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Klainbart S, Kelmer E, Beeri-Cohen I, Keinan Y, Segev G, Aroch I. Serum Cholesterol Concentration on Admission in 415 Dogs Envenomated by Daboia (Vipera) palaestinae as a Marker of Envenomation Severity and Outcome-A Retrospective Study. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:609. [PMID: 37888640 PMCID: PMC10611264 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Daboia (Vipera) palaestinae (Dp), accounts for most envenomations in humans and dogs in Israel. In humans envenomed by Dp, serum cholesterol concentration (sChol) is inversely correlated with envenomation severity. This study examined the utility of sChol upon admission in dogs envenomed by Dp as an envenomation severity and outcome marker. Data upon admission, including sChol, were retrospectively collected from the medical records of dogs with proven Dp envenomation. The study included 415 dogs. The mortality rate was 11%. The heart rate upon admission was higher in non-survivors than in survivors. Signs of bleeding or hematoma and circulatory shock signs were more frequent among non-survivors compared to survivors. sChol, the platelet count, and serum albumin concentration (sAlb) were lower, while serum creatinine concentration was higher among non-survivors. sChol and sAlb were moderately, positively, and significantly correlated. sChol was significantly, negatively, albeit weakly, correlated with the length of hospitalization and the heart rate. sChol was lower in dogs admitted >12 h post-envenomation than in those admitted later. In dogs, sChol upon admission is a potential marker of severity and outcome of Dp envenomation. The platelet count, sAlb, and sCreat might also be potential markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Klainbart
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 229 Herzel St., P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.K.); (I.B.-C.)
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 229 Herzel St., P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.K.); (I.B.-C.)
| | - Iris Beeri-Cohen
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 229 Herzel St., P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.K.); (I.B.-C.)
| | - Yael Keinan
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 229 Herzel St., P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (Y.K.); (G.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Gilad Segev
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 229 Herzel St., P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (Y.K.); (G.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 229 Herzel St., P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (Y.K.); (G.S.); (I.A.)
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Tan CH, Tan KY, Ng TS, Tan NH, Chong HP. De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization for Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824), the Malayan Pit Viper from Malaysia: Unravelling Toxin Gene Diversity in a Medically Important Basal Crotaline. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050315. [PMID: 37235350 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, the Malayan Pit Viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) is a venomous snake species of medical importance and bioprospecting potential. To unveil the diversity of its toxin genes, this study de novo assembled and analyzed the venom gland transcriptome of C. rhodostoma from Malaysia. The expression of toxin genes dominates the gland transcriptome by 53.78% of total transcript abundance (based on overall FPKM, Fragments Per Kilobase Million), in which 92 non-redundant transcripts belonging to 16 toxin families were identified. Snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP, PI > PII > PIII) is the most dominant family (37.84% of all toxin FPKM), followed by phospholipase A2 (29.02%), bradykinin/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-C-type natriuretic peptide (16.30%), C-type lectin (CTL, 10.01%), snake venom serine protease (SVSP, 2.81%), L-amino acid oxidase (2.25%), and others (1.78%). The expressions of SVMP, CTL, and SVSP correlate with hemorrhagic, anti-platelet, and coagulopathic effects in envenoming. The SVMP metalloproteinase domains encode hemorrhagins (kistomin and rhodostoxin), while disintegrin (rhodostomin from P-II) acts by inhibiting platelet aggregation. CTL gene homologues uncovered include rhodocytin (platelet aggregators) and rhodocetin (platelet inhibitors), which contribute to thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction. The major SVSP is a thrombin-like enzyme (an ancrod homolog) responsible for defibrination in consumptive coagulopathy. The findings provide insight into the venom complexity of C. rhodostoma and the pathophysiology of envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kae Yi Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Tzu Shan Ng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ho Phin Chong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Past, Present, and Future of Naturally Occurring Antimicrobials Related to Snake Venoms. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040744. [PMID: 36830531 PMCID: PMC9952678 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on proteins and peptides with antimicrobial activity because these biopolymers can be useful in the fight against infectious diseases and to overcome the critical problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics. In fact, snakes show the highest diversification among reptiles, surviving in various environments; their innate immunity is similar to mammals and the response of their plasma to bacteria and fungi has been explored mainly in ecological studies. Snake venoms are a rich source of components that have a variety of biological functions. Among them are proteins like lectins, metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidases, phospholipases type A2, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, as well as many oligopeptides, such as waprins, cardiotoxins, cathelicidins, and β-defensins. In vitro, these biomolecules were shown to be active against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses that are pathogenic to humans. Not only cathelicidins, but all other proteins and oligopeptides from snake venom have been proteolyzed to provide short antimicrobial peptides, or for use as templates for developing a variety of short unnatural sequences based on their structures. In addition to organizing and discussing an expressive amount of information, this review also describes new β-defensin sequences of Sistrurus miliarius that can lead to novel peptide-based antimicrobial agents, using a multidisciplinary approach that includes sequence phylogeny.
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The Cytotoxic Effects of Partially Purified Cytotoxic Peptides of Naja naja Oxiana Venom on Human Glioblastoma Multiforme: An in vitro Study. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Esmaeilishirazifard E, Usher L, Trim C, Denise H, Sangal V, Tyson GH, Barlow A, Redway KF, Taylor JD, Kremyda-Vlachou M, Davies S, Loftus TD, Lock MMG, Wright K, Dalby A, Snyder LAS, Wuster W, Trim S, Moschos SA. Bacterial Adaptation to Venom in Snakes and Arachnida. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0240821. [PMID: 35604233 PMCID: PMC9248900 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02408-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms are considered sterile sources of antimicrobial compounds with strong membrane-disrupting activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, venomous bite wound infections are common in developing nations. Investigating the envenomation organ and venom microbiota of five snake and two spider species, we observed venom community structures that depend on the host venomous animal species and evidenced recovery of viable microorganisms from black-necked spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) and Indian ornamental tarantula (Poecilotheria regalis) venoms. Among the bacterial isolates recovered from N. nigricollis, we identified two venom-resistant, novel sequence types of Enterococcus faecalis whose genomes feature 16 virulence genes, indicating infectious potential, and 45 additional genes, nearly half of which improve bacterial membrane integrity. Our findings challenge the dogma of venom sterility and indicate an increased primary infection risk in the clinical management of venomous animal bite wounds. IMPORTANCE Notwithstanding their 3 to 5% mortality, the 2.7 million envenomation-related injuries occurring annually-predominantly across Africa, Asia, and Latin America-are also major causes of morbidity. Venom toxin-damaged tissue will develop infections in some 75% of envenomation victims, with E. faecalis being a common culprit of disease; however, such infections are generally considered to be independent of envenomation. Here, we provide evidence on venom microbiota across snakes and arachnida and report on the convergent evolution mechanisms that can facilitate adaptation to black-necked cobra venom in two independent E. faecalis strains, easily misidentified by biochemical diagnostics. Therefore, since inoculation with viable and virulence gene-harboring bacteria can occur during envenomation, acute infection risk management following envenomation is warranted, particularly for immunocompromised and malnourished victims in resource-limited settings. These results shed light on how bacteria evolve for survival in one of the most extreme environments on Earth and how venomous bites must be also treated for infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Esmaeilishirazifard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Westminster Genomic Services, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Usher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Westminster Genomic Services, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Trim
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Hubert Denise
- EMBL-EBI European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vartul Sangal
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory H. Tyson
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Axel Barlow
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Keith F. Redway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Westminster Genomic Services, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Myrto Kremyda-Vlachou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Davies
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kstir Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dalby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lori A. S. Snyder
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Wuster
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Trim
- Venomtech, Ltd., Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Sterghios A. Moschos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Westminster Genomic Services, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
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6
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Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent enzyme active on most proteinogenic L-amino acids, catalysing their conversion to α-keto acids by oxidative deamination of the substrate. For this oxidation reaction, molecular oxygen is used as the electron acceptor, generating hydrogen peroxide. LAAO can be used to detect L-amino acids, for the production of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidative agent or antimicrobial agent, and for the production of enantiopure amino acids from racemates. In this work, we characterised a previously reported LAAO from the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. The substrate scope and kinetic properties of the enzyme were determined, and the thermostability was evaluated. Additionally, we elucidated the crystal structure of this bacterial LAAO, enabling us to test the role of active site residues concerning their function in catalysis. The obtained insights and ease of expression of this thermostable LAAO provides a solid basis for the development of engineered LAAO variants tuned for biosensing and/or biocatalysis.
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Barbosa LG, Costa TR, Borges IP, Costa MS, Carneiro AC, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Amorim FG, Quinton L, Yoneyama KAG, de Melo Rodrigues V, Sampaio SV, Rodrigues RS. A comparative study on the leishmanicidal activity of the L-amino acid oxidases BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II isolated from Brazilian Bothrops snake venoms. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:267-278. [PMID: 33242552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine whether two L-amino acid oxidases isolated from Bothrops snake venom (SV-LAAOs) were cytotoxic to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, two causative agents of leishmaniasis, which is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical countries. The SV-LAAOs BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II were isolated from Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops moojeni venom, respectively, through a three-step chromatography process that used molecular exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity columns. BmooLAAO-II is a new SV-LAAO isoform that we isolated in this study. The purified BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II had high L-amino acid oxidase-specific activity: 3481.17 and 4924.77 U/mg/min, respectively. Both SV-LAAOs were strongly cytotoxic to the two Leishmania species, even at low concentrations. At the same concentration, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II exerted different cytotoxic effects on the parasites. We reported for the first time that the SV-LAAOs suppressed cell proliferation and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of the two Leishmania species. Surprisingly, BjussuLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (L.) amazonensis, while BmooLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (V.) braziliensis, indicating that these SV-LAAOs had a certain specificity of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Gonçalves Barbosa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Pacheco Borges
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecília Carneiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratory of Osteoimmunology and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Osteoimmunology and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gobbi Amorim
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Pająk M. Methylated derivatives of l-tyrosine in reaction catalyzed by l-amino acid oxidase: isotope and inhibitory effects. J Biochem 2020; 168:509-514. [PMID: 32569353 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is widely distributed in nature and shows important biological activity. It induces cell apoptosis and has antibacterial properties. This study was designed to investigate the effect of methyl substituent on its activity as methylated derivatives of l-tyrosine, labelled with short-lived B+ emitters, have been used in oncological diagnostics. To study isotope effects in the oxidative deamination of O-methyl-l-tyrosine, the deuterated isotopomer, i.e. O-methyl-[2-2H]-l-tyrosine, was synthesized by isotope exchange, catalyzed enzymatically by tryptophanase. Isotope effects were determined using the spectrophotometric non-competitive method. The values of isotope effects indicate that the α-C-H bond cleavage occurs in the rate determining step of the investigated reaction and α-hydrogen plays a role in the substrate binding process at the enzyme active site. The inhibitory effect on LAAO activity was studied with α-methyl-l-tyrosine and N-methyl-l-tyrosine. The mode of inhibition was determined based on Lineweavear-Burk plots intersections. α-Methyl-l-tyrosine has been found a mixed type inhibitor of the investigated enzyme, whereas N-methyl-l-tyrosine is a non-competitive inhibitor of LAAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pająk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1 Str, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Hashmi SU, Alvi A, Munir I, Perveen M, Fazal A, Jackson TNW, Ali SA. Functional venomics of the Big-4 snakes of Pakistan. Toxicon 2020; 179:60-71. [PMID: 32173354 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In South Asia, the "Big-4" venomous snakes Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus, Daboia russelii, and Echis carinatus are so-called because they are the most medically important snakes in the region. Antivenom is the only effective treatment option for snakebite envenoming but antivenom is not produced domestically in Pakistan making the country reliant on polyvalent products imported from India and Saudi Arabia. The present study investigated the toxin composition and activity of the venoms of Pakistani specimens by means of proteomic and physio/pharmacological experiments. To evaluate the composition of venoms, 1D/2D-PAGE of crude venoms and RP-HPLC followed by SDS-PAGE were performed. Enzymatic, hemolytic, coagulant and platelet aggregating activities of crude venoms were assayed and were concordant with expectations based on the abundance of protein species in each. Neutralization assays were performed using Bharat polyvalent antivenom (BPAV), a product raised against venoms from Big-4 specimens from southern India. BPAV exhibited cross-reactivity against the Pakistani venoms, however, neutralization of clinically relevant activities was variable and rarely complete. Cumulatively, the presented data not only highlight geographical variations present in the venoms of the Big-4 snakes of South Asia, but also demonstrate the neutralization potential of Indian polyvalent against the venom of Pakistani specimens. Given the partial neutralization observed, it is clear that whilst BPAV is a life-saving product in Pakistan, in future it is hoped that a region-specific product might be manufactured domestically, using venoms of local snakes in the immunising mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda U Hashmi
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Areej Alvi
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mehvish Perveen
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Amaila Fazal
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Syed A Ali
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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10
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Rheubert JL, Meyer MF, Strobel RM, Pasternak MA, Charvat RA. Predicting antibacterial activity from snake venom proteomes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226807. [PMID: 31978103 PMCID: PMC6980403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued evolution of antibiotic resistance has increased the urgency for new antibiotic development, leading to exploration of non-traditional sources. In particular, snake venom has garnered attention for its potent antibacterial properties. Numerous studies describing snake venom proteomic composition as well as antibiotic efficacy have created an opportunity to synthesize relationships between venom proteomes and their antibacterial properties. Using literature reported values from peer-reviewed studies, our study generated models to predict efficacy given venom protein family composition, snake taxonomic family, bacterial Gram stain, bacterial morphology, and bacterial respiration strategy. We then applied our predictive models to untested snake species with known venom proteomic compositions. Overall, our results provide potential protein families that serve as accurate predictors of efficacy as well as promising organisms in terms of antibacterial properties of venom. The results from this study suggest potential future research trajectories for antibacterial properties in snake venom by offering hypotheses for a variety of taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. Rheubert
- Department of Biology, University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Meyer
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raeshelle M. Strobel
- Department of Biology, University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Megan A. Pasternak
- Department of Biology, University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Charvat
- Department of Biology, University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio, United States of America
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11
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Khedrinia M, Aryapour H, Mianabadi M. Prediction of novel inhibitors for Crotalus adamanteus l-amino acid oxidase by repurposing FDA-approved drugs: a virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation investigation. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:470-479. [PMID: 31668098 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1614022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the deadliest enzymes in the snake venom is l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) which plays an important role in the pathophysiological effects during snake envenomation. Some effects of this enzyme on the human body are apoptosis, platelet aggregation, edema, hemorrhage, and cytotoxicity. Hence, inhibiting the enzyme activity to reduce its degradation effects is of great medical and pharmacological importance. On the other hand, drug repurposing is a process to find the new existing drug for a new medical indication. Since Crotalus adamanteus LAAO has no crystal structure in the protein data bank, first, its 3D structure was constructed by homology modeling using 1REO as the template and then modeled structure was evaluated by several algorithms. We screened the FDA-approved drugs by structure-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and Molecular Mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) to identify new inhibitors for the snake venom LAAO. Interestingly, docking results revealed that half of the hits belong to the propionic acid derivatives drugs. In addition, MD simulation was performed to assess the interaction profile of the docked protein-hits complexes. Meanwhile, Arg88, Gln112, Lys345, Trp356 form consistent hydrogen bond interactions with Dexketoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Ketoprofen, Morphine, and Citric acid during simulation. According to the results, each of the four compounds can be an appropriate inhibitor of LAAO and since our study was based on drug repurposing could be evaluated in phase II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Khedrinia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hassan Aryapour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Manijeh Mianabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
An increasing problem in the field of health protection is the emergence of drug-resistant and multi-drug-resistant bacterial strains. They cause a number of infections, including hospital infections, which currently available antibiotics are unable to fight. Therefore, many studies are devoted to the search for new therapeutic agents with bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties. One of the latest concepts is to search for this type of substances among toxins produced by venomous animals. In this approach, however, special attention is paid to snake venom because it contains molecules with antibacterial properties. Thorough investigations have shown that the phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and l-amino acids oxidases (LAAO), as well as fragments of these enzymes, are mainly responsible for the bactericidal properties of snake venoms. Some preliminary research studies also suggest that fragments of three-finger toxins (3FTx) are bactericidal. It has also been proven that some snakes produce antibacterial peptides (AMP) homologous to human defensins and cathelicidins. The presence of these proteins and peptides means that snake venoms continue to be an interesting material for researchers and can be perceived as a promising source of antibacterial agents.
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13
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Wiezel GA, Rustiguel JK, Morgenstern D, Zoccal KF, Faccioli LH, Nonato MC, Ueberheide B, Arantes EC. Insights into the structure, function and stability of bordonein-L, the first L-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Biochimie 2019; 163:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Costal-Oliveira F, Stransky S, Guerra-Duarte C, Naves de Souza DL, Vivas-Ruiz DE, Yarlequé A, Sanchez EF, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Braga VMM. L-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops atrox snake venom triggers autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis in normal human keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:781. [PMID: 30692577 PMCID: PMC6349910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are flavoproteins, which perform diverse biological activities in the victim such as edema, myotoxicity and cytotoxicity, contributing to the development of clinical symptoms of envenomation. LAAO cytotoxicity has been described, but the temporal cascade of events leading to cell death has not been explored so far. This study evaluates the involvement of LAAO in dermonecrosis in mice and its cytotoxic effects in normal human keratinocytes, the major cell type in the epidermis, a tissue that undergoes extensive necrosis at the snakebite site. Pharmacological inhibition by the antioxidant NAC (N-acetyl cysteine) prevented B. atrox venom-induced necrosis. Consistent with the potential role of oxidative stress in wounding, treatment with purified LAAO decreased keratinocyte viability with an Effective Concentration (EC50) of 5.1 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity caused by LAAO was mediated by H2O2 and treated cells underwent autophagy, followed by apoptosis and necrosis. LAAO induced morphological alterations that precede cell death. Our results show the chronological events leading to cell death and the temporal resolution from autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis as distinct mechanisms triggered by LAAO. Fluorescently-labelled LAAO was efficiently and rapidly internalized by keratinocytes, suggesting that catalysis of intracellular substrates may contribute to LAAO toxicity. A better understanding of LAAO cytotoxicity and its mechanism of action will help to identify potential therapeutic strategies to ameliorate localized snake envenomation symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-0103, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dayane L Naves de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dan E Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando Yarlequé
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-0103, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vania M M Braga
- Cardio-Respiratory Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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15
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Zangeneh F, Vazirizadeh A, Mirshamsi MR, Fakhri A, Faizi M, Pourahmad J. Induction of Apoptosis by an Extract of Persian Gulf Marine Mollusc, Turbo Coronatus through the Production of Reactive
Oxygen Species in Mouse Melanoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:3479-3488. [PMID: 30583673 PMCID: PMC6428523 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.12.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A variety of approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and
immunotherapy are used to treat melanomas, but unfortunately in most case, the response is very weak and often side
effects are serious. This study concerns selective toxicity of an extract of Turbo coronatus on cells and mitochondria from
a syngeneic mouse model of melanoma. Methods: Cells and mitochondria isolated from extra tumoral and melanoma
tissues were exposed toa T. coronatus crude extract and fractions obtained by gel-filtration chromatography and assayed
for mitochondrial and cellular parameters. Result: Crude extract (375, 750 and 1,500 μg/ml) and fraction 1; F1; (275,
550 and 1100 μg/ml) of T. coronatus extract induced a significant (p<0.05) increase of the reactive oxygen species
(ROS) level, swelling of mitochondria, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), release of cytochrome
c and caspase-3 activation only in the mitochondria and cells obtained from melanoma but not extra tumoral tissues. In
addition, the F1 fraction decreased the percentage of viable cells and induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. Conclusion:
For the first time we could demonstrate that the F1 fraction of a T. coronatus extract, selectively induces ROS mediated
cytotoxicity by directly targeting mitochondria in melanoma tissues and it may be a suitable candidate for novel drug
treatment of malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zangeneh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
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16
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Costa TR, Carone SEI, Tucci LFF, Menaldo DL, Rosa-Garzon NG, Cabral H, Sampaio SV. Kinetic investigations and stability studies of two Bothrops L-amino acid oxidases. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:37. [PMID: 30534149 PMCID: PMC6280375 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background L-amino acid oxidases isolated from snake venoms (SV-LAAOs) are enzymes that have great therapeutic potential and are currently being investigated as tools for developing new strategies to treat various diseases, including cancer and bacterial infections. The main objective of this study was to make a brief evaluation of the enzymatic stability of two Bothrops LAAOs, one isolated from Bothrops jararacussu (BjussuLAAO-II) and the other from Bothrops moojeni (BmooLAAO-I) venoms. Methods and results The enzymatic activity and stability of both LAAOs were evaluated by microplate colorimetric assays, for which BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-I were incubated with different L-amino acid substrates, in the presence of different ions, and at different pH ranges and temperatures. BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-I demonstrated higher affinity for hydrophobic amino acids, such as Phe and Leu. The two enzymes showed high enzymatic activity in a wide temperature range, from 25 to 75 °C, and presented optimum pH around 7.0. Additionally, Zn2+, Al3+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions negatively modulated the enzymatic activity of both LAAOs. As to stability, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-I showed high enzymatic activity for 42 days stored at 4 °C in neutral pH solution. Moreover, the glycan portions of both LAAOs were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis, which revealed that BjussuLAAO-II presented two main glycan portions with relative masses of 7.78 and 8.13 CGU, while BmooLAAO-I showed three portions of 7.58, 7.94 and 8.37 CGU. Conclusions Our results showed that, when stored properly, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-I present enzymatic stability over a long time period, which is very important to allow the use of these enzymes in pharmacological studies of great impact in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Sante E I Carone
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Luiz F F Tucci
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Nathalia G Rosa-Garzon
- 2Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- 2Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
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Rey-Suárez P, Acosta C, Torres U, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Lomonte B, Núñez V. MipLAAO, a new L-amino acid oxidase from the redtail coral snake Micrurus mipartitus. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4924. [PMID: 29900074 PMCID: PMC5995095 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are ubiquitous enzymes in nature. Bioactivities described for these enzymes include apoptosis induction, edema formation, induction or inhibition of platelet aggregation, as well as antiviral, antiparasite, and antibacterial actions. With over 80 species, Micrurus snakes are the representatives of the Elapidae family in the New World. Although LAAOs in Micrurus venoms have been predicted by venom gland transcriptomic studies and detected in proteomic studies, no enzymes of this kind have been previously purified from their venoms. Earlier proteomic studies revealed that the venom of M. mipartitus from Colombia contains ∼4% of LAAO. This enzyme, here named MipLAAO, was isolated and biochemically and functionally characterized. The enzyme is found in monomeric form, with an isotope-averaged molecular mass of 59,100.6 Da, as determined by MALDI-TOF. Its oxidase activity shows substrate preference for hydrophobic amino acids, being optimal at pH 8.0. By nucleotide sequencing of venom gland cDNA of mRNA transcripts obtained from a single snake, six isoforms of MipLAAO with minor variations among them were retrieved. The deduced sequences present a mature chain of 483 amino acids, with a predicted pI of 8.9, and theoretical masses between 55,010.9 and 55,121.0 Da. The difference with experimentally observed mass is likely due to glycosylation, in agreement with the finding of three putative N-glycosylation sites in its amino acid sequence. A phylogenetic analysis of MmipLAAO placed this new enzyme within the clade of homologous proteins from elapid snakes, characterized by the conserved Serine at position 223, in contrast to LAAOs from viperids. MmipLAAO showed a potent bactericidal effect on S. aureus (MIC: 2 µg/mL), but not on E. coli. The former activity could be of interest to future studies assessing its potential as antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rey-Suárez
- Programa de Ofidismo y Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cristian Acosta
- Programa de Ofidismo y Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Uday Torres
- Programa de Ofidismo y Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Vitelbina Núñez
- Programa de Ofidismo y Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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18
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Xiong S, Huang C. Synergistic strategies of predominant toxins in snake venoms. Toxicol Lett 2018; 287:142-154. [PMID: 29428543 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synergism is a significant phenomenon present in snake venoms that may be an evolving strategy to potentiate toxicities. Synergism exists between different toxins or toxin complexes in various snake venoms, with phospholipaseA2s (PLA2s) (toxins or subunits) the main enablers. The predominant toxins, snake venom PLA2s, metalloproteases (SVMPs), serine proteases (SVSPs) and three-finger toxins (3FTxs), play essential roles in synergistic processes. The hypothetical mechanisms of synergistic effect can be generalized under the effects of amplification and chaperoning. The Toxicity Score is among the few quantitative methods to assess synergism. Selection of toxins involved in synergistically enhanced toxicity as the targets are important for development of novel antivenoms or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Xiong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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19
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Lazo F, Vivas-Ruiz DE, Sandoval GA, Rodríguez EF, Kozlova EE, Costal-Oliveira F, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Severino R, Yarlequé A, Sanchez EF. Biochemical, biological and molecular characterization of an L-Amino acid oxidase (LAAO) purified from Bothrops pictus Peruvian snake venom. Toxicon 2017; 139:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Membrane binding of the insertion sequence of Proteus vulgaris L-amino acid deaminase stabilizes protein structure and increases catalytic activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13719. [PMID: 29057984 PMCID: PMC5651824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus vulgaris L-amino acid deaminase (pvLAAD) belongs to a class of bacterial membrane-bound LAADs mainly express in genus Proteus, Providencia and Morganella. These LAADs employ a non-cleavable N-terminal twin-arginine translocation (Tat) peptide to transport across membrane and bind to bacterial surface. Recent studies revealed that a hydrophobic insertion sequence (INS) in these LAADs also interacts with bacterial membrane. However, the functional significance of INS-membrane interaction is not clear. In this study, we made site-directed mutagenesis on the surface-exposed hydrophobic residues of pvLAAD INS, and we found that these mutations impaired the INS-membrane interaction but did not affect pvLAAD activity in the solution. We further found that when cell membrane is present, the catalytic activity can be increased by 8~10 folds for wild-type but not INS-mutated pvLAAD, indicating that the INS-membrane interaction is necessary for increasing activity of pvLAAD. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations suggested that INS is flexible in the solution, and its conformational dynamics could lead to substrate channel distortion. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy experiments indicated that bacterial membrane was able to maintain the conformation of INS. Our study suggests the function of the membrane binding of INS is to stabilize pvLAAD structure and increase its catalytic activity.
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21
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Fakhri A, Omranipour R, Fakhri S, Mirshamsi M, Zangeneh F, Vatanpour H, Pourahmad J. Naja Naja Oxiana Venom Fraction Selectively Induces ROS-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Tumor Cells by Directly Targeting Mitochondria. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2201-2208. [PMID: 28843256 PMCID: PMC5697481 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.8.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the selective effect of Naja naja oxiana crude venom and its fractions on human colorectal cancer mitochondria to activate apoptosis signaling. Methods: Cells and mitochondria isolated from human cancerous and normal colorectal tissues exposed to N. oxiana crude venom and its fractions obtained from size-exclusion chromatography and then mitochondrial parameters related to up-stream cell death signalling such as reactive oxygen species formation, MMP, mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release and ATP content as mitochondrial parameters and activation of caspase3 and finally apoptosis/necrosis % were then assayed as cellular parameters. Result: Our findings indicated that crude venom (15, 30 and 60 µg/ml) and fraction 3; F3; (10, 20 and 40 µg/ml) of N. Oxiana venom induced a significant (p<0.05) increase of reactive oxygen species level, swelling of mitochondria, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), release of cytochrome c, activated caspase3 and decrease ATP content only in colon cancer tissue group but not from the healthy colon tissue group. Our results also showed that fraction 3 of venom decreased the percentage of viable cells and induced apoptosis in cancerous colorectal cells. Conclusion: F3 fraction of N. Oxiana venom is a suitable candidate for further studies as a new drug treatment of colorectal cancer due to its high capacity for induction of apoptosis signaling via mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Fakhri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
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22
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Proteomic analysis to unravel the complex venom proteome of eastern India Naja naja: Correlation of venom composition with its biochemical and pharmacological properties. J Proteomics 2017; 156:29-39. [PMID: 28062377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex venom proteome of the eastern India (EI) spectacled cobra (Naja naja) was analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry of cation-exchange venom fractions. About 75% of EI N. naja venom proteins were <18kDa and cationic at physiological pH of blood. SDS-PAGE (non-reduced) analysis indicated that in the native state venom proteins either interacted with each-other or self-aggregated resulting in the formation of higher molecular mass complexes. Proteomic analysis revealed that 43 enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins in EI N. naja venom with a percent composition of about 28.4% and 71.6% respectively were distributed over 15 venom protein families. The three finger toxins (63.8%) and phospholipase A2s (11.4%) were the most abundant families of non-enzymatic and enzymatic proteins, respectively. nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiesterase, cholinesterase and snake venom serine proteases in N. naja venom previously not detected by proteomic analysis. ATPase, ADPase, hyaluronidase, TAME, and BAEE-esterase activities were detected by biochemical analysis; however, due to a limitation in the protein database depository they were not identified in EI N. naja venom by proteomic analysis. The proteome composition of EI N. naja venom was well correlated with its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties in experimental animals and envenomed human. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Proteomic analysis reveals the complex and diverse protein profile of EI N. naja venom which collectively contributes to the severe pathophysiological manifestation upon cobra envenomation. The study has also aided in comprehending the compositional variation in venom proteins of N. naja within the Indian sub-continent. In addition, this study has also identified several enzymes in EI N. naja venom which were previously uncharacterized by proteomic analysis of Naja venom.
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Pla D, Bande BW, Welton RE, Paiva OK, Sanz L, Segura Á, Wright CE, Calvete JJ, Gutiérrez JM, Williams DJ. Proteomics and antivenomics of Papuan black snake (Pseudechis papuanus) venom with analysis of its toxicological profile and the preclinical efficacy of Australian antivenoms. J Proteomics 2016; 150:201-215. [PMID: 27650695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Papuan black snake (Pseudechis papuanus Serpentes: Elapidae) is endemic to Papua New Guinea, Indonesian Papua and Australia's Torres Strait Islands. We have investigated the biological activity and proteomic composition of its venom. The P. papuanus venom proteome is dominated by a variety (n≥18) of PLA2s, which together account for ~90% of the venom proteins, and a set of low relative abundance proteins, including a short-neurotoxic 3FTx (3.1%), 3-4 PIII-SVMPs (2.8%), 3 cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP; 2.3%) 1-3 l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) molecules (1.6%). Probing of a P. papuanus cDNA library with specific primers resulted in the elucidation of the full-length nucleotide sequences of six new toxins, including vespryn and NGF not found in the venom proteome, and a calglandulin protein involved in toxin expression with the venom glands. Intravenous injection of P. papuanus venom in mice induced lethality, intravascular haemolysis, pulmonary congestion and oedema, and anticoagulation after intravenous injection, and these effects are mainly due to the action of PLA2s. This study also evaluated the in vivo preclinical efficacy of Australian black snake and polyvalent Seqirus antivenoms. These antivenoms were effective in neutralising the lethal, PLA2 and anticoagulant activities of P. papuanus venom in mice. On the other hand, all of the Seqirus antivenoms tested using an antivenomic approach exhibited strong immunorecognition of all the venom components. These preclinical results suggest that Australian Seqirus1 antivenoms may provide paraspecific protection against P. papuanus venom in humans. SIGNIFICANCE PARAGRAPH The toxicological profile and proteomic composition of the venom of the Papuan black snake, Pseudechis papuanus, a large diurnal snake endemic to the southern coast of New Guinea and a handful of close offshore islands, were investigated. Intravenous injection of P. papuanus venom in mice induced intravascular hemolysis, pulmonary congestion and edema, anticoagulation, and death. These activities could be assigned to the set of PLA2 molecules, which dominate the P. papuanus venom proteome. This study also showed that Australian Seqirus black snake or polyvalent antivenoms were effective in neutralising the lethal, PLA2 and anticoagulant activities of the venom. These preclinical results support the continued recommendation of these Seqirus antivenoms in the clinical management of P. papuanus envenoming in Australia, Papua New Guinea or Indonesian Papua Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Pla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Benjamin W Bande
- Charles Campbell Toxinology Centre, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ronelle E Welton
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Owen K Paiva
- Charles Campbell Toxinology Centre, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Christine E Wright
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - David J Williams
- Charles Campbell Toxinology Centre, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea; Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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24
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Teixeira TL, Oliveira Silva VA, da Cunha DB, Polettini FL, Thomaz CD, Pianca AA, Zambom FL, da Silva Leitão Mazzi DP, Reis RM, Mazzi MV. Isolation, characterization and screening of the in vitro cytotoxic activity of a novel L-amino acid oxidase (LAAOcdt) from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on human cancer cell lines. Toxicon 2016; 119:203-17. [PMID: 27317870 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An L-amino acid oxidase (LAAOcdt) from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom was purified to homogeneity in a two-step procedure using molecular exclusion on Sephadex G-75, followed by Phenyl Sepharose FF chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 113 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. LAAOcdt showed amino acid homology to other L-amino acid oxidases isolated from different snake venoms. The comparative analysis of the internal peptide sequences of the NNPGILEYPVKPSEEGK fragments by LC-MS/MS spectrometry revealed 100% identity with C. durissus cumanensis LAAO. The purified protein catalyzed the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids, and the most specific substrates were L-Tyr and L-Phe. The enzyme presented optimum activity at pH 7.4 and at 44 °C. LAAOcdt also showed hemolytic activity (0.6-20 μg/μL) and induced both the formation plasma clots (5-100 μg/μL) and platelet aggregation (2.5 × 10(-3), 5.0 × 10(-3) and 10 × 10(-3) μg/mL), as well as bactericidal activity (2.5-10 μg/μL) against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, LAAOcdt exhibited cytotoxicity in distinct cancer cell lines, which presented a heterogeneous response profile. The mean IC50 value was 10.5 μg/mL. Glioma and pancreatic carcinoma cells were the most sensitive cell lines; they showed mean IC50 values of 7.2 μg/mL and 7.4 μg/mL, respectively. The exposure of the drug-sensitive cells to LAAOcdt for 24 h upregulated activated p-H2AX and efficiently decreased P42/P44 (ERK) activation in glioma cells (HCB151), which suggested an anti-proliferative effect. In addition, increased p21 expression was observed in SiHa cells, which showed a resistant phenotype. On the other hand, the flow cytometry and immunoblotting analyses showed that the enzyme did not induce cancer cell apoptosis. These results suggest that another cell death mechanism might contribute to the LAAOcdt-induced cytotoxicity. Taken together, this work may help to elucidate the function and structure of LAAOcdt by providing the basis for further investigations on its efficacy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuila Leveghim Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Batista da Cunha
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Lino Polettini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Daniele Thomaz
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ariana Aparecida Pianca
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Letícia Zambom
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Maurício Ventura Mazzi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
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Prinholato da Silva C, Costa TR, Paiva RMA, Cintra ACO, Menaldo DL, Antunes LMG, Sampaio SV. Antitumor potential of the myotoxin BthTX-I from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: evaluation of cell cycle alterations and death mechanisms induced in tumor cell lines. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:44. [PMID: 26539212 PMCID: PMC4632473 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are abundant components of snake venoms that have been extensively studied due to their pharmacological and pathophysiological effects on living organisms. This study aimed to assess the antitumor potential of BthTX-I, a basic myotoxic PLA2 isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, by evaluating in vitro processes of cytotoxicity, modulation of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis in human (HL-60 and HepG2) and murine (PC-12 and B16F10) tumor cell lines. Methods The cytotoxic effects of BthTX-I were evaluated on the tumor cell lines HL-60 (promyelocytic leukemia), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), PC-12 (murine pheochromocytoma) and B16F10 (murine melanoma) using the MTT method. Flow cytometry technique was used for the analysis of cell cycle alterations and death mechanisms (apoptosis and/or necrosis) induced in tumor cells after treatment with BthTX-I. Results It was observed that BthTX-I was cytotoxic to all evaluated tumor cell lines, reducing their viability in 40 to 50 %. The myotoxin showed modulating effects on the cell cycle of PC-12 and B16F10 cells, promoting delay in the G0/G1 phase. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis indicated cell death mainly by apoptosis. B16F10 was more susceptible to the effects of BthTX-I, with ~40 % of the cells analyzed in apoptosis, followed by HepG2 (~35 %), PC-12 (~25 %) and HL-60 (~4 %). Conclusions These results suggest that BthTX-I presents antitumor properties that may be useful for developing new therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Prinholato da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Tássia R Costa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Raquel M Alves Paiva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Adélia C O Cintra
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Lusânia M Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
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Mukherjee AK, Saviola AJ, Burns PD, Mackessy SP. Apoptosis induction in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells by a novel venom L-amino acid oxidase (Rusvinoxidase) is independent of its enzymatic activity and is accompanied by caspase-7 activation and reactive oxygen species production. Apoptosis 2015; 20:1358-72. [PMID: 26319994 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the elucidation of a mechanism of apoptosis induction in breast cancer (MCF-7) cells by an L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), Rusvinoxidase, purified from the venom of Daboia russelii russelii. Peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of Rusvinoxidase, an acidic monomeric glycoprotein with a mass of ~57 kDa, confirmed its identity as snake venom LAAO. The enzymatic activity of Rusvinoxidase was completely abolished after two cycles of freezing and thawing; however, its cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cells remained unaffected. Dose- and time-dependent induction of apoptosis by Rusvinoxidase on MCF-7 cells was evident from changes in cell morphology, cell membrane integrity, shrinkage of cells and apoptotic body formation accompanied by DNA fragmentation. Rusvinoxidase induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by both the extrinsic (death-receptor) and intrinsic (mitochondrial) signaling pathways. The former pathway of apoptosis operated through activation of caspase-8 that subsequently activated caspase-7 but not caspase-3. Rusvinoxidase-induced intrinsic pathway of apoptosis was accompanied by a time-dependent depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane through the generation of reactive oxygen species, followed by a decrease in cellular glutathione content and catalase activity, and down-regulation of expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-XL and heat-shock proteins (HSP-90 and HSP-70). Rusvinoxidase treatment resulted in increase of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, subsequently leading to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol and activating caspase-9, which in turn stimulated effector caspase-7. Rusvinoxidase at a dose of 4 mg/kg was non-toxic in mice, indicating that it may be useful as a model for the development of peptide-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639-0017, USA,
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Kasai K, Ishikawa T, Nakamura T, Miura T. Antibacterial properties of L-amino acid oxidase: mechanisms of action and perspectives for therapeutic applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7847-57. [PMID: 26243056 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Venom, the mucus layer covering the body surface, ink glands, mammary glands, milk, and various animal secretory functions as both a physical and chemical defense barrier against bacteria and virus infections. Previously, several studies reported that L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) present in animal secretary fluids have strong antimicrobial activities and selective cytotoxic activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, various pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasite species. These LAAOs catalyze oxidative deamination of an L-amino acid substrate with the generation of hydrogen peroxide. The antibacterial activity of LAAOs is completely inhibited by catalase; thus, LAAOs kill bacteria by the hydrogen peroxide generated from the oxidation of L-amino acid substrates. This review focuses on the selective, specific, and local antibacterial actions of various LAAOs that may be used as novel therapeutic agents against infectious diseases. LAAOs that are suitable leads for combating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Pathologic Analysis, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
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Costa TR, Burin SM, Menaldo DL, de Castro FA, Sampaio SV. Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases: an overview on their antitumor effects. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:23. [PMID: 24940304 PMCID: PMC4060840 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) constitute a major component of snake venoms and have been widely studied due to their widespread presence and various effects, such as apoptosis induction, cytotoxicity, induction and/or inhibition of platelet aggregation, hemorrhage, hemolysis, edema, as well as antimicrobial, antiparasitic and anti-HIV activities. The isolated and characterized snake venom LAAOs have become important research targets due to their potential biotechnological applications in pursuit for new drugs of interest in the scientific and medical fields. The current study discusses the antitumor effects of snake venom LAAOs described in the literature to date, highlighting the mechanisms of apoptosis induction proposed for this class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Burin
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Fabíola A de Castro
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil ; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
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Izidoro LFM, Sobrinho JC, Mendes MM, Costa TR, Grabner AN, Rodrigues VM, da Silva SL, Zanchi FB, Zuliani JP, Fernandes CFC, Calderon LA, Stábeli RG, Soares AM. Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases: trends in pharmacology and biochemistry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:196754. [PMID: 24738050 PMCID: PMC3971498 DOI: 10.1155/2014/196754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases are enzymes found in several organisms, including venoms of snakes, where they contribute to the toxicity of ophidian envenomation. Their toxicity is primarily due to enzymatic activity, but other mechanisms have been proposed recently which require further investigation. L-amino acid oxidases exert biological and pharmacological effects, including actions on platelet aggregation and the induction of apoptosis, hemorrhage, and cytotoxicity. These proteins present a high biotechnological potential for the development of antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiprotozoan agents. This review provides an overview of the biochemical properties and pharmacological effects of snake venom L-amino acid oxidases, their structure/activity relationship, and supposed mechanisms of action described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando M. Izidoro
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Sobrinho
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mirian M. Mendes
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia R. Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amy N. Grabner
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M. Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Saulo L. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Campus Altoparaopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Zanchi
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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El-Sayed AS, Shindia AA, Zaher YA. Purification and characterization of L-amino acid oxidase from the solid-state grown cultures of Aspergillus oryzae ASH. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713060143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Isolation and characteristics of α-fibrinogenase venom from Naja oxiana. Chem Nat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-013-0714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Isolation and biochemical, functional and structural characterization of a novel l-amino acid oxidase from Lachesis muta snake venom. Toxicon 2012; 60:1263-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fox JW. A brief review of the scientific history of several lesser-known snake venom proteins: l-amino acid oxidases, hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases. Toxicon 2012; 62:75-82. [PMID: 23010165 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When considering the proteins and toxins in snake venom one's thoughts generally migrate to the proteinases, neurotoxins and phospholipases since these families of proteins are comprised by many of the toxins found in venom. However as modern proteomic and transcriptomic venom research has abundantly shown snake venoms are complex and containing numerous families of protein beyond the "big three". In this brief review we will discuss three of the lesser discussed proteins typically found in snake venoms: l-amino acid oxidases (LAAO); hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases. These proteins have long been known to be part of many venoms' proteomes with reports appearing in the literature as early as 1944 for LAAO, 1947 for hyaluronidase (spreading factor), and 1932 for venom phosphodiesterase. These are more or less contemporary with the first reports (circa 1950) on snake venom proteases. Thus, the relatively modest literature on these snake venom proteins stems not from lack of early discovery but rather more likely to their ostensibly minor role in snake venom pathophysiology. In this review we will provide an overview of the experimental history of these venom proteins, their biochemical and structural features and their role in snake venom toxinology with the aim of bringing a fuller, more comprehensive, understanding of the history of laboratory research on snake venoms. In addition, there are some comments on these proteins from investigators who were actively engaged in their investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Fox
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Guo C, Liu S, Yao Y, Zhang Q, Sun MZ. Past decade study of snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. Toxicon 2012; 60:302-11. [PMID: 22579637 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As one of the major protein (enzyme) components of snake venom (SV), L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) plays an important role in the toxicities and biological activities for SV. Accumulated researches in the past decade gradually revealed that SV-LAAOs induce platelet aggregation, cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity, and have anti-microbial, anti-leishmaniasis, anti-tumor and anti-HIV activity. Except for the enzymatic and structural characteristics of SV-LAAOs, the biological functions of SV-LAAOs and relevant action mechanisms are also summarized and discussed in the review. This work might provide useful inputs for future studies on SV-LAAOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Chen HS, Wang YM, Huang WT, Huang KF, Tsai IH. Cloning, characterization and mutagenesis of Russell's viper venom L-amino acid oxidase: Insights into its catalytic mechanism. Biochimie 2012; 94:335-44. [PMID: 21802487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the structure-function relationships and geographic variations of L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) from Daboia venoms, a single LAAO (designated as DrLAO) was purified from eastern Indian Daboia russelii venom and characterized. The purified DrLAO showed subunit molecular mass of 60-64kDa; its N-terminal sequence (1-20) was identical to those of several true viper LAAOs. Its preferred substrates were hydrophobic l-amino acids and the kinetic specificities were ordered as follows: Phe, Tyr, Met, Leu, and Trp. Enzyme assay and Western blotting showed that the venom LAAO contents of D. russelii were higher than those of Daboia siamensis. DrLAO dose-dependently inhibited ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation with IC(50) values of 0.27 and 0.82μM, respectively. Apparently, DrLAO may synergize with other venom components to prolong and enhance bleeding symptoms after Daboia envenoming. The full sequence of DrLAO was deduced from its cDNA sequence and then confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that SV-LAAO family members could be differentiated not only by snake taxonomy but also by the variations at position 223, and they divided into H223, S223, N223, and D223 subclasses. We have further prepared recombinant DrLAO and mutants by the Pichia expression system. Mutagenic analyses of DrLAO His223 revealed that this residue bound substrates instead of serving as an essential base in the catalytic steps. Our results suggest a direct hydride transfer from substrate to FAD as the mechanism for SV-LAAOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sen Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cheng CH, Yang CA, Liu SY, Lo CT, Huang HC, Liao FC, Peng KC. Cloning of a novel L-amino acid oxidase from Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 and bioactivity analysis of overexpressed L-amino acid oxidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9142-9149. [PMID: 21797276 DOI: 10.1021/jf201598z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases (L-AAOs) have been isolated from many organisms, such as snake, and are known to have antibacterial activity. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the cloning of cDNA encoding a novel Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 L-amino acid oxidase (Th-L-AAO). The protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Comparisons of its deduced amino acid sequence with the sequence of other L-AAOs revealed the similarity to be between 9 and 24%. The molecular mass of the purified protein was 52 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme substrate specificity was highest for L-phenylalanine, and its optimal pH and temperature for activity were 7 and 40 °C, respectively; exogenous metal ions had no significant effect on activity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the secondary structure of Th-L-AAO is composed of 17% α-helices, 28% β-sheets, and 55% random coils. The bacterially expressed Th-L-AAO also mediated antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative food spoilage microorganisms. Furthermore, a three-dimensional protein structure was created to provide more information about the structural composition of Th-L-AAO, suggesting that the N-terminal sequence of Th-L-AAO may have contributed to the antibacterial activity of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hua Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China
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El-Sayed AS, Shindia AA, Zaher Y. L-Amino acid oxidase from filamentous fungi: screening and optimization. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Naumann GB, Silva LF, Silva L, Faria G, Richardson M, Evangelista K, Kohlhoff M, Gontijo CM, Navdaev A, de Rezende FF, Eble JA, Sanchez EF. Cytotoxicity and inhibition of platelet aggregation caused by an l-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops leucurus venom. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:683-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Lee ML, Tan NH, Fung SY, Sekaran SD. Antibacterial action of a heat-stable form of L-amino acid oxidase isolated from king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 153:237-42. [PMID: 21059402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The major l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO, EC 1.4.3.2) of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom is known to be an unusual form of snake venom LAAO as it possesses unique structural features and unusual thermal stability. The antibacterial effects of king cobra venom LAAO were tested against several strains of clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli using broth microdilution assay. For comparison, the antibacterial effects of several antibiotics (cefotaxime, kanamycin, tetracycline, vancomycin and penicillin) were also examined using the same conditions. King cobra venom LAAO was very effective in inhibiting the two Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78μg/mL (0.006μM) and 1.56μg/mL (0.012μM) against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, respectively. The MICs are comparable to the MICs of the antibiotics tested, on a weight basis. However, the LAAO was only moderately effective against three Gram-negative bacteria tested (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and E. coli), with MIC ranges from 25 to 50μg/mL (0.2-0.4μM). Catalase at the concentration of 1mg/mL abolished the antibacterial effect of LAAO, indicating that the antibacterial effect of the enzyme involves generation of hydrogen peroxide. Binding studies indicated that king cobra venom LAAO binds strongly to the Gram-positive S. aureus and S. epidermidis, but less strongly to the Gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa, indicating that specific binding to bacteria is important for the potent antibacterial activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mui Li Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CENAR, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
New racemic methyl or ethyl α-aminoglycinate derivatives were synthesized by N-alkylation of amines (aniline, 4-methylaniline, 2-methylaniline, 2,4-dimethoxyaniline, 2-nitroaniline, 4-chloro-2-fluoroaniline, 2-naphthylamine, benzylamine, N,N-dibenzylamine, and cyclohexylamine) with methyl or ethyl α-azidoglycinate.
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Zhong SR, Jin Y, Wu JB, Jia YH, Xu GL, Wang GC, Xiong YL, Lu QM. Purification and characterization of a new l-amino acid oxidase from Daboia russellii siamensis venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:763-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wei JF, Yang HW, Wei XL, Qiao LY, Wang WY, He SH. Purification, characterization and biological activities of the l-amino acid oxidase from Bungarus fasciatus snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:262-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Evidence of caspase-mediated apoptosis induced by l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Bothrops atrox snake venom. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 151:542-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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