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Chen Q, Zhang M, Liu Y, Liu W, Peng C, Zheng L. Sulfated Polysaccharides with Anticoagulant Potential: A Review Focusing on Structure-Activity Relationship and Action Mechanism. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400152. [PMID: 38600639 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Thromboembolism is the culprit of cardiovascular diseases, leading to the highest global mortality rate. Anticoagulation emerges as the primary approach for managing thrombotic conditions. Notably, sulfated polysaccharides exhibit favorable anticoagulant efficacy with reduced side effects. This review focuses on the structure-anticoagulant activity relationship of sulfated polysaccharides and the underlying action mechanisms. It is concluded that chlorosulfonicacid-pyridine method serves as the preferred technique to synthesize sulfated polysaccharides. The anticoagulant activity of sulfated polysaccharides is linked to the substitution site of sulfate groups, degree of substitution, molecular weight, main side chain structure, and glycosidic bond conformation. Moreover, sulfated polysaccharides exert anticoagulant activity via various pathways, including the inhibition of blood coagulation factors, activation of antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II, antiplatelet aggregation, and promotion of the fibrinolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Chen
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
| | - Lixue Zheng
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, China
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Yuan Q, Shi X, Ma H, Yao Y, Zhang B, Zhao L. Recent progress in marine chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate hybrid chains as potential functional foods and therapeutic agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129969. [PMID: 38325688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and CS/DS hybrid chains are natural complex glycosaminoglycans with high structural diversity and widely distributed in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, starfish, and sea cucumber. Numerous CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains with various structures and activities have been obtained from marine animals and have received extensive attention. However, only a few of these hybrid chains have been well-characterized and commercially developed. This review presents information on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, potential action mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships of marine CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives in the research of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. This review may provide a useful reference for the further investigation, development, and application of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains in the fields of functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yuan
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China.
| | - Xiang Shi
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Haiqiong Ma
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China
| | - Yue Yao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China
| | - Baoshun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Longyan Zhao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China.
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Sulfated Polysaccharides Derived from Hypnea valentiae and Their Potential of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticoagulant Activities with In Silico Docking. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3715806. [PMID: 35911161 PMCID: PMC9328948 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3715806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carrageenan, a sulfated polysaccharide, was produced by certain species of marine red seaweeds, which have been used as a significant source of food, feed, and antibiotic agent throughout history due to their alleged human health benefits. The present study aimed to derive the polysaccharides from Hypnea valentiae and describe the biological applications. Carrageenan was characterized by FT-IR, C-NMR, AFM, and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticoagulant capabilities; furthermore, the larvicidal effect of methanol extract was generated from the seaweed against Aedes aegypti larvae at various concentrations. The molecular docking experiments were carried out computationally for finding the molecular insight of the macromolecules and small molecules' interaction using GLIDE docking by using Schrodinger software. Antibacterial zones of inhibition in different concentrations are compared with the 40 mg/mL higher activity against bacterial pathogens. Carrageenan is strong in all antioxidant activities, with the overall antioxidant (70.1 ± 0.61%) of radical at 250 μg/mL concentration being exhibited. The DPPH scavenging is effective in the inhibition of (65.74 ± 0.58%) radical at a concentration of 160 μg/mL and the hydroxyl scavenging (65.72 ± 0.60%) of activity at a concentration of 125 μg/mL being exhibited. Anticoagulant activities (APPT and PT) of carrageenan fraction were tested. H. valentiae and heparin sulphate shows higher activity of APTT (106.50 IU at 25 μg/mL) in comparison with the PT test (57.86 IU at 25 μg/mL) and the methanol extraction of higher larvicidal activity on A. aegypti (LC50 = 99.675 μg/mL). In this study, the carrageenan was exploited through in vitro and in silico molecular docking studies against antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticoagulant properties. The results were establishing the potentiality of the carrageenan which is an alternative source to control the mosquitocidal property in the future. Moreover, molecular docking of carrageenan against multiple targets results in −7 to −6 Kcal/mol binding score. Findings of carrageen from in vitro to in silico studies are needed for further validation of clinical pieces of evidence.
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Li Y, Li M, Xu B, Li Z, Qi Y, Song Z, Zhao Q, Du B, Yang Y. The current status and future perspective in combination of the processing technologies of sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumbers: A comprehensive review. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Talmoudi N, Ghariani N, Sadok S. Glycosaminoglycans from Co-Products of « Scyliorhinus canicula»: Extraction and Purification in Reference to the European Pharmacopoeia Requirement. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:1. [PMID: 31908599 PMCID: PMC6939328 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-019-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including hyaluronic acid (HA), dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are essential components of the bone and cartilage tissues. CS isolated from the cartilage tissue of various animals has found application in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food industries. In the first part of the present work, three methods were used and compared to extract and purify glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from the cartilage powder of a local cartilaginous marine species «Scyliorhinus canicula». One of these GAGs, chondroitin sulfate (CS), will be exploited for the development of an anti-osteoarthritis generic at the request of a collaborative pharmaceutical industry. Thus this active ingredient must meet the requirements and tests described by the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.). These tests are treated in the second part of this work. Results Among the three methods that have been applied in the present work, in order to optimize the best process for GAGs preparation, enzymatic hydrolysis with papain followed by deproteinisation using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was found the best one. The separation of the extracted GAGs using agarose gel electrophoresis, and the identification of bands by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, revealed that the cartilage GAGs of « Scyliorhinus canicula» are exclusively chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatane sulfate (DS), with proportions of 12.889 and 87.111% respectively, and that CS is of type C. The extraction technique with papain provides a product with GAGs content of around 90%. The TCA deproteinisation yielded the lowest level of protein (2.8%) in the extracted GAGs, less than 3%, which is the standard required by the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.).Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) assay suggests that the titration technique, although is introduced by the Ph. Eur. for the determination of CS content, is not an accurate method, and that the values obtained by the optimized and validated HPLC method, described in this work, are more exact. Conclusion The extracted and purified active ingredient is perfectly conform to the tests described by the Ph. Eur. The results suggest that the co-product of Scyliorhinus canicula would be a perfect source of molecules of pharmacological interest, obtained by a simple and non-agressive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawras Talmoudi
- 1Blue Biotechnology & Aquatic Bioproducts Laboratory (B3Aqua)-Institut National des Sciences et technologies de la Mer (INSTM), 28, street March 2, 1934 -Salammbô, 2035 Tunis, Tunisia.,2Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis-University of El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,TERIAK pharmaceutical companies, Industrial Zone Cheylus, 1111 JEBEL OUEST, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Ghariani
- TERIAK pharmaceutical companies, Industrial Zone Cheylus, 1111 JEBEL OUEST, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Sadok
- 1Blue Biotechnology & Aquatic Bioproducts Laboratory (B3Aqua)-Institut National des Sciences et technologies de la Mer (INSTM), 28, street March 2, 1934 -Salammbô, 2035 Tunis, Tunisia.,2Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis-University of El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Rajasekar P, Palanisamy S, Anjali R, Vinosha M, Elakkiya M, Marudhupandi T, Tabarsa M, You S, Prabhu NM. Isolation and structural characterization of sulfated polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis and its bioactive potential: In vitro antioxidant, antibacterial activity and Zebrafish growth and reproductive performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:809-821. [PMID: 31499110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the sulfated polysaccharide (SPs) was isolated from Spirulina platensis. The isolated SPs contains carbohydrate, sulfate, protein and uronic acid at 38.7 ± 0.30%, 21.3 ± 0.87%, 7.1 ± 0.15% and 7.9 ± 0.4% respectively. The elemental analysis confirmed the presence of carbon (18.01 ± 0.10%), hydrogen (1.83 ± 0.02%) and nitrogen (3.43 ± 0.01%). The monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of SPs were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and size exclusion chromatography respectively. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed the existence of glucose, rhamnose, xylose, fucose, mannose, galactose and the molecular weight of SPs was 1016 kDa. Further, the characterization of SPs was done by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis. The obtained SPs exhibited potent antioxidant activity in DPPH (76.45 ± 0.49%), reducing power (absorbance: 1.3 ± 0.02), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (66.3 ± 1.16%), hydroxyl scavenging (68.6 ± 3.2%), nitric oxide (81.36 ± 1.85%) and total antioxidant (absorbance:1.66 ± 0.02) activities at 5 mg/ml. In addition, SPs revealed the highest antibacterial efficacy against the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio vulnificus in disc diffusion, agar bioassay and protein leakage assays at 100 μg/ml. Furthermore, the supplementation of 2% SPs through a feed to the Danio rerio fish enhances the growth and reproductive performances. This finding confirmed that the isolated SPs from S. platensis possess pharmaceutical as well as nutritional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyannan Rajasekar
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Palanisamy
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravichandran Anjali
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manoharan Vinosha
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meyyanathan Elakkiya
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangapandi Marudhupandi
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mehdi Tabarsa
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Iran
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Narayanasamy Marimuthu Prabhu
- Disease Control and Prevention Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bougatef H, Krichen F, Capitani F, Amor IB, Gargouri J, Maccari F, Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Volpi N, Bougatef A, Sila A. Purification, compositional analysis, and anticoagulant capacity of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate from bone of corb (Sciaena umbra). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:405-412. [PMID: 31071403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) were isolated and purified for the first time from the bone of corb (Sciaena umbra) (CBG) and their chemical composition and anticoagulant activity were assessed. Infrared spectrum and agarose-gel electrophoresis for extracted CS/DS were also investigated. The results showed that the purified CS/DS obtained at a yield of 10% contains about 31.28% sulfate and an average molecular mass of 23.35 kDa. Disaccharide analysis indicated that CBG was composed of monosulfated disaccharides in positions 6 and 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (8.6% and 40.0%, respectively) and disulfated disaccharides in different percentages. The charge density was 1.4 and the ratio of 4:6 sulfated residues was equal to 4.64. Chondroitinase AC showed that the purified CS/DS contained mainly 74% CS and 26% DS. Moreover, the new CS/DS extracted from bone of corb showed a strong anticoagulant effect through activated partial thrombosis time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT). In fact, CBG prolonged significantly (p < 0.05), aPTT and PT about 2.62 and 1.26 fold, respectively, greater than that of the negative control at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. However, TT assay of CBG was prolonged 3.53 fold compared with the control at 100 μg/mL. The purified CS/DS displayed a promising anticoagulant potential, which may be used as a novel and soothing drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Bougatef
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroresources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Krichen
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroresources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Federica Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ikram Ben Amor
- Regional Centre for Blood Transfusion Sfax, El-Ain Road Km 0.5, P.C. 3003 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jalel Gargouri
- Regional Centre for Blood Transfusion Sfax, El-Ain Road Km 0.5, P.C. 3003 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Mantovani
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ali Bougatef
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroresources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Assaâd Sila
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroresources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, 2100 Gafsa, Tunisia.
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Characterization and assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from cuttlefish skin and muscle. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:1221-1228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Debbabi M, Nimbarte VD, Chekir S, Chortani S, Romdhane A, Ben jannet H. Design and synthesis of novel potent anticoagulant and anti-tyrosinase pyranopyrimidines and pyranotriazolopyrimidines: Insights from molecular docking and SAR analysis. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Primary structure and anticoagulant activity of fucoidan from the sea cucumber Holothuria polii. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 121:1145-1153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Souissi N, Boughriba S, Abdelhedi O, Hamdi M, Jridi M, Li S, Nasri M. Extraction, structural characterization, and thermal and biomedical properties of sulfated polysaccharides from razor clam Solen marginatus. RSC Adv 2019; 9:11538-11551. [PMID: 35520239 PMCID: PMC9063433 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00959k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antioxidant, antibacterial and anticoagulant activities of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Solen marginatus flesh were investigated via physicochemical characterization of the crude polysaccharide SM-CP and its deproteinized fraction (SM-DP); their total sugar contents were 47.15% and 66.01%. The results obtained via molecular weight evaluation showed that SM-CP mainly had a high molecular weight (1075 kDa), whereas SM-DP had a lower molecular weight (almost 237.9 kDa); in addition, thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry) was conducted; the results indicated that SM-CP was thermally more stable as its degradation temperature was 307 °C, whereas SM-DP was thermally less stable, with the degradation temperature of 288 °C. Moreover, the results obtained via the investigation of biological properties revealed that the extracted polysaccharides exhibited strong antioxidant and anticoagulant activities. Subsequently, SM-CP was fractionated using the DEAE-cellulose column. The peak (FII) eluted at high NaCl concentrations indicated highest anticoagulant activity as designated by the prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (over 120 s), prothrombin time (28 s) and low level of fibrinogen (0.7 g l−1). The overall data demonstrated the significant therapeutic potential of the polysaccharides extracted from razor clam flesh. In this study, some biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Solen marginatus flesh were investigated via physicochemical characterization of the crude polysaccharide SM-CP and its deproteinized fraction SM-DP.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Souissi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer
- Centre de Sfax
- Sfax
- Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Boughriba
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie
- Université de Sfax
- Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax
- B. P. 1173-3038 Sfax
- Tunisia
| | - Ola Abdelhedi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie
- Université de Sfax
- Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax
- B. P. 1173-3038 Sfax
- Tunisia
| | - Marwa Hamdi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie
- Université de Sfax
- Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax
- B. P. 1173-3038 Sfax
- Tunisia
| | - Mourad Jridi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie
- Université de Sfax
- Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax
- B. P. 1173-3038 Sfax
- Tunisia
| | - Suming Li
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- UMR CNRS 5635
- Université de Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5
- France
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie
- Université de Sfax
- Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax
- B. P. 1173-3038 Sfax
- Tunisia
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Sayari N, Martinez‐Alvarez O, Ben Mansour M, Sila A, Mokni A, Besbes S, Bougatef A, Balti R. Structural characteristics and biological activities of sulfated glycosaminoglycans extracted from shrimp by‐products. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadhem Sayari
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration de Plantes et Valorisation des Agro‐ressources (LAPVA), National School of Engineering University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | | | - Mohamed Ben Mansour
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources (LR11ES41) University of Monastir Monastir Tunisia
| | - Assaad Sila
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration de Plantes et Valorisation des Agro‐ressources (LAPVA), National School of Engineering University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Abir Mokni
- Laboratoire Analyses Alimentaires, National School of Engineering University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Souhail Besbes
- Laboratoire Analyses Alimentaires, National School of Engineering University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Ali Bougatef
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration de Plantes et Valorisation des Agro‐ressources (LAPVA), National School of Engineering University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Rafik Balti
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration de Plantes et Valorisation des Agro‐ressources (LAPVA), National School of Engineering University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
- Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio‐Ressources (UR17ES27), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja University of Jendouba Beja Tunisia
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Krichen F, Ghlissi Z, Abdallah RB, Kallel R, Martinez-Alvarez O, Carmen Gómez-Guillén M, Sila A, Boudawara T, Sahnoun Z, Bougatef A. Glycosaminoglycans from grey triggerfish and smooth hound skins: Rheological, Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:965-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Bougatef H, Krichen F, Capitani F, Amor IB, Maccari F, Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Volpi N, Bougatef A, Sila A. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate from corb (Sciaena umbra) skin: Purification, structural analysis and anticoagulant effect. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 196:272-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Studies on European eel skin sulfated glycosaminoglycans: Recovery, structural characterization and anticoagulant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:891-899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Jridi M, Mezhoudi M, Abdelhedi O, Boughriba S, Elfalleh W, Souissi N, Nasri R, Nasri M. Bioactive potential and structural characterization of sulfated polysaccharides from Bullet tuna (Auxis Rochei) by-products. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 194:319-327. [PMID: 29801845 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study deals with the isolation of sulfated polysaccharides (Ps) from the Bullet tuna by-products (head, skin and bones). Results of chemical characterization revealed that Ps-bones showed the highest total sugar, uronic acid and sulfate group contents. Tuna extracted-Ps contained a mixture of neutral sugars, with high amounts of glucuronic and galacturonic acids and presented different molecular weights. The presence of sulfate groups in different Ps was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Interestingly, Ps-bones showed the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracted Ps. Moreover, results revealed that all polysaccharides displayed varying degrees of antibacterial activity. Ps-bones exhibited high and wide spectrum of activities, inhibiting the growth of all bacteria tested. Ps-bones incorporated during fillet cooking offered an excellent protection of fish fillet by avoiding pH change, color loss, lipid oxidation and spoilage. Overall, the results demonstrated that Ps could be potentially used as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Jridi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Maram Mezhoudi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ola Abdelhedi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Boughriba
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Elfalleh
- UR Catalyse et Matériaux pour l'Environnement et les Procédés URCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculté des Sciences de Gabès, Université de Gabès, 6072, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Souissi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Centre de Sfax, Avenue Madagascar BP, 1035-3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rim Nasri
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Hayder J, Chaouch MA, Amira N, Ben Mansour M, Majdoub H, Chaubet F, Maaroufi RM. Co-immobilization of chitosan and dermatan sulfate from Raja montagui skin on polyethylene terephthalate surfaces: Characterization and antibiofilm activity. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1320664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Hayder
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresources Valorization (LR11ES41), High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aymen Chaouch
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of interfaces and advanced materials (LIMA), Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Noumi Amira
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Contagious Diseases and Biologically Active Substances (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ben Mansour
- Galilee Institute, University of Paris 13, Paris-Sorbonne University, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Hatem Majdoub
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of interfaces and advanced materials (LIMA), Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Frédéric Chaubet
- Galilee Institute, University of Paris 13, Paris-Sorbonne University, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Raoui Mounir Maaroufi
- University of Monastir, Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresources Valorization (LR11ES41), High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Nahain AA, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Tsanaktsidis J, Ferro V. Heparin mimetics with anticoagulant activity. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1582-1613. [PMID: 29446104 DOI: 10.1002/med.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family, has been widely used as an anticoagulant drug for decades and remains the most commonly used parenteral anticoagulant in adults and children. However, heparin has important clinical limitations and is derived from animal sources which pose significant safety and supply problems. The ever growing shortage of the raw material for heparin manufacturing may become a very significant issue in the future. These global limitations have prompted much research, especially following the recent well-publicized contamination scandal, into the development of alternative anticoagulants derived from non-animal and/or totally synthetic sources that mimic the structural features and properties of heparin. Such compounds, termed heparin mimetics, are also needed as anticoagulant materials for use in biomedical applications (e.g., stents, grafts, implants etc.). This review encompasses the development of heparin mimetics of various structural classes, including synthetic polymers and non-carbohydrate small molecules as well as sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides, and fondaparinux derivatives and conjugates, with a focus on developments in the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Nahain
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Krichen F, Bougatef H, Capitani F, Ben Amor I, Koubaa I, Gargouri J, Maccari F, Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Volpi N, Bougatef A. Purification and structural elucidation of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate from Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) skins and their anticoagulant and ACE inhibitory activities. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37965-37975. [PMID: 35558578 PMCID: PMC9089755 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06704j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) was extracted from Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) skin (SGAT) and was purified and characterized. SGAT was characterized by acetate cellulose electrophoresis, FTIR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy and SAX-HPLC. According to the results obtained for specific chondroitinases (ABC and AC) and the SAX-HPLC separation of generated unsaturated repeating disaccharides, the polymer was found to contain a disaccharide monosulfated in positions 6 and 4 of GalNAc and disulfated disaccharides in different percentages. These results were confirmed by 13C NMR experiments. The average molecular mass was 24.07 kDa, as determined by PAGE analysis. SGAT was evaluated for its in vitro anticoagulant activity via activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and prothrombin time tests. The polymer showed strong inhibitory activity against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (IC50 = 0.25 mg mL−1). Overall, the results suggest that this newly extracted CS/DS can be useful for pharmacological applications. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) was extracted from Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) skin (SGAT) and was purified and characterized.![]()
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Ben Mansour M, Balti R, Ollivier V, Ben Jannet H, Chaubet F, Maaroufi RM. Characterization and anticoagulant activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate with unusually procoagulant effect from sea cucumber. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:760-771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zghab I, Trimeche B, Mansour MB, Hassine M, Touboul D, Jannet HB. Regiospecific synthesis, antibacterial and anticoagulant activities of novel isoxazoline chromene derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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22
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Krichen F, Ghlissi Z, Amor IB, Sayari N, Kallel R, Gargouri J, Sahnoun Z, Boudawara T, Bougatef A. In vitro and in vivo anti-coagulant activity and toxicological studies of marine sulfated glycosaminoglycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Abdelhedi O, Nasri R, Souissi N, Nasri M, Jridi M. Sulfated polysaccharides from common smooth hound: Extraction and assessment of anti-ACE, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:605-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Anticoagulant properties and cytotoxic effect against HCT116 human colon cell line of sulfated glycosaminoglycans isolated from the Norway lobster ( Nephrops norvegicus ) shell. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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25
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Zayane M, Rahmouni A, Daami-Remadi M, Ben Mansour M, Romdhane A, Ben Jannet H. Design and synthesis of antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and anticholinesterase hybrid molecules from 4-methylumbelliferone. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1566-75. [PMID: 27033638 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1158171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed and synthesized new series of diverse triazoles, isoxazoles, isoxazolines, and aziridines linked 4-methylumbelliferone 1 using intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Structures of these compounds were established on the basis of (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and ESI-HRMS. All prepared compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial, anticoagulant, and anticholinesterase activities. Interestingly, among the tested molecules, some of the analogs displayed better activities than the parent 4-methylumbelliferone 1 such as 6a and 6d for their antifungal properties. Moreover, compounds 4, 5, 6, and 7 showed the importance of the added fragments to 4-methylumbelliferone 1 via the linker methylene to have good activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zayane
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique , Produits Naturels et Réactivité, Equipe: Chimie Médicinale et Produits Naturels, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisie
| | - Ameur Rahmouni
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique , Produits Naturels et Réactivité, Equipe: Chimie Médicinale et Produits Naturels, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisie
| | - Mejda Daami-Remadi
- b UR13AGR09, Production Horticole Intégrée au Centre Est Tunisien, Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique de Chott-Mariem, Université de Sousse , Chott-Mariem , Tunisie , and
| | - Mohamed Ben Mansour
- c Laboratoire de Pharmacologie 04/UR/01-09 , Faculté de Médecine , Monastir , Tunisie
| | - Anis Romdhane
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique , Produits Naturels et Réactivité, Equipe: Chimie Médicinale et Produits Naturels, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisie
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique , Produits Naturels et Réactivité, Equipe: Chimie Médicinale et Produits Naturels, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisie
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Marine bioactive compounds and health promoting perspectives; innovation pathways for drug discovery. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Abdelmalek BE, Sila A, Krichen F, Karoud W, Martinez-Alvarez O, Ellouz-Chaabouni S, Ayadi MA, Bougatef A. Sulfated polysaccharides from Loligo vulgaris skin: Potential biological activities and partial purification. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:1143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Fish discards management in selected Spanish and Portuguese métiers: Identification and potential valorisation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Characterisation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from the lumpsucker fish, C. lumpus. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:25-33. [PMID: 24721047 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus, a cottoid teleost fish found in the cold waters of the North Atlantic, and North Pacific, was identified as a possible source of GAGs. The GAGs present in the C. lumpus dorsal hump and body wall tissue were isolated and purified. Two fractions were analysed by NMR and their GAG structures determined as hyaluronic acid and CS/DS chains. The latter fraction contained GlcA (65% of the total uronic acids) and IdoA (the remaining 35%). All uronic acid residues were unsulfated, whilst 86% of the GalNAc was 4-sulfated and 14% was 6-sulfated. The presence of GlcA-GalNAc4S, IdoA-GalNAc4S and GlcA-GalNAc6S disaccharide fragments was confirmed. The isolated GAGs obtained from each tissue were biochemically characterised. The lumpsucker offers a high yield source of GAGs, which compares favourably with other sources such as shark cartilage.
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Wijesinghe W, Jeon YJ. Biological activities and potential industrial applications of fucose rich sulfated polysaccharides and fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Fan L, Gao S, Wang L, Wu P, Cao M, Zheng H, Xie W, Zhou J. Synthesis and anticoagulant activity of pectin sulfates. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Serpins (serine protease inhibitors) have traditionally been grouped together based on structural homology. They share common structural features of primary sequence, but not all serpins require binding to cofactors in order to achieve maximal protease inhibition. In order to obtain physiologically relevant rates of inhibition of target proteases, some serpins utilize the unbranched sulfated polysaccharide chains known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to enhance inhibition. These GAG-binding serpins include antithrombin (AT), heparin cofactor II (HCII), and protein C inhibitor (PCI). The GAGs heparin and heparan sulfate have been shown to bind AT, HCII, and PCI, while HCII is also able to utilize dermatan sulfate as a cofactor. Other serpins such as PAI-1, kallistatin, and α(1)-antitrypsin also interact with GAGs with different endpoints, some accelerating protease inhibition while others inhibit it. There are many serpins that bind or carry ligands that are unrelated to GAGs, which are described elsewhere in this work. For most GAG-binding serpins, binding of the GAG occurs in a conserved region of the serpin near or involving helix D, with the exception of PCI, which utilizes helix H. The binding of GAG to serpin can lead to a conformational change within the serpin, which can lead to increased or tighter binding to the protease, and can accelerate the rates of inhibition up to 10,000-fold compared to the unbound native serpin. In this chapter, we will discuss three major GAG-binding serpins with known physiological roles in modulating coagulation: AT (SERPINC1), HCII (SERPIND1), and PCI (SERPINA5). We will review methodologies implemented to study the structure of these serpins and those used to study their interactions with GAG's. We discuss novel techniques to examine the serpin-GAG interaction and finally we review the biological roles of these serpins by describing the mouse models used to study them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle M Rein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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