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Lima ER, Freire RP, Suzuki MF, Oliveira JE, Yosidaki VL, Peroni CN, Sevilhano T, Zorzeto M, Torati LS, Soares CRJ, Lima IDDM, Kronenberger T, Maltarollo VG, Bartolini P. Isolation and Characterization of the Arapaima gigas Growth Hormone (ag-GH) cDNA and Three-Dimensional Modeling of This Hormone in Comparison with the Human Hormone (hGH). Biomolecules 2023; 13:158. [PMID: 36671542 PMCID: PMC9855374 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous work, the common gonadotrophic hormone α-subunit (ag-GTHα), the ag-FSH β- and ag-LH β-subunit cDNAs, were isolated and characterized by our research group from A. gigas pituitaries, while a preliminary synthesis of ag-FSH was also carried out in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. In the present work, the cDNA sequence encoding the ag-growth hormone (ag-GH) has also been isolated from the same giant Arapaimidae Amazonian fish. The ag-GH consists of 208 amino acids with a putative 23 amino acid signal peptide and a 185 amino acid mature peptide. The highest identity, based on the amino acid sequences, was found with the Elopiformes (82.0%), followed by Anguilliformes (79.7%) and Acipenseriformes (74.5%). The identity with the corresponding human GH (hGH) amino acid sequence is remarkable (44.8%), and the two disulfide bonds present in both sequences were perfectly conserved. Three-dimensional (3D) models of ag-GH, in comparison with hGH, were generated using the threading modeling method followed by molecular dynamics. Our simulations suggest that the two proteins have similar structural properties without major conformational changes under the simulated conditions, even though they are separated from each other by a >100 Myr evolutionary period (1 Myr = 1 million years). The sequence found will be used for the biotechnological synthesis of ag-GH while the ag-GH cDNA obtained will be utilized for preliminary Gene Therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Rosa Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Passos Freire
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Miriam Fussae Suzuki
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - João Ezequiel Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Luna Yosidaki
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele Nunes Peroni
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís Sevilhano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Moisés Zorzeto
- Piscicultura Raça, Canabrava do Norte 78658-000, MT, Brazil
| | - Lucas Simon Torati
- EMBRAPA Pesca e Aquicultura, Loteamento Água Fria, Palmas 77008-900, TO, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Jorge Soares
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Daniel de Miranda Lima
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Oncology and Pneumonology, Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, DE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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Delgadin TH, Castañeda-Cortés DC, Sacks C, Breccia A, Fernandino JI, Vissio PG. Morphological colour adaptation during development in fish: involvement of growth hormone receptor 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/24/jeb230375. [PMID: 33376094 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Morphological background adaptation is both an endocrine and a nervous response, involving changes in the amount of chromatophores and pigment concentration. However, whether this adaptation takes place at early developmental stages is largely unknown. Somatolactin (Sl) is a pituitary hormone present in fish, which has been associated to skin pigmentation. Moreover, growth hormone receptor type 1 (Ghr1) has been suggested to be the Sl receptor and was associated with background adaptation in adults. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the ontogeny of morphological adaptation to background and the participation of ghr1 in this process. We found in larval stages of the cichlid Cichlasoma dimerus that the number of head melanophores and pituitary cells immunoreactive to Sl was increased in individuals reared with black backgrounds compared with that in fish grown in white tanks. In larval stages of the medaka Oryzias latipes, a similar response was observed, which was altered by ghr1 biallelic mutations using CRISPR/Cas9. Interestingly, melanophore and leucophore numbers were highly associated. Furthermore, we found that somatic growth was reduced in ghr1 biallelic mutant O. latipes, establishing the dual function of this growth hormone receptor. Taken together, these results show that morphological background adaptation is present at early stages during development and that is dependent upon ghr1 during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Horacio Delgadin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | | | - Clara Sacks
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Andrés Breccia
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Juan Ignacio Fernandino
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús B7130IWA, Argentina
| | - Paula Gabriela Vissio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina .,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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Effects of 17β-Estradiol on growth-related genes expression in female and male spotted scat (Scatophagus argus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 250:110492. [PMID: 32889045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is the most important endocrine factor to regulate somatic growth. Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is a famous marine aquaculture species in China with a typical sexual growth dimorphism in which females grow faster and larger than males. In this study, gh messenger RNA (gh mRNA) and GH protein expression were examined in the pituitary glands of female and male spotted scat. Based on qPCR analysis, gh mRNA was mainly expressed in the pituitary gland, and weakly in the gonads and hypothalamus. Furthermore, gh mRNA expression in the pituitary gland was significantly higher in females at stages II-IV than in males at stages III-V. In addition, gh mRNA was highly expressed in the ovary and testis during mature development stages. In this study, spotted scat GH polyclonal antibody was produced. Western blot analysis showed that the molecular weight of spotted scat GH was about 21 KDa. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in pituitary glands showed that GH was mainly expressed in the proximal pars distal (PPD) and a few cells were distributed in the rostral pairs distal (RPD). After injecting 17β-Estradiol (E2) in vivo, gh mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in the pituitary gland, whereas igf1 and ghr1 mRNA levels were down-regulated in the liver, which might regulate gh mRNA expression in the pituitary gland. These results provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of E2 regulating gh expression in spotted scat.
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Blanco AM. Hypothalamic- and pituitary-derived growth and reproductive hormones and the control of energy balance in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 287:113322. [PMID: 31738909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most endocrine systems in the body are influenced by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Within this axis, the hypothalamus delivers precise signals to the pituitary gland, which in turn releases hormones that directly affect target tissues including the liver, thyroid gland, adrenal glands and gonads. This action modulates the release of additional hormones from the sites of action, regulating key physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, stress and reproduction. Pituitary hormones are released by five distinct hormone-producing cell types: somatotropes (which produce growth hormone), thyrotropes (thyrotropin), corticotropes (adrenocorticotropin), lactotropes (prolactin) and gonadotropes (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone), each modulated by specific hypothalamic signals. This careful and distinct organization of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis has been classically associated with the existence of many lineal axes (e.g., the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis) in charge of the control of the different physiological processes. While this traditional concept is valid, it is becoming apparent that hormones produced by the hypothalamo-pituitary axis have diverse effects. For instance, gonadotropin-releasing hormone II has been associated with a suppressive effect on food intake in fish. Likewise, growth hormone has been shown to influence appetite, swimming activity and aggressive behavior in fish. This review will focus on the hypothalamic and pituitary hormones classically involved in regulating growth and reproduction, and will attempt to provide a general overview of the current knowledge on their actions on energy balance and appetite in fish. It will also give a brief perspective of the role of some of these peptides in integrating feeding, metabolism, growth and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén M Blanco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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The Dietary Lipid Content Affects the Tissue Gene Expression of Muscle Growth Biomarkers and the GH/IGF System of Pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) Juveniles. FISHES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes4030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression of growth hormone receptors (GHRs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), myostatin (MSTN) and myogenin (MyoG) was analyzed in juveniles pejerrey fed with graded levels of lipids (L): 6% (L6), 10% (L10), 25% (L25). After 14 weeks, no changes were found in liver GHR-I GHR-II and IGF-II mRNA levels whereas IGF-I decreased in L10 and L25. Muscle GHR-I gene expression increased in L25 whereas GHR-II, IGF-II and MyoG were higher in L6. IGF-I and MSTN expression was not affected by the different diets. Adipose IGF-I mRNA levels decreased in L10. Correlations between body weight and members of GH/IGF system in liver and skeletal muscle were found only in L10 group. Correlations found in L10 group between both liver and skeletal muscle GHR-I and IGF-I were lost in either L6 or L25 groups. Thus, fish fed with apparently unbalanced dietary lipid contents (6% and 25%) exhibit a compensatory regulation of systemic and local components of the GH/IGF axis. Furthermore, the marked inhibition of muscle MyoG gene expression in L25 might limit excessive lipid deposition and fish growth. Our data suggest that a dietary lipid contents of 10% would promote a particular adjustment of the endocrine and autocrine/paracrine GH/IGF system, stimulating body growth and perhaps muscle hyperplasia. On the other hand, a higher dietary lipid content would uncouple the GH/IGF system, reducing hepatic IGF-I, while slightly increasing hepatic GHR-I, probably to prompt lipolysis.
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Influence of water salinity on genes implicated in somatic growth, lipid metabolism and food intake in Pejerrey ( Odontesthes bonariensis ). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 210:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pouso P, Quintana L, López GC, Somoza GM, Silva AC, Trudeau VL. The secretogranin-II derived peptide secretoneurin modulates electric behavior in the weakly pulse type electric fish, Brachyhypopomus gauderio. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 222:158-66. [PMID: 26141148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Secretoneurin (SN) in the preoptic area and pituitary of mammals and fish has a conserved close association with the vasopressin and oxytocin systems, members of a peptide family that are key in the modulation of sexual and social behaviors. Here we show the presence of SN-immunoreactive cells and projections in the brain of the electric fish, Brachyhypopomus gauderio. Secretoneurin colocalized with vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin in cells and fibers of the preoptic area. In the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary, many cells were both SN and prolactin-positive. In the hindbrain, at the level of the command nucleus of the electric behavior (pacemaker nucleus; PN), some of SN-positive fibers colocalized with AVT. We also explored the potential neuromodulatory role of SN on electric behavior, specifically on the rate of the electric organ discharge (EOD) that signals arousal, dominance and subordinate status. Each EOD is triggered by the command discharge of the PN, ultimately responsible for the basal EOD rate. SN modulated diurnal basal EOD rate in freely swimming fish in a context-dependent manner; determined by the initial value of EOD rate. In brainstem slices, SN partially mimicked the in vivo behavioral effects acting on PN firing rate. Taken together, our results suggest that SN may regulate electric behavior, and that its effect on EOD rate may be explained by direct action of SN at the PN level through either neuroendocrine and/or endocrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pouso
- Depto Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Bases Neurales de la Conducta, Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Quintana
- Unidad Bases Neurales de la Conducta, Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela C López
- Laboratorio de Ictiofisiología y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIBINTECH), Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Laboratorio de Ictiofisiología y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIBINTECH), Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana C Silva
- Unidad Bases Neurales de la Conducta, Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Hull KL, Harvey S. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:234014. [PMID: 25580121 PMCID: PMC4279787 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from pituitary GH in terms of secretion and action. Accordingly, GH is increasingly used as a fertility adjunct in males and females, both humans and nonhumans. This review reconsiders reproductive actions of GH in vertebrates in respect to these new conceptual developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hull
- Department of Biology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 1Z7 ; Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
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Ma Q, Liu S, Zhuang Z, Lin L, Sun Z, Liu C, Ma H, Su Y, Tang Q. Genomic structure, polymorphism and expression analysis of the growth hormone (GH) gene in female and male Half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Gene 2012; 493:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Gómez-Requeni P, Kraemer MN, Canosa LF. Regulation of somatic growth and gene expression of the GH-IGF system and PRP-PACAP by dietary lipid level in early juveniles of a teleost fish, the pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis). J Comp Physiol B 2012; 182:517-30. [PMID: 22227923 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth and mRNA levels of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its related peptide (PRP), and the system controlled by the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) were analyzed in pejerrey fry fed with graded levels of dietary lipids: 10% (L10), 13% (L13) and 21% (L21). First, the full sequence of pejerrey PRP-PACAP was obtained by RT-PCR, using primers based on conserved fragments of teleosts PACAP sequences. The growth of the fish at 83 days after hatching (dah) and the GH mRNA levels were not significantly affected by the dietary treatment. Conversely, PRP-PACAP expression significantly decreased with increasing dietary lipids (L10 > L21). While GH receptor (GHR)-I and IGF-I transcripts did not differ among groups, GHR-II transcripts decreased in group L21. IGF-II expression apparently followed the same trend. These results in combination with the lower expression of the anorexigenic PRP-PACAP in fish fed diet L21 and the correlation analysis evidencing a particularly fine tuning of the GH-IGF system in group L13, suggest that this diet may cover the energy demands for growing pejerrey from 27 dah onwards. Our results show for first time in fish a differential response of PRP-PACAP transcripts to dietary manipulations, and confirm the sensitivity of the pejerrey GH-IGF system to changes in diet composition despite the lack of (or in advance to) a clear response of somatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez-Requeni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
Pituitary somatotrophs secrete growth hormone (GH) into the bloodstream, to act as a hormone at receptor sites in most, if not all, tissues. These endocrine actions of circulating GH are abolished after pituitary ablation or hypophysectomy, indicating its pituitary source. GH gene expression is, however, not confined to the pituitary gland, as it occurs in neural, immune, reproductive, alimentary, and respiratory tissues and in the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems, in which GH may act locally rather than as an endocrine. These actions are likely to be involved in the proliferation and differentiation of cells and tissues prior to the ontogeny of the pituitary gland. They are also likely to complement the endocrine actions of GH and are likely to maintain them after pituitary senescence and the somatopause. Autocrine or paracrine actions of GH are, however, sometimes mediated through different signaling mechanisms to those mediating its endocrine actions and these may promote oncogenesis. Extrapituitary GH may thus be of physiological and pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-41 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,
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Vaz B, Cerqueira G, Silva J, Manzke V, Moreira C, Moreira H. Short Communication Sequence analysis of the growth hormone gene of the South American catfish Rhamdia quelen. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:2184-90. [DOI: 10.4238/vol9-4gmr708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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