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Herrera M, Ravasi T, Laudet V. Anemonefishes: A model system for evolutionary genomics. F1000Res 2023; 12:204. [PMID: 37928172 PMCID: PMC10624958 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130752.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemonefishes are an iconic group of coral reef fish particularly known for their mutualistic relationship with sea anemones. This mutualism is especially intriguing as it likely prompted the rapid diversification of anemonefish. Understanding the genomic architecture underlying this process has indeed become one of the holy grails of evolutionary research in these fishes. Recently, anemonefishes have also been used as a model system to study the molecular basis of highly complex traits such as color patterning, social sex change, larval dispersal and life span. Extensive genomic resources including several high-quality reference genomes, a linkage map, and various genetic tools have indeed enabled the identification of genomic features controlling some of these fascinating attributes, but also provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to changing environments. Here, we review the latest findings and new avenues of research that have led to this group of fish being regarded as a model for evolutionary genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Herrera
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (ICOB), Academia Sinica, 23-10, Dah-Uen Rd, Jiau Shi I-Lan 262, Taiwan
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Fallah HP, Habibi HR. Role of GnRH and GnIH in paracrine/autocrine control of final oocyte maturation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113619. [PMID: 32956700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The control of oocyte growth and its final maturation is multifactorial and involves a number of hypothalamic, hypophyseal, and peripheral hormones. In this study, we investigated the direct actions of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), which are expressed in the ovarian follicles, on final oocyte maturation in zebrafish, in vitro. Our study demonstrates the expression of GnRH and GnIH in the ovarian follicles of zebrafish (Danio rerio) at different stages of development and provides information on the direct action of these hormones on final oocyte maturation. Treatment with both GnRH and GnIH peptides stimulated the germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of the late-vitellogenic oocyte. Both the GnRH and GnIH treatments showed no significant change in the caspase-3 activity of pre-vitellogenic and mid-vitellogenic oocytes, while they displayed different responses in the late-vitellogenic follicles. The GnRH treatment increased caspase-3 activity, whereas the GnIH reduced caspase-3 activity in the late-vitellogenic follicles. We also investigated the effects of GnRH and GnIH on the hCG-induced resumption of meiosis and caspase activity in vitro. GnRH and GnIH were found to have a similar effect on the hCG-induced resumption of meiosis, while they showed the opposite effect on caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of concomitant treatment of GnRH and GnIH peptides with hCG. The results demonstrated that the presence of both GnRH3 and GnIH are necessary for the normal induction of final oocyte maturation by gonadotropins. The findings support the hypothesis that GnIH and GnRH peptides produced in the ovary are part of a complex multifactorial regulatory system that controls zebrafish final oocyte maturation in paracrine/autocrine manner working in concert with gonadotropin hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh P Fallah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Chehade C, Amaral FG, Branco GS, Cassel M, De Jesus LWO, Costa FG, Bordin SA, Moreira RG, Borella MI. Molecular characterization of different preproGnRHs in Astyanax altiparanae (Characiformes): Effects of GnRH on female reproduction. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:720-734. [PMID: 32418283 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key molecule in the initiation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Thus, knowledge about GnRH may contribute to the effectiveness of species reproduction. Using a Neotropical tetra Astyanax altiparanae as a fish model species, the GnRH forms were characterized at the molecular level and the role of injected GnRHs in vivo was evaluated. The full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of preproGnRH2 (612 bp) and preproGnRH3 (407 bp) of A. altiparanae were obtained, and the GnRH1 form was not detected. The cDNA sequences of preproGnRH2 and preproGnRH3 were found to be conserved, but a change in the amino acid at position 8 of the GnRH3 decapeptide of A. altiparanae was observed. All the injected GnRHs stimulated lhβ messenger RNA (mRNA) expression but not fshβ mRNA expression, and only GnRH2 was able to increase maturation-inducing steroid (MIS) levels and possibly stimulate oocyte release. Furthermore, only GnRH2 was able to start the entire reproductive hormonal cascade and induce spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayrra Chehade
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Amaral
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana S Branco
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Cassel
- Department of Education - Bachelor of Science in Animal Science, Mato Grosso Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology (IFMT)-Alta Floresta Campus, Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Lázaro W O De Jesus
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Fabiano G Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Northern Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Silvana A Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata G Moreira
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Reproduction of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I Borella
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Ogawa S, Parhar I. Morphological Evidence for Functional Crosstalk Between Multiple GnRH Systems in the Male Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:586. [PMID: 32982977 PMCID: PMC7492274 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a reproductive neuropeptide, which controls vertebrate reproduction. In most vertebrates, there are more than two GnRH orthologs in the brain. In cichlid fish, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), GnRH1 is the primary hypophysiotropic hormone, while GnRH2 and GnRH3 are non-hypophysiotropic but neuromodulatory in function. Hypophysiotropic GnRH neurons are thought to inter-communicate, while it remains unknown if hypophysiotropic and non-hypophysiotropic GnRH systems communicate with each other. In the present study, we examined interrelationship between three GnRH types using specific antibodies raised against their respective GnRH associated peptide (GAP) sequence. Double-immunofluorescence labeling coupled with confocal microscopy revealed that in sexually mature males, GnRH-GAP1-immunoreactive (-ir) processes are in proximities of GnRH-GAP3-ir cell somata in the terminal nerve, while GnRH-GAP1-ir cell somata were also accompanied by GnRH-GAP3-ir processes in the preoptic area. However, such interaction was not seen in immature males. Further, there was no interaction between GnRH-GAP2 and GnRH-GAP1 or GnRH-GAP3 neurons. Single cell gene expression analysis revealed co-expression of multiple GnRH receptor genes (gnrhr1 and gnrhr2) in three GnRH-GAP cell types. In mature males, high levels of gnrhr2 mRNA were expressed in GnRH-GAP1-ir cells. In immature males, gnrhr1 and gnrhr2 mRNAs are highly expressed in GnRH-GAP3-ir cells. These results suggest heterologous interactions between the three GnRH-GAP cell types and their potential functional interaction during different reproductive stages.
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Wang W, Chen J, Fang Y, Wang B, Zou Q, Wang L, Zhang W, Huang X, Lv H, Zhang C, Wang K. Identification of gnrh2 and gnrh3 and their expression during brood pouch growth and short-term benzo(a)pyrene exposure in lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108579. [PMID: 31386905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) regulate gonadal growth of teleosts. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) functions as a reproductive endocrine disruptor. Furthermore, endocrine regulation on brood pouch growth of Syngnathidaes is elusive. To better understand the role of GnRH in brood pouch growth and effects of BaP on reproductive endocrine in lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus), gnrh2 and gnrh3 genes were identified. Results showed that lined seahorse GnRH2 and GnRH3 precursors included the conservative tripartite structure and their transcripts highly expressed in brain as other teleosts. Expression profiles of gnrh2 and gnrh3 transcripts were detected during brood pouch growth. Results indicated that brain gnrh2 transcripts remarkably increased at the middle-stage and late-stage of brood pouch growth, while brain gnrh3 transcripts significantly raised at the early-stage and middle-stage. These suggested that GnRH2 and GnRH3 regulated brood pouch growth at different stages. Short-term BaP exposure in lined seahorse was performed. Transcripts of gnrh2 and gnrh3 remarkably increased in females and males exposed to BaP. Besides, plasma 17-beta estradiol (E2) levels presented a reduced trend during female fish exposed to BaP. This revealed that BaP functioned as anti-estrogenic effects and it may result in high expression of gnrh mRNA. However, plasma 11-ketone testosterone (11-KT) levels showed an increased trend during male fish exposed to BaP. Taken together, these indicated interesting results of BaP on reproduction in each sex of seahorse. These observations contribute to provide novel information of regulation on brood pouch growth and effects of BaP on reproductive endocrine in Syngnathidaes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Yantai Branch of Shandong Technology Transfer Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of life sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Haoyue Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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Feng K, Luo H, Hou M, Li Y, Chen J, Zhu Z, Hu W. Alternative splicing of GnRH2 and GnRH2-associated peptide plays roles in gonadal differentiation of the rice field eel, Monopterus albus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 267:9-17. [PMID: 29782841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rice field eel, Monopterus albus, is a protogynous hermaphrodite fish, in which the gonads are initially female ovaries which then transform into male testes. The exact mechanisms governing sex reversal in the rice field eel are unknown. In this study, a novel alternative splicing variant of GnRH2 (GnRH2-SV), retaining the second intron, was discovered in the gonad of the rice field eel. Compared to GnRH2, GnRH2-SV may give rise to a novel truncated GnRH2-associated peptide (New GAP2). The normal transcript of GnRH2 was primarily expressed in the brain, and could also be detected in the liver, spleen, ovary, and testis. However, GnRH2-SV was only expressed in the ovary and testis. During sex reversal, GnRH2 expression levels increased significantly at late stages; however, expression levels of GnRH2-SV were lower in ovary than in ovotestis and testis. We also examined the effect of three peptides (GnRHa, GAP2, and New GAP2) on gonadal sex differentiation during the third stage of ovarian development of the rice field eel. Compared to the control group, the expression of amh increased significantly following incubation with each of the three peptides. However, only New GAP2 stimulated the expression of sox9a1 mRNA in vitro. After intraperitoneal injection of GAP2, the expression of amh, foxl2, and cyp19a1a increased significantly after 12 h; the concentration of serum 11-KT was also significantly increased at the 12 h time point. Treatment with New GAP2 significantly increased the expression of amh, dmrt1a, and sox9a1, and also increased the concentration of serum 11-KT. After treated with GnRHa, the expression of amh, dmrt1a, sox9a1, cyp19a1a, and foxl2 increased significantly, as did the level of serum E2. These results indicated that both GAP2 and New GAP2 play a crucial role in inducing expression changes of sex-differentiation related genes, and may be involved in the gonadal development and sex reversal in the rice field eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongrui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingxi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Marcionetti A, Rossier V, Bertrand JAM, Litsios G, Salamin N. First draft genome of an iconic clownfish species (Amphiprion frenatus). Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 18:1092-1101. [PMID: 29455459 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clownfishes (or anemonefishes) form an iconic group of coral reef fishes, principally known for their mutualistic interaction with sea anemones. They are characterized by particular life history traits, such as a complex social structure and mating system involving sequential hermaphroditism, coupled with an exceptionally long lifespan. Additionally, clownfishes are considered to be one of the rare groups to have experienced an adaptive radiation in the marine environment. Here, we assembled and annotated the first genome of a clownfish species, the tomato clownfish (Amphiprion frenatus). We obtained 17,801 assembled scaffolds, containing a total of 26,917 genes. The completeness of the assembly and annotation was satisfying, with 96.5% of the Actinopterygii Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs) being retrieved in A. frenatus assembly. The quality of the resulting assembly is comparable to other bony fish assemblies. This resource is valuable for advancing studies of the particular life history traits of clownfishes, as well as being useful for population genetic studies and the development of new phylogenetic markers. It will also open the way to comparative genomics. Indeed, future genomic comparison among closely related fishes may provide means to identify genes related to the unique adaptations to different sea anemone hosts, as well as better characterize the genomic signatures of an adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marcionetti
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Rossier
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joris A M Bertrand
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Glenn Litsios
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Duan JR, Fang DA, Zhang MY, Liu K, Zhou YF, Xu DP, Xu P, Li DP. Changes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 during the anadromous spawning migration in Coilia nasus. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:42. [PMID: 27881074 PMCID: PMC5122156 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background An increase in the activity of the pituitary-gonad axis (PG-axis) and gonad development are essential for the onset of spawning migration in teleosts. In the fish Coilia nasus, gonad development and spawning migration up the Yangtze River occurs by the end of each summer. We hypothesized that gonadotropin releasing hormones receptor 2 (GnRH-R2), which together produce a signal that interacts with the PG-axis, may help to regulate spawning migration processes. Results In this regard, we (1) characterized the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in the anadromous fish C. nasus; (2) analyzed the GnRH-R2 mRNA expression levels in ovary and brain, and concentrations in the serum; and (3) identified the GnRH-R2 protein distribution in the brain and ovaries. We found strong relationships between all of these indices. Conclusions The results indicate that GnRH-R2 could act together to promote spawning during the anadromous migration. There is some evidence that the GnRH-R2 gene expression levels and protein distributions change in association with the migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Rong Duan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 9 Shanshui Road, Wuxi, 214128, China
| | - Di-An Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 9 Shanshui Road, Wuxi, 214128, China
| | - Min-Ying Zhang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 9 Shanshui Road, Wuxi, 214128, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 9 Shanshui Road, Wuxi, 214128, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhou
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 9 Shanshui Road, Wuxi, 214128, China
| | - Dong-Po Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 9 Shanshui Road, Wuxi, 214128, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 9 Shanshui Road, Wuxi, 214128, China.
| | - Da-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Choi YJ, Kim NN, Habibi HR, Choi CY. Effects of gonadotropin inhibitory hormone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone on reproduction-related genes in the protandrous cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:89-99. [PMID: 27288637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic peptide neurohormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) play pivotal roles in the control of reproduction and gonadal maturation in teleost fish. To study the effects of GnIH on fish reproduction, we investigated the influence of seabream GnRH (sbGnRH) and GnIH (both alone and in combination) on levels of reproductive genes (GnIH, GnIH-receptor [GnIH-R], melatonin receptor [MT3], sbGnRH, and gonadotropic hormones [GTHs]) during different stages of gonadal maturation in male, female, and immature cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus. The results showed that the expression levels of GnIH, GnIH-R, and MT3 genes increased after the GnIH injection, but decreased after the sbGnRH injection. In addition, these gene expression levels gradually lowered after GnIH3 and sbGnRH combination treatment, as compared to the MT3 mRNA levels of GnIH treatment alone. However, the expression levels of the HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis genes (sbGnRH and GTHs) decreased after the GnIH injection, but increased after the sbGnRH injection. In all cinnamon clownfish groups, HPG axis gene mRNA levels gradually decreased after mixed GnIH3 and sbGnRH treatment, compared to GnIH treatment alone. The present study provides novel information on the effects of GnIH and strongly supports the hypothesis that GnIH plays an important role in the negative regulation of the HPG axis in the protandrous cinnamon clownfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Na Kim
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary, Alberta T3B 2V4, Canada
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea.
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Choi YJ, Habibi HR, Choi CY. Profiles of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and melatonin during the sex change and maturation of cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:189-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Morin SJ, Decatur WA, Breton TS, Marquis TJ, Hayes MK, Berlinsky DL, Sower SA. Identification and expression of GnRH2 and GnRH3 in the black sea bass (Centropristis striata), a hermaphroditic teleost. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:383-395. [PMID: 25255937 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We cloned two cDNAs for two gonadotropin-releasing hormones, GnRH2 (chicken GnRH-II) and GnRH3 (salmon GnRH), respectively, from the black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Black sea bass are protogynous hermaphroditic teleosts that change from females to males between 2 and 5 years of age. Similar to other GnRH precursors, the precursors of black sea bass GnRH2 and GnRH23 consisted of a signal peptide, decapeptide, a downstream processing site, and a GnRH-associated peptide. Our analyses failed to identify GnRH1. GnRH3 precursor transcript was more widely distributed in a variety of tissues compared with GnRH2. Further examination of GnRH expression and gonadal histology was done in black sea bass from three different size groups: small (11.4-44.1 g), medium (179.4-352.2 g) and large (393.8-607.3 g). Interestingly, GnRH3 expression occurred only in the pituitaries of males in the small and medium groups compared with expression of GnRH2. Future functional studies of the sea bass GnRHs will be valuable in elucidating the potential underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms of black sea bass reproduction and may ultimately contribute to management advances in this commercially important fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Morin
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, 316 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824-3544, USA
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Kulczykowska E, Kalamarz-Kubiak H, Nietrzeba M, Gozdowska M. Brain nonapeptide and gonadal steroid responses to deprivation of heterosexual contact in the black molly. Biol Open 2014; 4:69-78. [PMID: 25527645 PMCID: PMC4295167 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20149597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish may respond to different social situations with changes in both physiology and behaviour. A unique feature of fish is that social interactions between males and females strongly affect the sexual characteristics of individuals. Here we provide the first insight into the endocrine background of two phenomena that occur in mono-sex groups of the black molly (Poecilia sphenops): masculinization in females and same-sex sexual behaviour, manifested by gonopodial displays towards same-sex tank mates and copulation attempts in males. In socially controlled situations, brain neurohormones impact phenotypic sex determination and sexual behaviour. Among these hormones are the nonapeptides arginine vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT), counterparts of the well-known mammalian arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, respectively. To reveal potential hormone interactions, we measured the concentrations of bioactive AVT and IT in the brain, along with those of the sex steroids 17β-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone in the gonads, of females, masculinized females, males displaying same-sex sexual behaviour and those who did not. These data were supplemented by morphological and histological analyses of the gonads. Correlations between brain nonapeptides and gonadal steroids strongly suggest a cross talk between hormonal systems. In the black molly, the masculinization process was associated with the production of brain AVT and gonadal steroids, whereas same-sex sexual behaviour involves both brain nonapeptides, but neither of the sex steroids. This study extends current knowledge of endocrine control of phenotypic sex and sexual behaviour in fish and for the first time links brain nonapeptides with the occurrence of male-male sexual behaviour in lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kulczykowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Hanna Kalamarz-Kubiak
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Marta Nietrzeba
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gozdowska
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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13
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Garcia CEDO, Araújo BC, Mello PH, Narcizo ADM, Rodrigues-Filho JA, Medrado AT, Zampieri RA, Floeter-Winter LM, Moreira RG. Involvement of pituitary gonadotropins, gonadal steroids and breeding season in sex change of protogynous dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Teleostei: Serranidae), induced by a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 192:170-80. [PMID: 23792264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were performed using the aromatase inhibitor (AI) letrozole (100mg/kg) to promote sex change, from female-to-male, in protogynous dusky grouper. One experiment was performed during the breeding season (spring) and the other at the end of the breeding season (summer). During the spring, AI promoted sex change after 9 weeks and the sperm produced was able to fertilize grouper oocytes. During the summer, the sex change was incomplete; intersex individuals were present and sperm was not released by any of the animals. Sex changed gonads had a lamellar architecture; cysts of spermatocytes and spermatozoa in the lumen of the germinal compartment. In the spring, after 4 weeks, 11ketotestosterone (11KT) levels were higher in the AI than in control fish, and after 9 weeks, coincident with semen release, testosterone levels increased in the AI group, while 11KT returned to the initial levels. Estradiol (E2) levels remained unchanged during the experimental period. Instead of decreasing throughout the period, as in control group, 17 α-OH progesterone levels did not change in the AI-treated fish, resulting in higher values after 9 weeks when compared with control fish. fshβ and lhβ gene expression in the AI animals were lower compared with control fish after 9 weeks. The use of AI was effective to obtain functional males during the breeding season. The increase in androgens, modulated by gonadotropins, triggered the sex change, enabling the development of male germ cells, whereas a decrease in E2 levels was not required to change sex in dusky grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo de O Garcia
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, 321, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil; Centro de Biologia Marinha da Universidade de São Paulo (CEBIMar/USP), Rodovia Manoel Hypólito do Rego, Km. 131,5, São Sebastião CEP 11600-000, SP, Brazil
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14
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Whittington CM, Wilson AB. The role of prolactin in fish reproduction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 191:123-36. [PMID: 23791758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has one of the broadest ranges of functions of any vertebrate hormone, and plays a critical role in regulating aspects of reproduction in widely divergent lineages. However, while PRL structure, mode of action and functions have been well-characterised in mammals, studies of other vertebrate lineages remain incomplete. As the most diverse group of vertebrates, fish offer a particularly valuable model system for the study of the evolution of reproductive endocrine function. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of prolactin in fish reproduction, which extends to migration, reproductive development and cycling, brood care behaviour, pregnancy, and nutrient provisioning to young. We also highlight significant gaps in knowledge and advocate a specific bidirectional research methodology including both observational and manipulative experiments. Focusing research efforts towards the thorough characterisation of a restricted number of reproductively diverse fish models will help to provide the foundation necessary for a more explicitly evolutionary analysis of PRL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Whittington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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15
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Kim NN, Habibi HR, Lee J, Choi CY. Effects of recombinant gonadotropin hormones on the expression of vitellogenin, gonadotropin subunits and gonadotropin receptors in cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 162:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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