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Xing Q, Liao H, Peng C, Zheng G, Yang Z, Wang J, Lu W, Huang X, Bao Z. Identification, characterization and expression analyses of cholinesterases genes in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) reveal molecular function allocation in responses to ocean acidification. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 231:105736. [PMID: 33422860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterases are key enzymes in central and peripheral cholinergic nerve system functioning on nerve impulse transmission in animals. Though cholinesterases have been identified in most vertebrates, the knowledge about the variable numbers and multiple functions of the genes is still quite meagre in invertebrates, especially in scallops. In this study, the complete cholinesterase (ChE) family members have been systematically characterized in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) via whole-genome scanning through in silico analysis. Ten ChE family members in the genome of Yesso scallop (designated PyChEs) were identified and potentially acted to be the largest number of ChE in the reported species to date. Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were performed to determine the identities and evolutionary relationships of these genes. The expression profiles of PyChEs were determined in all developmental stages, in healthy adult tissues, and in mantles under low pH stress (pH 6.5 and 7.5). Spatiotemporal expression suggested the ubiquitous functional roles of PyChEs in all stages of development, as well as general and tissue-specific functions in scallop tissues. Regulation expressions revealed diverse up- and down-regulated expression patterns at most time points, suggesting different functional specialization of gene superfamily members in response to ocean acidification (OA). Evidences in gene number, phylogenetic relationships and expression patterns of PyChEs revealed that functional innovations and differentiations after gene duplication may result in altered functional constraints among PyChEs gene clusters. Collectively, our results provide the potential clues that the selection pressures coming from the environment were the potential inducement leading to function allocation of ChE family members in scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huan Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; College of Animal Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guiliang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zujing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wei Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Chatonnet A, Lenfant N, Marchot P, Selkirk ME. Natural genomic amplification of cholinesterase genes in animals. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:73-81. [PMID: 28382676 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tight control of the concentration of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses requires precise regulation of the number and state of the acetylcholine receptors, and of the synthesis and degradation of the neurotransmitter. In particular, the cholinesterase activity has to be controlled exquisitely. In the genome of the first experimental models used (man, mouse, zebrafish and drosophila), there are only one or two genes coding for cholinesterases, whereas there are more genes for their closest relatives the carboxylesterases. Natural amplification of cholinesterase genes was first found to occur in some cancer cells and in insect species subjected to evolutionary pressure by insecticides. Analysis of the complete genome sequences of numerous representatives of the various metazoan phyla show that moderate amplification of cholinesterase genes is not uncommon in molluscs, echinoderms, hemichordates, prochordates or lepidosauria. Amplification of acetylcholinesterase genes is also a feature of parasitic nematodes or ticks. In these parasites, over-production of cholinesterase-like proteins in secreted products and the saliva are presumed to have effector roles related to host infection. These amplification events raise questions about the role of the amplified gene products, and the adaptation processes necessary to preserve efficient cholinergic transmission. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chatonnet
- Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, INRA, Université Montpellier, Place Viala, Montpellier France
| | - Nicolas Lenfant
- Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, INRA, Université Montpellier, Place Viala, Montpellier France.,Aix-Marseille Université / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Marchot
- Aix-Marseille Université / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Hagstrom D, Hirokawa H, Zhang L, Radic Z, Taylor P, Collins EMS. Planarian cholinesterase: in vitro characterization of an evolutionarily ancient enzyme to study organophosphorus pesticide toxicity and reactivation. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2837-2847. [PMID: 27990564 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica has recently emerged as an animal model for developmental neurotoxicology and found to be sensitive to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides. While previous activity staining of D. japonica, which possess a discrete cholinergic nervous system, has shown acylthiocholine catalysis, it is unknown whether this is accomplished through an acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), or a hybrid esterase and how OP exposure affects esterase activity. Here, we show that the majority of D. japonica cholinesterase (DjChE) activity departs from conventional AChE and BChE classifications. Inhibition by classic protonable amine and quaternary reversible inhibitors (ethopropazine, donepezil, tacrine, edrophonium, BW284c51, propidium) shows that DjChE is far less sensitive to these inhibitors than human AChE, suggesting discrete differences in active center and peripheral site recognition and structures. Additionally, we find that different OPs (chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon, dichlorvos, diazinon oxon, malaoxon) and carbamylating agents (carbaryl, neostigmine, physostigmine, pyridostigmine) differentially inhibit DjChE activity in vitro. DjChE was most sensitive to diazinon oxon and neostigmine and least sensitive to malaoxon and carbaryl. Diazinon oxon-inhibited DjChE could be reactivated by the quaternary oxime, pralidoxime (2-PAM), and the zwitterionic oxime, RS194B, with RS194B being significantly more potent. Sodium fluoride (NaF) reactivates OP-DjChE faster than 2-PAM. As one of the most ancient true cholinesterases, DjChE provides insight into the evolution of a hybrid enzyme before the separation into distinct AChE and BChE enzymes found in higher vertebrates. The sensitivity of DjChE to OPs and capacity for reactivation validate the use of planarians for OP toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hagstrom
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hideto Hirokawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zoran Radic
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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