1
|
Li L, Bi X, Wu X, Chen Z, Cao Y, Zhao G. Improving vitrification efficiency of human in vitro matured oocytes by the addition of LEA proteins. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:1275-1290. [PMID: 38592717 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can the addition of late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins as a cryoprotective agent during the vitrification cryopreservation of in vitro matured oocytes enhance their developmental potential after fertilization? SUMMARY ANSWER LEA proteins improve the developmental potential of human in vitro matured oocytes following cryopreservation, mostly by downregulating FOS genes, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting the formation of ice crystals. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Various factors in the vitrification process, including cryoprotectant toxicity, osmotic stress, and ice crystal formation during rewarming, can cause fatal damage to oocytes, thereby affecting the oocytes developmental potential and subsequent clinical outcomes. Recent studies have shown that LEA proteins possess high hydrophilicity and inherent stress tolerance, and can reduce low-temperature damage, although the molecular mechanism it exerts protective effects is still unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Two LEA proteins extracted and purified by us were added to solutions for vitrification-warming of oocytes at concentrations of 10, 100, and 200 µg/mL, to determine the optimal protective concentration for each protein. Individual oocyte samples were collected for transcriptomic analysis, with each group consisting of three sample replicates. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Immature oocytes were collected from patients who were undergoing combined in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment and who had met the designated inclusion and exclusion criteria. These oocytes underwent in vitro maturation (IVM) culture for experimental research. A fluorescence microscope was used to detect the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium in the mitochondria of vitrified-warmed human oocytes treated with different concentrations of LEA proteins, and the protective effect of the protein on mitochondrial function was assessed. The levels of intracellular ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) in human oocytes after vitrification-warming were characterized by the cryomicroscope, to determine the LEA proteins inhibitory effect on recrystallization. By analyzing transcriptome sequencing data to investigate the potential mechanism through which LEA proteins exert their cryoprotective effects. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The secondary structures of AfrLEA2 and AfrLEA3m proteins were shown to consist of a large number of α-helices and the proteins were shown to be highly hydrophilic, in agreement with previous reports. Confocal microscopy results showed that the immunofluorescence of AfrLEA2-FITC and AfrLEA3m-FITC-labeled proteins appeared to be extracellular and did not penetrate the cell membrane compared with the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) control group, indicating that both AfrLEA2 and AfrLEA3m proteins were extracellular. The group treated with 100 µg/mL AfrLEA2 or AfrLEA3m protein had more uniform cytoplasmic particles and fewer vacuoles compared to the 10 and 200 µg/mL groups and were closest to the fresh group. In the 100 µg/mL groups, MMPs were significantly higher while ROS and calcium levels were significantly lower than those in the control group and were closer to the levels observed in fresh oocytes. Meanwhile, 100 µg/mL of AfrLEA2 or AfrLEA3m protein caused smaller ice crystal formation in the IRI assay compared to the control group treated with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG); thus, the recrystallization inhibition was superior to that with the conventional cryoprotectants DMSO and EG. Further results revealed that the proteins improved the developmental potential of human oocytes following cryopreservation, likely by downregulating FOS genes and reducing oxidative stress. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The in vitro-matured metaphase II (IVM-MII) oocytes used in the study, due to ethical constraints, may not accurately reflect the condition of MII oocytes in general. The AfrLEA2 and AfrLEA3m proteins are recombinant proteins and their synthetic stability needs to be further explored. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS LEA proteins, as a non-toxic and effective cryoprotectant, can reduce the cryoinjury of oocytes during cryopreservation. It provides a new promising method for cryopreservation of various cell types. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2703000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52206064). The authors declare no competing interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Bi
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhongrong Chen
- Department of Medical Engineering and Instrumentation, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Engineering and Instrumentation, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Shadrin N, Munuswamy N. The pre- and postembryonic development of Artemia franciscana (Anostraca: Artemiidae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:1003-1016. [PMID: 37635634 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Artemia franciscana is a universal live feed in aquaculture, and it has been reported as an invasive species in many Asian hypersaline ecosystems. The present observations illustrated the pre- and postembryonic development stages of the A. franciscana population confined to the Indian saltern of Kelambakkam. We observed their growth patterns during various hydration periods with specific time intervals. Results showed differences in the development stages with respect to unique identity. Interestingly, a period of hydration showed notable cellular movement toward clockwise positions in the hydrating cysts. After 10 h of hydration, blastocoel appeared, accelerating the dynamic route of nuclei movement. At the end of the invagination, the embryo burst out of the cyst, and a sequence of emerging stages was noted. With reference to light microscopic observations, a series of developmental stages were observed, and each instar was documented by developing limb buds of nauplii. Excitingly, the 10th and 11th instar stages reveal sexual differentiation between male and female individuals. Thus, the laboratory culture study clearly documented the different developmental stages with their specific characteristic features. However, further molecular study would provide a cellular basis for understanding the early development of A. franciscana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nickolai Shadrin
- Laboratory of Extreme Ecosystems, A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Natesan Munuswamy
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Aquaculture and Cryobiology, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Functional and Conformational Plasticity of an Animal Group 1 LEA Protein. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030425. [PMID: 35327618 PMCID: PMC8946055 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 1 (Dur-19, PF00477, LEA_5) Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins are present in organisms from all three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Surprisingly, Artemia is the only genus known to include animals that express group 1 LEA proteins in their desiccation-tolerant life-history stages. Bioinformatics analysis of circular dichroism data indicates that the group 1 LEA protein AfLEA1 is surprisingly ordered in the hydrated state and undergoes during desiccation one of the most pronounced disorder-to-order transitions described for LEA proteins from A. franciscana. The secondary structure in the hydrated state is dominated by random coils (42%) and β-sheets (35%) but converts to predominately α-helices (85%) when desiccated. Interestingly, AfLEA1 interacts with other proteins and nucleic acids, and RNA promotes liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of the protein from the solvent during dehydration in vitro. Furthermore, AfLEA1 protects the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during desiccation but does not aid in restoring LDH activity after desiccation-induced inactivation. Ectopically expressed in D. melanogaster Kc167 cells, AfLEA1 localizes predominantly to the cytosol and increases the cytosolic viscosity during desiccation compared to untransfected control cells. Furthermore, the protein formed small biomolecular condensates in the cytoplasm of about 38% of Kc167 cells. These findings provide additional evidence for the hypothesis that the formation of biomolecular condensates to promote water stress tolerance during anhydrobiosis may be a shared feature across several groups of LEA proteins that display LLPS behaviors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li L, Zhou X, Chen Z, Cao Y, Zhao G. The group 3 LEA protein of Artemia franciscana for cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2022; 106:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
5
|
Zečić A, Dhondt I, Braeckman BP. Accumulation of Glycogen and Upregulation of LEA-1 in C. elegans daf-2(e1370) Support Stress Resistance, Not Longevity. Cells 2022; 11:245. [PMID: 35053361 PMCID: PMC8773926 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DAF-16-dependent activation of a dauer-associated genetic program in the C. elegans insulin/IGF-1 daf-2(e1370) mutant leads to accumulation of large amounts of glycogen with concomitant upregulation of glycogen synthase, GSY-1. Glycogen is a major storage sugar in C. elegans that can be used as a short-term energy source for survival, and possibly as a reservoir for synthesis of a chemical chaperone trehalose. Its role in mitigating anoxia, osmotic and oxidative stress has been demonstrated previously. Furthermore, daf-2 mutants show increased abundance of the group 3 late embryogenesis abundant protein LEA-1, which has been found to act in synergy with trehalose to exert its protective role against desiccation and heat stress in vitro, and to be essential for desiccation tolerance in C. elegans dauer larvae. Here we demonstrate that accumulated glycogen is not required for daf-2 longevity, but specifically protects against hyperosmotic stress, and serves as an important energy source during starvation. Similarly, lea-1 does not act to support daf-2 longevity. Instead, it contributes to increased resistance of daf-2 mutants to heat, osmotic, and UV stress. In summary, our experimental results suggest that longevity and stress resistance can be uncoupled in IIS longevity mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bart P. Braeckman
- Laboratory of Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.Z.); (I.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
LeBlanc BM, Hand SC. Target enzymes are stabilized by AfrLEA6 and a gain of α-helix coincides with protection by a group 3 LEA protein during incremental drying. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140642. [PMID: 33647452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anhydrobiotic organisms accumulate late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, a family of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) reported to improve cellular tolerance to water stress. Here we show that AfrLEA6, a Group 6 LEA protein only recently discovered in animals, protects lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) against damage during desiccation. In some cases, protection is enhanced by trehalose, a naturally-occurring protective solute. An open question is whether gain of secondary structure by LEA proteins during drying is a prerequisite for this stabilizing function. We used incremental drying (equilibration to a series of relative humidities, RH) to test the ability of AfrLEA2, a Group 3 LEA protein, to protect desiccation-sensitive PFK. AfrLEA2 was chosen due to its exceptional ability to protect PFK. In parallel, circular dichroism (CD) spectra were obtained for AfrLEA2 across the identical range of relative water contents. Protection of PFK by AfrLEA2, above that observed with trehalose and BSA, coincides with simultaneous gain of α-helix in AfrLEA2. At 100% RH, the CD spectrum for AfrLEA2 is typical of random coil, while at decreasing RH, the spectrum shows higher ellipticity at 191 nm and minima at 208 and 220 nm, diagnostic of α-helix. This study provides experimental evidence linking the gain of α-helix with stabilization of a target protein across a graded series of hydration states. Mechanistically, it is intriguing that certain other functions of these IDPs, like preventing aggregation of target proteins, can occur in fully hydrated cells and apparently do not require gain of α-helix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blase M LeBlanc
- Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Steven C Hand
- Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen B, Chu TW, Chiu K, Hong MC, Wu TM, Ma JW, Liang CM, Wang WK. Transcriptomic analysis elucidates the molecular processes associated with hydrogen peroxide-induced diapause termination in Artemia-encysted embryos. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247160. [PMID: 33606769 PMCID: PMC7894940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) raises the hatching rate through the development and diapause termination of Artemia cysts. To comprehend the upstream genetic regulation of diapause termination activated by exterior H2O2 elements, an Illumina RNA-seq analysis was performed to recognize and assess comparative transcript amounts to explore the genetic regulation of H2O2 in starting the diapause termination of cysts in Artemia salina. We examined three groupings treated with no H2O2 (control), 180 μM H2O2 (low) and 1800 μM H2O2 (high). The results showed a total of 114,057 unigenes were identified, 41.22% of which were functionally annotated in at least one particular database. When compared to control group, 34 and 98 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in 180 μM and 1800 μM H2O2 treatments, respectively. On the other hand, 162 and 30 DEGs were downregulated in the 180 μM and 1800 μM H2O2 treatments, respectively. Cluster analysis of DEGs demonstrated significant patterns among these types of 3 groups. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed the DEGs involved in the regulation of blood coagulation (GO: 0030193; GO: 0050818), regulation of wound healing (GO:0061041), regulation of hemostasis (GO: 1900046), antigen processing and presentation (KO04612), the Hippo signaling pathway (KO04391), as well as the MAPK signaling pathway (KO04010). This research helped to define the diapause-related transcriptomes of Artemia cysts using RNA-seq technology, which might fill up a gap in the prevailing body of knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonien Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tah-Wei Chu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuohsun Chiu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Hong
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Wen Ma
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kuang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A novel group 6 LEA protein from diapause embryos of Artemia franciscana is cytoplasmically localized. Tissue Cell 2020; 67:101410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Hibshman JD, Clegg JS, Goldstein B. Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance: Themes and Variations in Brine Shrimp, Roundworms, and Tardigrades. Front Physiol 2020; 11:592016. [PMID: 33192606 PMCID: PMC7649794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.592016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Water is critical for the survival of most cells and organisms. Remarkably, a small number of multicellular animals are able to survive nearly complete drying. The phenomenon of anhydrobiosis, or life without water, has been of interest to researchers for over 300 years. In this review we discuss advances in our understanding of protectants and mechanisms of desiccation tolerance that have emerged from research in three anhydrobiotic invertebrates: brine shrimp (Artemia), roundworms (nematodes), and tardigrades (water bears). Discovery of molecular protectants that allow each of these three animals to survive drying diversifies our understanding of desiccation tolerance, and convergent themes suggest mechanisms that may offer a general model for engineering desiccation tolerance in other contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Hibshman
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - James S. Clegg
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Proteinaceous liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) occurs when a polypeptide coalesces into a dense phase to form a liquid droplet (i.e., condensate) in aqueous solution. In vivo, functional protein-based condensates are often referred to as membraneless organelles (MLOs), which have roles in cellular processes ranging from stress responses to regulation of gene expression. Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins containing seed maturation protein domains (SMP; PF04927) have been linked to storage tolerance of orthodox seeds. The mechanism by which anhydrobiotic longevity is improved is unknown. Interestingly, the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana is the only animal known to express such a protein (AfrLEA6) in its anhydrobiotic embryos. Ectopic expression of AfrLEA6 (AWM11684) in insect cells improves their desiccation tolerance and a fraction of the protein is sequestered into MLOs, while aqueous AfrLEA6 raises the viscosity of the cytoplasm. LLPS of AfrLEA6 is driven by the SMP domain, while the size of formed MLOs is regulated by a domain predicted to engage in protein binding. AfrLEA6 condensates formed in vitro selectively incorporate target proteins based on their surface charge, while cytoplasmic MLOs formed in AfrLEA6-transfected insect cells behave like stress granules. We suggest that AfrLEA6 promotes desiccation tolerance by engaging in two distinct molecular mechanisms: by raising cytoplasmic viscosity at even modest levels of water loss to promote cell integrity during drying and by forming condensates that may act as protective compartments for desiccation-sensitive proteins. Identifying and understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern anhydrobiosis will lead to significant advancements in preserving biological samples.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu M, Tong Q, Wang Y, Wang Z, Xu G, Elias GK, Li S, Liang Z. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Grapevine LEA Gene Family in Response to Osmotic and Cold Stress Reveals a Key Role for VamDHN3. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:775-786. [PMID: 31967299 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins comprise a large family that plays important roles in the regulation of abiotic stress, however, no in-depth analysis of LEA genes has been performed in grapevine to date. In this study, we analyzed a total of 52 putative LEA genes in grapevine at the genomic and transcriptomic level, compiled expression profiles of four selected (V. amurensis) VamLEA genes under cold and osmotic stresses, and studied the potential function of the V. amurensis DEHYDRIN3 (VamDHN3) gene in grapevine callus. The 52 LEA proteins were classified into seven phylogenetic groups. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that a total of 16 and 23 VamLEA genes were upregulated under cold and osmotic stresses, respectively. In addition, overexpression of VamDHN3 enhanced the stability of the cell membrane in grapevine callus, suggesting that VamDHN3 is involved in osmotic regulation. These results provide fundamental knowledge for the further analysis of the biological roles of grapevine LEA genes in adaption to abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meilong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of the Seedling Bioengineering, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qian Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zemin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangzhao Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gathunga Kirabi Elias
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
LeBlanc BM, Le MT, Janis B, Menze MA, Hand SC. Structural properties and cellular expression of AfrLEA6, a group 6 late embryogenesis abundant protein from embryos of Artemia franciscana. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:979-990. [PMID: 31363993 PMCID: PMC6717223 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) commonly found in anhydrobiotic organisms and are frequently correlated with desiccation tolerance. Herein we report new findings on AfrLEA6, a novel group 6 LEA protein from embryos of Artemia franciscana. Assessment of secondary structure in aqueous and dried states with circular dichroism (CD) reveals 89% random coil in the aqueous state, thus supporting classification of AfrLEA6 as an IDP. Removal of water from the protein by drying or exposure to trifluoroethanol (a chemical de-solvating agent) promotes a large gain in secondary structure of AfrLEA6, predominated by α-helix and exhibiting minimal β-sheet structure. We evaluated the impact of physiological concentrations (up to 400 mM) of the disaccharide trehalose on the folding of LEA proteins in solution. CD spectra for AfrLEA2, AfrLEA3m, and AfrLEA6 are unaffected by this organic solute noted for its ability to drive protein folding. AfrLEA6 exhibits its highest concentration in vivo during embryonic diapause, drops acutely at diapause termination, and then declines during development to undetectable values at the larval stage. Maximum cellular titer of AfrLEA6 was 10-fold lower than for AfrLEA2 or AfrLEA3, both group 3 LEA proteins. Acute termination of diapause with H2O2 (a far more effective terminator than desiccation in this Great Salt Lake, UT, population) fostered a rapid 38% decrease in AfrLEA6 content of embryos. While the ultimate mechanism of diapause termination is unknown, disruption of key macromolecules could initiate physiological signaling events necessary for resumption of development and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blase M. LeBlanc
- Division of Cellular, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Mike T. Le
- Division of Cellular, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Brett Janis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Michael A. Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Steven C. Hand
- Division of Cellular, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hand SC, Moore DS, Patil Y. Challenges during diapause and anhydrobiosis: Mitochondrial bioenergetics and desiccation tolerance. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:1251-1259. [PMID: 30369011 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In preparation for the onset of environmental challenges like overwintering, food limitation, anoxia, or water stress, many invertebrates and certain killifish enter diapause. Diapause is a developmentally-programed dormancy characterized by suppression of development and metabolism. For embryos of Artemia franciscana (brine shrimp), the metabolic arrest is profound. These gastrula-stage embryos depress oxidative metabolism by ~99% during diapause and survive years of severe desiccation in a state termed anhydrobiosis. Trehalose is the sole fuel source for this developmental stage. Mitochondrial function during diapause is downregulated primarily by restricting substrate supply, as a result of inhibiting key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Because proton conductance across the inner membrane is not decreased during diapause, the inference is that membrane potential must be compromised. In the absence of any intervention, the possibility exists that the F1 Fo ATP synthase and the adenine nucleotide translocator may reverse, leading to wholesale hydrolysis of cellular ATP. Studies with anhydrobiotes like A. franciscana are revealing multiple traits useful for improving desiccation tolerance that include the expression and accumulation late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and trehalose. LEA proteins are intrinsically disordered in aqueous solution but gain secondary structure (predominantly α-helix) as water is removed. These protective agents stabilize biological structures including lipid bilayers and mitochondria during severe water stress. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(12):1251-1259, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Louisiana State University, LA, USA
| | - Daniel S Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Louisiana State University, LA, USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Louisiana State University, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sung JH, Song A, Park T, Kim E, Lee S. The Different Expression Patterns of HSP22, a Late Embryogenesis Abundant-like Protein, in Hypertrophic H9C2 Cells Induced by NaCl and Angiotensin II. Electrolyte Blood Press 2018; 16:1-10. [PMID: 30046328 PMCID: PMC6051945 DOI: 10.5049/ebp.2018.16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-NaCl diet is a contributing factor for cardiac hypertrophy. The role of HSP22 as a protective protein during cardiac hypertrophy due to hypernatremia is unclear. Accordingly, this study aimed to establish a cellular hypernatremic H9C2 model and to compare the expression of HSP22 in Ca2+ homeostasis between a high-NaCl and angiotensin II-induced hypertrophic cellular H9C2 model. Methods Real-time PCR was performed to compare the mRNA expression. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to analyze the cells. Results The addition of 30 mM NaCl for 48 h was the most effective condition for the induction of hypertrophic H9C2 cells (termed the in vitro hypernatremic model). Cardiac cellular hypertrophy was induced with 30 mM NaCl and 1 µM angiotensin II for 48 h, without causing abnormal morphological changes or cytotoxicity of the culture conditions. HSP22 contains a similar domain to that found in the consensus sequences of the late embryogenesis abundant protein group 3 from Artemia. The expression of HSP22 gradually decreased in the in vitro hypernatremic model. In contrast to the in vitro hypernatremic model, HSP22 increased after exposure to angiotensin II for 48 h. Intracellular Ca2+ decreased in the angiotensin II model and further decreased in the in vitro hypernatremic model. Impaired intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis was more evident in the in vitro hypernatremic model. Conclusion The results showed that NaCl significantly decreased HSP22. Decreased HSP22, due to the hypernatremic condition, affected the Ca2+ homeostasis in the H9C2 cells. Therefore, hypernatremia induces cellular hypertrophy via impaired Ca2+ homeostasis. The additional mechanisms of HSP22 need to be explored further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwi Sung
- Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahran Song
- Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taegun Park
- Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunggwan Lee
- Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li N, Zhang S, Liang Y, Qi Y, Chen J, Zhu W, Zhang L. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of drought stress-responsive late embryogenesis abundant proteins in the seedling leaves of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. J Proteomics 2018; 172:122-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Janis B, Uversky VN, Menze MA. Potential functions of LEA proteins from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana - anhydrobiosis meets bioinformatics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3291-3309. [PMID: 28971739 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1387177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are a large group of anhydrobiosis-associated intrinsically disordered proteins, which are commonly found in plants and some animals. The brine shrimp Artemia franciscana is the only known animal that expresses LEA proteins from three, and not only one, different groups in its anhydrobiotic life stage. The reason for the higher complexity in the A. franciscana LEA proteome (LEAome), compared with other anhydrobiotic animals, remains mostly unknown. To address this issue, we have employed a suite of bioinformatics tools to evaluate the disorder status of the Artemia LEAome and to analyze the roles of intrinsic disorder in functioning of brine shrimp LEA proteins. We show here that A. franciscana LEA proteins from different groups are more similar to each other than one originally expected, while functional differences among members of group three are possibly larger than commonly anticipated. Our data show that although these proteins are characterized by a large variety of forms and possible functions, as a general strategy, A. franciscana utilizes glassy matrix forming LEAs concurrently with proteins that more readily interact with binding partners. It is likely that the function(s) of both types, the matrix-forming and partner-binding LEA proteins, are regulated by changing water availability during desiccation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Janis
- a Department of Biology , University of Louisville , Louisville 40292 , KY , USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- b Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine , University of South Florida , Tampa 33612 , FL , USA.,c Institute for Biological Instrumentation , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow Region, Pushchino 142290 , Russia
| | - Michael A Menze
- a Department of Biology , University of Louisville , Louisville 40292 , KY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rodriguez-Salazar J, Moreno S, Espín G. LEA proteins are involved in cyst desiccation resistance and other abiotic stresses in Azotobacter vinelandii. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:397-408. [PMID: 28258486 PMCID: PMC5425371 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins constitute a large protein family that is closely associated with resistance to abiotic stresses in multiple organisms and protect cells against drought and other stresses. Azotobacter vinelandii is a soil bacterium that forms desiccation-resistant cysts. This bacterium possesses two genes, here named lea1 and lea2, coding for avLEA1 and avLEA2 proteins, both containing 20-mer motifs characteristic of eukaryotic plant LEA proteins. In this study, we found that disruption of the lea1 gene caused a loss of the cysts' viability after 3 months of desiccation, whereas at 6 months, wild-type or lea2 mutant strain cysts remained viable. Vegetative cells of the lea1 mutant were more sensitive to osmotic stress; cysts developed by this mutant were also more sensitive to high temperatures than cysts or vegetative cells of the wild type or of the lea2 mutant. Expression of lea1 was induced several fold during encystment. In addition, the protective effects of these proteins were assessed in Escherichia coli cells. We found that E. coli cells overexpressing avLEA1 were more tolerant to salt stress than control cells; finally, in vitro analysis showed that avLEA1 protein was able to prevent the freeze thaw-induced inactivation of lactate dehydrogenase. In conclusion, avLEA1 is essential for the survival of A. vinelandii in dry conditions and for protection against hyper-osmolarity, two major stress factors that bacteria must cope with for survival in the environment. This is the first report on the role of bacterial LEA proteins on the resistance of cysts to desiccation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Rodriguez-Salazar
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Soledad Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Espín
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Warner AH, Guo ZH, Moshi S, Hudson JW, Kozarova A. Study of model systems to test the potential function of Artemia group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:139-154. [PMID: 26462928 PMCID: PMC4679747 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, are genetically programmed to develop either ovoviparously or oviparously depending on environmental conditions. Shortly upon their release from the female, oviparous embryos enter diapause during which time they undergo major metabolic rate depression while simultaneously synthesize proteins that permit them to tolerate a wide range of stressful environmental events including prolonged periods of desiccation, freezing, and anoxia. Among the known stress-related proteins that accumulate in embryos entering diapause are the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. This large group of intrinsically disordered proteins has been proposed to act as molecular shields or chaperones of macromolecules which are otherwise intolerant to harsh conditions associated with diapause. In this research, we used two model systems to study the potential function of the group 1 LEA proteins from Artemia. Expression of the Artemia group 1 gene (AfrLEA-1) in Escherichia coli inhibited growth in proportion to the number of 20-mer amino acid motifs expressed. As well, clones of E. coli, transformed with the AfrLEA-1 gene, expressed multiple bands of LEA proteins, either intrinsically or upon induction with isopropyl-β-thiogalactoside (IPTG), in a vector-specific manner. Expression of AfrLEA-1 in E. coli did not overcome the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of NaCl and KCl but modulated growth inhibition resulting from high concentrations of sorbitol in the growth medium. In contrast, expression of the AfrLEA-1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not alter the growth kinetics or permit yeast to tolerate high concentrations of NaCl, KCl, or sorbitol. However, expression of AfrLEA-1 in yeast improved its tolerance to drying (desiccation) and freezing. Under our experimental conditions, both E. coli and S. cerevisiae appear to be potentially suitable hosts to study the function of Artemia group 1 LEA proteins under environmentally stressful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alden H Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Zhi-Hao Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Sandra Moshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - John W Hudson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Anna Kozarova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
MacRae TH. Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:9-18. [PMID: 26334984 PMCID: PMC4679736 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oviparously developing embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia, arrest at gastrulation and are released from females as cysts before entering diapause, a state of dormancy and stress tolerance. Diapause is terminated by an external signal, and growth resumes if conditions are permissible. However, if circumstances are unfavorable, cysts enter quiescence, a dormant stage that continues as long as adverse conditions persist. Artemia embryos in diapause and quiescence are remarkably resistant to environmental and physiological stressors, withstanding desiccation, cold, heat, oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and years of anoxia at ambient temperature when fully hydrated. Cysts have adapted to stress in several ways; they are surrounded by a rigid cell wall impermeable to most chemical compounds and which functions as a shield against ultraviolet radiation. Artemia cysts contain large amounts of trehalose, a non-reducing sugar thought to preserve membranes and proteins during desiccation by replacing water molecules and/or contributing to vitrification. Late embryogenesis abundant proteins similar to those in seeds and other anhydrobiotic organisms are found in cysts, and they safeguard cell organelles and proteins during desiccation. Artemia cysts contain abundant amounts of p26, a small heat shock protein, and artemin, a ferritin homologue, both ATP-independent molecular chaperones important in stress tolerance. The evidence provided in this review supports the conclusion that it is the interplay of these protective elements that make Artemia one of the most stress tolerant of all metazoan organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., B3H 4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hand SC, Menze MA. Molecular approaches for improving desiccation tolerance: insights from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. PLANTA 2015; 242:379-88. [PMID: 25809151 PMCID: PMC4498972 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the endogenous expression and molecular properties of selected Group 3 LEA proteins from Artemia franciscana , and the capacity of selected Groups 1 and 3 proteins transfected into various desiccation-sensitive cell lines to improve tolerance to drying. Organisms inhabiting both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems frequently are confronted with the problem of water loss for multiple reasons--exposure to hypersalinity, evaporative water loss, and restriction of intracellular water due to freezing of extracellular fluids. Seasonal desiccation can become severe and lead to the production of tolerant propagules and entry into the state of anhydrobiosis at various stages of the life cycle. Such is the case for gastrula-stage embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana. Physiological and biochemical responses to desiccation are central for survival and are multifaceted. This review will evaluate the impact of multiple late embryogenesis abundant proteins originating from A. franciscana, together with the non-reducing sugar trehalose, on prevention of desiccation damage at multiple levels of biological organization. Survivorship of desiccation-sensitive cells during water stress can be improved by use of the above protective agents, coupled to metabolic preconditioning and rapid cell drying. However, obtaining long-term stability of cells in the dried state at room temperature has not been accomplished and will require continued efforts on both the physicochemical and biological fronts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hand
- Division of Cellular, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim BY, Song HY, Kim MY, Lee BH, Kim KJ, Jo KJ, Kim SW, Lee SG, Lee BH. DISTINCTIVE LOCALIZATION OF GROUP 3 LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT SYNTHESIZING CELLS DURING BRINE SHRIMP DEVELOPMENT. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 89:169-180. [PMID: 25781424 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, their functions, roles, and localizations during developmental stages in arthropods remain unknown. LEA proteins protect crucial proteins against osmotic stress during the development and growth of various organisms. Thus, in this study, fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to determine the crucial regions protected against osmotic stress as well as the distinctive localization of group 3 (G3) LEA(+) cells during brine shrimp development. Several cell types were found to synthesize G3 LEA RNA, including neurons, muscular cells, APH-1(+) cells, and renal cells. The G3 LEA(+) neuronal cell bodies outside of the mushroom body projected their axonal bundles to the central body, but those inside the mushroom body projected their axonal bundles toward the deutocerebrum without innervating the central body. The cell bodies inside the mushroom body received axons of the G3 LEA(+) sensory cells at the medial ventral cup of the nauplius eye. Several glands were found to synthesize G3 LEA RNA during the nauplius stages of brine shrimp, including the sinus, antennal I and II, salt, and three ectodermal glands. This study provides the first demonstration of the formation of G3 LEA(+) sinus glands at the emergence stages of brine shrimp. These results suggest that G3 LEA protein is synthesized in several cell types. In particular, specific glands play crucial roles during the emergence and nauplius stages of brine shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yong Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Korea
| | - Hwa Young Song
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Korea
| | - Mi Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Korea
| | - Bong Hee Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Jo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Korea
| | - Suhng Wook Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Korea
| | - Seung Gwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Toxopeus J, Warner AH, MacRae TH. Group 1 LEA proteins contribute to the desiccation and freeze tolerance of Artemia franciscana embryos during diapause. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:939-48. [PMID: 24846336 PMCID: PMC4389855 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Water loss either by desiccation or freezing causes multiple forms of cellular damage. The encysted embryos (cysts) of the crustacean Artemia franciscana have several molecular mechanisms to enable anhydrobiosis-life without water-during diapause. To better understand how cysts survive reduced hydration, group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, hydrophilic unstructured proteins that accumulate in the stress-tolerant cysts of A. franciscana, were knocked down using RNA interference (RNAi). Embryos lacking group 1 LEA proteins showed significantly lower survival than control embryos after desiccation and freezing, or freezing alone, demonstrating a role for group 1 LEA proteins in A. franciscana tolerance of low water conditions. In contrast, regardless of group 1 LEA protein presence, cysts responded similarly to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure, indicating little to no function for these proteins in diapause termination. This is the first in vivo study of group 1 LEA proteins in an animal and it contributes to the fundamental understanding of these proteins. Knowing how LEA proteins protect A. franciscana cysts from desiccation and freezing may have applied significance in aquaculture, where Artemia is an important feed source, and in the cryopreservation of cells for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jantina Toxopeus
- />Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Alden H. Warner
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Thomas H. MacRae
- />Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Boswell LC, Moore DS, Hand SC. Quantification of cellular protein expression and molecular features of group 3 LEA proteins from embryos of Artemia franciscana. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:329-41. [PMID: 24061850 PMCID: PMC3982030 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are highly hydrophilic, low complexity proteins whose expression has been correlated with desiccation tolerance in anhydrobiotic organisms. Here, we report the identification of three new mitochondrial LEA proteins in anhydrobiotic embryos of Artemia franciscana, AfrLEA3m_47, AfrLEA3m_43, and AfrLEA3m_29. These new isoforms are recognized by antibody raised against recombinant AfrLEA3m, the original mitochondrial-targeted LEA protein previously reported from these embryos; mass spectrometry confirms all four proteins share sequence similarity. The corresponding messenger RNA (mRNA) species for the four proteins are readily amplified from total complementary DNA (cDNA) prepared from embryos. cDNA sequences of the four mRNAs are quite similar, but each has a stretch of sequence that is absent in at least one of the others, plus multiple single base pair differences. We conclude that all four mitochondrial LEA proteins are products of independent genes. Each possesses a mitochondrial targeting sequence, and indeed Western blots performed on extracts of isolated mitochondria clearly detect all four isoforms. Based on mass spectrometry and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migration, the cytoplasmic-localized AfrLEA2 exists primarily as a homodimer in A. franciscana. Quantification of protein expression for AfrLEA2, AfrLEA3m, AfrLEA3m_43, and AfrLEA3m_29 as a function of development shows that cellular concentrations are highest in diapause embryos and decrease during development to low levels in desiccation-intolerant nauplius larvae. When adjustment is made for mitochondria matrix volume, the effective concentrations of cytoplasmic versus mitochondrial group 3 LEA proteins are similar in vivo, and the values provide guidance for the design of in vitro functional studies with these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leaf C Boswell
- Division of Cellular, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang H, Luo Q, Sun J, Liu F, Wu G, Yu J, Wang W. Mitochondrial genome sequences of Artemia tibetiana and Artemia urmiana: assessing molecular changes for high plateau adaptation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:440-52. [PMID: 23633076 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brine shrimps, Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca), inhabit hypersaline environments and have a broad geographical distribution from sea level to high plateaus. Artemia therefore possess significant genetic diversity, which gives them their outstanding adaptability. To understand this remarkable plasticity, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two Artemia tibetiana isolates from the Tibetan Plateau in China and one Artemia urmiana isolate from Lake Urmia in Iran and compared them with the genome of a low-altitude Artemia, A. franciscana. We compared the ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitutions (Ka/Ks ratio) in the mitochondrial protein-coding gene sequences and found that atp8 had the highest Ka/Ks ratios in comparisons of A. franciscana with either A. tibetiana or A. urmiana and that atp6 had the highest Ka/Ks ratio between A. tibetiana and A. urmiana. Atp6 may have experienced strong selective pressure for high-altitude adaptation because although A. tibetiana and A. urmiana are closely related they live at different altitudes. We identified two extended termination-associated sequences and three conserved sequence blocks in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genomes. We propose that sequence variations in the D-loop region and in the subunits of the respiratory chain complexes independently or collectively contribute to the adaptation of Artemia to different altitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangxiao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Du D, Zhang Q, Cheng T, Pan H, Yang W, Sun L. Genome-wide identification and analysis of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes in Prunus mume. Mol Biol Rep 2012. [PMID: 23086279 DOI: 10.1007/s11033‐012‐2250‐3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins play important roles in plant desiccation tolerance. In this study, 30 LEA genes were identified from Chinese plum (Prunus mume) through genome-wide analysis. The PmLEA genes are distributed on all Chinese plum chromosomes except chromosome 3. Twelve (40 %) and five PmLEA genes are arranged in tandem and segmental duplications, respectively. The PmLEA genes could be divided into eight groups (LEA_1, LEA_2, LEA_3, LEA_4, LEA_5, PvLEA18, dehydrin and seed maturation protein). Ten gene conversion events were observed and most of them (70 %) were identified in dehydrin group. Most PmLEA genes were highly expressed in flower (22/30) and up-regulated by ABA treatment (19/30).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Du
- College of Landscape Architecture, China National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Genome-wide identification and analysis of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes in Prunus mume. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1937-46. [PMID: 23086279 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins play important roles in plant desiccation tolerance. In this study, 30 LEA genes were identified from Chinese plum (Prunus mume) through genome-wide analysis. The PmLEA genes are distributed on all Chinese plum chromosomes except chromosome 3. Twelve (40 %) and five PmLEA genes are arranged in tandem and segmental duplications, respectively. The PmLEA genes could be divided into eight groups (LEA_1, LEA_2, LEA_3, LEA_4, LEA_5, PvLEA18, dehydrin and seed maturation protein). Ten gene conversion events were observed and most of them (70 %) were identified in dehydrin group. Most PmLEA genes were highly expressed in flower (22/30) and up-regulated by ABA treatment (19/30).
Collapse
|
27
|
Warner AH, Chakrabortee S, Tunnacliffe A, Clegg JS. Complexity of the heat-soluble LEA proteome in Artemia species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 7:260-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Wang JQ, Hou L, Yi N, Zhang RF, Zou XY. Molecular analysis and its expression of a pou homeobox protein gene during development and in response to salinity stress from brine shrimp, Artemia sinica. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 161:36-43. [PMID: 21911072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Brine shrimps of the genus Artemia are aquatic species of economic importance because of their important significance to aquaculture and are used as a model species in physiology and developmental biology. Research on Artemia POU homeobox gene function will enhance our understanding of the physiological and developmental processes of POU homeobox gene in animals. Herein, a full-length cDNA encoding an Artemia POU homeobox protein gene 1 (APH-1) from Artemia sinica (designated as As-APH-1) was cloned and characterized by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) method. The As-APH-1 gene encoded a protein of 388 amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 42.85kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.90 and the protein belongs to the POU III family. Multiple sequence alignments revealed that A. sinica As-APH-1 protein sequence shared a conserved POU homeobox domain with other species. The early and persistent expression of As-APH-1 in the naupliar stages by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and whole-mount embryonic immunohistochemistry suggest that As-APH-1 functions very early in the salt gland and may be required continuously in this organ. Later in development, expression of As-APH-1 begins to dramatically decrease and disappear in salt gland of the sub-adult Artemia. In addition, we also discovered that As-APH-1 increased obviously as the salinity increased, indicating that As-APH-1 might be used as a good indicator of salinity stress. In summary, we are the first to identify the As-APH-1 gene and to determine its gene expression patterns in early embryogenesis stages and in different salinity stress in brine shrimp, A. sinica. The result of expression of As-APH-1 affected by salinity changes will provide us further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of osmoregulation in Artemia early embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qing Wang
- College of Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Fushun, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dure L, Greenway SC, Galau GA. Developmental biochemistry of cottonseed embryogenesis and germination: changing messenger ribonucleic acid populations as shown by in vitro and in vivo protein synthesis. Biochemistry 1981; 59:377-86. [PMID: 7284317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) populations during embryogenesis of cottonseed have been followed by cataloging (a) extant proteins, (b) proteins synthesized in vivo, and (c) proteins synthesized in vitro from extracted RNA, all at specific stages of embryogenesis. Evidence is presented for the existence of five mRNA subsets, all apparently under different regulatory regimes, that produce the abundant proteins of embryogenesis. One of these functions principally during the cell division phase of embryogenesis and encodes among its products the seed storage proteins whose mRNA is superabundant during this period. This subset has disappeared from the abundant group by the mature seed stage. Two other subsets appear in late embryogenesis, one of which may result from the removal of the embryo from the maternal environment, since it is inducible by excision of the young embryo from the seed. The other appears to be induced by the plant growth regulator abscisic acid, whose endogenous concentration increases at this stage. It can be induced by incubating excised young embryos in abscisic acid. The last two subsets exist throughout embryogenesis, but only one of them appears to function in germination.
Collapse
|