Up-regulation of a non-kinase activity isoform of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta1 (CaMKKβ1) in hibernating bat brain

To be or not to be: the regulation of mRNA fate as a survival strategy during mammalian hibernation

Mammalian hibernators undergo profound behavioral, physiological, and biochemical changes in order to cope with hypothermia, ischemia-reperfusion, and finite fuel reserves over days or weeks of continuous torpor. Against a backdrop of global reductions in energy-expensive processes such as transcription and translation, a subset of genes/proteins are strategically upregulated in order to meet challenges associated with hibernation. Consequently, hibernation involves substantial transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms and provides a phenomenon with which to understand how a set of common genes/proteins can be differentially regulated in order to enhance stress tolerance beyond that which is possible for nonhibernators. The present review focuses on the involvement of messenger RNA (mRNA) interacting factors that play a role in the regulation of gene/protein expression programs that define the hibernating phenotype. These include proteins involved in mRNA processing (i.e., capping, splicing, and polyadenylation) and the possible role of alternative splicing as a means of enhancing protein diversity. Since the total pool of mRNA remains constant throughout torpor, mechanisms which enhance mRNA stability are discussed in the context of RNA binding proteins and mRNA decay pathways. Furthermore, mechanisms which control the global reduction of cap-dependent translation and the involvement of internal ribosome entry sites in mRNAs encoding stress response proteins are also discussed. Finally, the concept of regulating each of these factors in discrete subcellular compartments for enhanced efficiency is addressed. The analysis draws on recent research from several well-studied mammalian hibernators including ground squirrels, bats, and bears.

Differential expression and functional constraint of PRL-2 in hibernating bat

Circannual hibernation is a biological adaptation to periods of cold and food shortage and the role of the brain in its control is poorly understood. An SSH library of hibernating bat brains (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) was constructed in order to explore the molecular mechanism of hibernation. An up-regulated gene, PRL-2, was obtained from hibernating bat brains. PRL-2 is a member of PTP family and has an important function in controlling cell growth. Alignment of sequences showed that PRL-2 is highly conserved among species, including two species of hibernating bats (R. ferrumequinum and Myotis ricketti). Moreover, Maximum Likelihood Analysis suggested that it may experience strong selection pressure leading to functional constraint in evolution, which indicated the significance of PRL-2 in normal bio-function. RQ-PCR was performed and statistical analysis suggested that PRL-2 exhibited distinct differential expression patterns in different organs during hibernation. In heart, fat and brain tissue of hibernating bats, the transcriptional level of PRL-2 increased almost 170%, 35% and 12% respectively. However, in muscle it decreased nearly 70%. The change of mRNA level of PRL-2 in heart tissue of hibernating bats was significantly higher than that in heart tissue of active controls (P=0.043). However, the regulation mechanism of differential expression of PRL-2 and the signal pathway involved are still unknown.

Screening of hibernation-related genes in the brain of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum during hibernation

The greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) is a widely distributed small mammal that hibernates annually. A systematic study was initiated to identify differentially expressed genes in hibernating and aroused states of the greater horseshoe bat brain by using suppressed subtractive hybridization technique and dot blot. Forty-one over-expressed ESTs in the hibernating state were found and 17 were known genes reported in NCBI. Among these 17 genes, three were further checked by real time PCR. The bioinformatics analysis suggests that the major over-expressed ESTs may be responsible for the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, the growth of neurons, signal transduction and neuroprotection, gene expression regulation, and intracellular trafficking.