Biochemical and respiratory parameters in a gastropod Radix balthica exposed to diclofenac

Novel activated carbon from Magonia pubescens bark: characterization and evaluation of adsorption efficiency

In this work, the synthesis of activated carbon from the bark of the Magonia pubescens (known as Tingui) and its efficiency in the removal of diclofenac sodium through batch adsorption tests and physical-chemical characterizations were investigated. The phytotoxicity of this material was also evaluated through germination and root growth of Lactuca sativa seeds. According to the experimental design performed for the synthesis of Tingui carbon, the optimized temperature and residence time for the production of this adsorbent were 550 °C and 120 min, respectively. The equilibrium time was reached in 600 min and the theoretical model that best fitted the kinetic data was the Elovich model. The BET was the best fit for the adsorption isotherm dataThis indicates that the adsorption process of sodium diclofenac by activated carbon can occur by two different mechanisms, monolayer and/or multilayer adsorption, depending on the conditions employed in the process, such as temperature and adsorbate concentration. The thermodynamic study showed that the process was favourable and spontaneous in the temperature range evaluated. Furthermore, the characterizations showed by TG/DTG and FTIR analyses that the temperature throughout the process had a marked impact on the degradation of the organic constituents of the biomass and the appearance of distinct functional groups that contributed to the adsorption process of diclofenac sodium. Finally, the toxicity tests recognized that this adsorbent does not affect the germination of L. sativa species. Thus, this adsorbent may become a novel and viable option to be used in the removal of sodium diclofenac.