. Both crystalline and stabilized amorphous polymorphs of calcium carbonate are found in crustacean biominerals. Furthermore, Crustacea is the only phylum of animals able to elaborate and resorb periodically calcified structures. Notably for these two previous reasons, crustaceans are more and more extensively studied and considered as models of choice in the biomineralization research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Luquet
- Biogéosciences, UMR 5561 CNRS - Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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16
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Structure and Function of Matrix Proteins and Peptides in the Biomineral Formation in Crustaceans. MOLECULAR BIOMINERALIZATION 2011; 52:315-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21230-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Seear PJ, Tarling GA, Burns G, Goodall-Copestake WP, Gaten E, Ozkaya O, Rosato E. Differential gene expression during the moult cycle of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). BMC Genomics 2010; 11:582. [PMID: 20958982 PMCID: PMC3091729 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background All crustaceans periodically moult to renew their exoskeleton. In krill this involves partial digestion and resorption of the old exoskeleton and synthesis of new cuticle. Molecular events that underlie the moult cycle are poorly understood in calcifying crustaceans and even less so in non-calcifying organisms such as krill. To address this we constructed an Antarctic krill cDNA microarray in order to generate gene expression profiles across the moult cycle and identify possible activation pathways. Results A total of 26 different cuticle genes were identified that showed differential gene expression across the moult cycle. Almost all cuticle genes were up regulated during premoult and down regulated during late intermoult. There were a number of transcripts with significant sequence homology to genes potentially involved in the synthesis, breakdown and resorption of chitin. During early premoult glutamine synthetase, a gene involved in generating an amino acid used in the synthesis of glucosamine, a constituent of chitin, was up regulated more than twofold. Mannosyltransferase 1, a member of the glycosyltransferase family of enzymes that includes chitin synthase was also up regulated during early premoult. Transcripts homologous to a β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (β-NAGase) precursor were expressed at a higher level during late intermoult (prior to apolysis) than during premoult. This observation coincided with the up regulation during late intermoult, of a coatomer subunit epsilon involved in the production of vesicles that maybe used to transport the β-NAGase precursors into the exuvial cleft. Trypsin, known to activate the β-NAGase precursor, was up regulated more than fourfold during premoult. The up regulation of a predicted oligopeptide transporter during premoult may allow the transport of chitin breakdown products across the newly synthesised epi- and exocuticle layers. Conclusion We have identified many genes differentially expressed across the moult cycle of krill that correspond with known phenotypic structural changes. This study has provided a better understanding of the processes involved in krill moulting and how they may be controlled at the gene expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Seear
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB30ET, UK.
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Kong Y, Jing G, Yan Z, Li C, Gong N, Zhu F, Li D, Zhang Y, Zheng G, Wang H, Xie L, Zhang R. Cloning and characterization of Prisilkin-39, a novel matrix protein serving a dual role in the prismatic layer formation from the oyster Pinctada fucata. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10841-54. [PMID: 19233851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808357200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscs form their shells out of CaCO(3) and a matrix of biomacromolecules. Understanding the role of matrices may shed some light on the mechanism of biomineralization. Here, a 1401-bp full-length cDNA sequence encoding a novel matrix protein was cloned from the mantle of the bivalve oyster, Pinctada fucata. The deduced protein (Prisilkin-39), which has a molecular mass of 39.3 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.83, was fully characterized, and its role in biomineralization was demonstrated using both in vivo and in vitro crystal growth assays. Prisilkin-39 is a highly repetitive protein with an unusual composition of Gly, Tyr, and Ser residues. Expression of Prisilkin-39 was localized to columnar epithelial cells of the mantle edge, corresponding to the calcitic prismatic layer formation. Immunostaining in situ and immunodetection in vitro revealed the presence of a characteristic pattern of Prisilkin-39 in the organic sheet and in sheaths around the prisms. Prisilkin-39 binds tightly with chitin, an insoluble polysaccharide that forms the highly structured framework of the shell. Antibody injection in vivo resulted in dramatic morphological deformities in the inner shell surface structure, where large amounts of CaCO(3) were deposited in an uncontrolled manner. Moreover, Prisilkin-39 strictly prohibited the precipitation of aragonite in vitro. Taken together, Prisilkin-39 is the first protein shown to have dual function, involved both in the chitinous framework building and in crystal growth regulation during the prismatic layer mineralization. These observations may extend our view on the rare group of basic matrices and their functions during elaboration of the molluscan shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Kong
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, and Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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A gastrolith protein serving a dual role in the formation of an amorphous mineral containing extracellular matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7129-34. [PMID: 18480260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800193105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the proclamation of Lowenstam and Weiner that crustaceans are the "champions of mineral mobilization and deposition of the animal kingdom," relatively few proteins from the two main calcification sites in these animals, i.e., the exoskeleton and the transient calcium storage organs, have been identified, sequenced, and their roles elucidated. Here, a 65-kDa protein (GAP 65) from the gastrolith of the crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, is fully characterized and its function in the mineralization of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) of the extracellular matrix is demonstrated. GAP 65 is a negatively charged glycoprotein that possesses three predicted domains: a chitin-binding domain 2, a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain, and a polysaccharide deacetylase domain. Expression of GAP 65 was localized to columnar epithelial cells of the gastrolith disk during premolt. In vivo administration of GAP 65 dsRNA resulted in a significant reduction of GAP 65 transcript levels in the gastrolith disk. Such gene silencing also caused dramatic structural and morphological deformities in the chitinous-ACC extracellular matrix structure. ACC deposited in these gastroliths appeared to be sparsely packed with large elongated cavities compared with the normal gastrolith, where ACC is densely compacted. ACC spherules deposited in these gastroliths are significantly larger than normal. GAP 65, moreover, inhibited calcium carbonate crystallization in vitro and stabilized synthetic ACC. Thus, GAP 65 is the first protein shown to have dual function, involved both in extracellular matrix formation and in mineral deposition during biomineralization.
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Stillman JH, Colbourne JK, Lee CE, Patel NH, Phillips MR, Towle DW, Eads BD, Gelembuik GW, Henry RP, Johnson EA, Pfrender ME, Terwilliger NB. Recent advances in crustacean genomics. Integr Comp Biol 2008; 48:852-68. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icn096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Brown-Peterson NJ, Manning CS, Patel V, Denslow ND, Brouwer M. Effects of cyclic hypoxia on gene expression and reproduction in a grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2008; 214:6-16. [PMID: 18258771 DOI: 10.2307/25066655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic changes in dissolved oxygen occur naturally in shallow estuarine systems, yet little is known about the adaptations and responses of estuarine organisms to cyclic hypoxia. Here we examine the responses of Palaemonetes pugio, a species of grass shrimp, to cyclic hypoxia (1.5-8 mg/l dissolved oxygen; 4.20-22.42 kPa) at both the molecular and organismal levels. We measured alterations in gene expression in hepatopancreas tissue of female grass shrimp using custom cDNA macroarrays. After short-term (3-d) exposure to cyclic hypoxia, mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was upregulated and 70-kd heat shock proteins (HSP70) were downregulated. After 7-d exposure, nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins (ribosomal protein S2, ATP synthase, very-long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [VLCAD]) were downregulated, whereas mitochondrial phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEP Cbk) was upregulated. After 14 d, vitellogenin and apolipoprotein A1 were upregulated. Taken together, these changes suggest a shift in metabolism toward gluconeogenesis and lipid export. Long-term (77-d) exposure to hypoxia showed that profiles of gene expression returned to pre-exposure levels. These molecular responses differ markedly from those induced by chronic hypoxia. At the organismal level, cyclic hypoxia reduces the number of broods and eggs a female can produce. Demographic analysis showed a lower estimated rate of population growth in grass shrimp exposed to both continuous and short-term cyclic hypoxia, suggesting population-level impacts on grass shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Brown-Peterson
- Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Dr., Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564, USA
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