Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (-1607) 1G/2G and -9 (–1562) C/T promoter polymorphisms: Susceptibility and prognostic implications in nasopharyngeal carcinomas

MMP-9 gene polymorphisms on cancer risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

To provide a comprehensive account of the association of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms (rs3918242) with susceptibility to cancer. A literature search for eligible candidate gene studies published before May 27, 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Potential sources of heterogeneity were sought out across subgroups and sensitivity analysis. Publication bias were also estimated. Overall, a total of 37 articles with 7616 cases and 8165 controls for rs3918242 gene polymorphisms were enrolled. Our meta-analysis suggests that MMP-9 rs3918242 might be associated with breast cancer and gastric cancer susceptibility, and perhaps reduce the risk of lung cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) promoter -1562C/T functional polymorphism is associated with an increased risk to develop micropapillary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an important mediator of tumor initiation and progression. The MMP-9 promoter -1562C/T functional polymorphism increases gene expression and was identified as a susceptibility factor for various cancers.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the influence of the MMP-9 promoter genotype on the risk of developing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and to correlate cancer patient genotype with the clinical and pathological phenotype.

METHODS

We evaluated 236 patients with nodular thyroid disease pre-thyroidectomy (119 benign disease, 117 PTC). Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood and the MMP-9 -1562C/T genotype was evaluated by PCR-RFLP analysis.

RESULTS

Genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all groups. The T allele was significantly more frequent in cancer compared to benign disease (17.5% vs 10.1%), p= 0.019. Patients with the CT or CT+TT genotype had an increased risk of developing PTC, specifically micropapillary thyroid carcinoma (MPTC) (CT genotype: OR = 6.467, p= 0.00006; CT+TT: OR = 6.859, p= 0.00002), but not more advanced stages (CT: p= 0.094; CT+TT: p= 0.157). The -1562C/T genotype did not significantly correlate with tumor histological subtype, invasion or TNM stage.

CONCLUSION

The MMP-9 -1562C/T functional polymorphism may indicate susceptibility to develop thyroid cancer, specifically intrathyroidal clinically non-relevant MPTC. This suggests that although this genotype might be a predisposing factor, other genetic/epigenetic events are needed for cancer progression.

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2,-3,-9) Gene Polymorphisms in Cases of Benign Vocal Fold Lesions and Laryngeal Carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIM

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) play an important role in the physiological and pathological remodeling of tissues including carcinogenesis. The study's aim was to assess the relations between MMP-2(-735C/T), MMP-2(-1306C/T), MMP-9(-1562C/T), and MMP-3(-11715A/6A) polymorphisms, and clinical/morphological manifestation of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and benign vocal fold lesions (BVFL).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Two hundred and seventeen patients with LSCC and BVFL and 458 controls were included in this study. The genotyping was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method.

RESULTS

The MMP-2(-1306C/T) C/T genotype was significantly rarer among the patients with moderate-poorly differentiated LSCC compared to the control group, however the MMP-3(-11715A/6A) 6A/6A genotype was significantly more frequent compared to controls. Smoking and 6A/6A genotype of MMP-3(-11715A/6A) polymorphism were associated with increased odds of LSCC risk. No associations between MMP genotypes and BVFL were found.

CONCLUSION

Smoking and MMP-3 (-11715A/6A) 6A/6A genotype may cause a higher risk for developing LSCC.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: understanding its molecular biology at a fine scale

Among all cancers, the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is quite high in the endemic regions. NPC is a head and neck cancer with poor survival rate, and is rare throughout most of the world but common in certain geographic areas, like southern Asia and some regions of North East India (Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram). A clear understanding of its etiology is still lacking, but NPC is widely suspected to be the result of both genetic susceptibility and exposure to environmental factors or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Diagnosis in the early stages needs a high index of clinical acumen, and, although most cross-sectional imaging investigations show the tumor with precision, confirmation is dependent on histology. This article reviews all related research reports on NPC histopathological classifications worldwide that have been published within the past 20 years. Genome-wide association studies suggested that there might be common disease mechanisms between that disease and NPC. Personalized management rules, quality assessment of life in patients, and an understanding of the essential mechanisms of recurrence could be directed toward research into recurrent NPC. Hence, this literature would offer otolaryngologists a deeper insight into the etiological and management aspects of NPC.

A Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Polymorphism, MMP1-1607 (1G>2G), Is Associated with Increased Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Including 21,327 Patients

Although the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) polymorphism MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) has been associated with susceptibility to various cancers, these findings are controversial. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to explore the association between MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) and cancer risk. A systematic search of literature through PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar yielded 77 articles with 21,327 cancer patients and 23,245 controls. The association between the MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) polymorphism and cancer risks was detected in an allele model (2G vs. 1G, overall risk [OR]: 1.174, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.107-1.244), a dominant model (2G2G/1G2G vs. 1G1G OR, OR: 1.192, 95% CI: 1.090-1.303), and a recessive model (2G2G vs. 1G2G/1G1G, OR: 1.231, 95% CI: 1.141-1.329). In subgroup analysis, these associations were detected in both Asians and Caucasians. After stratification by cancer types, associations were found in lung, colorectal, nervous system, renal, bladder, and nasopharyngeal cancers. This meta-analysis revealed that MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) polymorphism was significantly associated with elevated risk of cancers.

Extensive serum biomarker analysis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a fast-growing cancer characterized by high occurrences of nodal and distant metastases and poor prognosis. It is therefore important to identify new serum biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognostic prediction of this disease. The present study identifies biomarkers in NPC patient serum using a solid-phase antibody array detecting the expression profiles of 174 cytokines in a single experiment. ELISA was performed to validate the array results. The levels of TIMP-2, SELL, CCL24, MMP-1, MMP-3, IGF-I and IL-8 were significantly higher in serum from NPC patients, while the levels of MSP-alpha and HCC-4 were lower. Furthermore, the validation results were identical to those obtained from the antibody array. These results indicate that these cytokines might serve as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of NPC.

The role of MMP-1 and FGFR4-R388 gene polymorphisms in pituitary adenoma

Background.

The pathogenesis of pituitary adenoma (PA) is complex and poorly understood. It is thought that PA has a multifactorial aetiology; genetic factors also have an impact on PA development. Since MMP1 and FGFR4 genes play an important role in tumour growth, differentiation and progression, we decided to determine if the frequency of the genotypes of MMP-1 and FGFR4-R388 polymorphisms influence the development of PA.

Materials and methods.

The study enrolled n = 100 patients with PA and n = 200 healthy controls (reference group). The genotyping tests of MMP-1 and FGFR4-R388 were carried out using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Results.

The polymorphism in the MMP-1 gene 1G/1G genotype was more frequent in the group of invasive PA than in the control group: 28.6% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.044. The 1G/2G genotype was more frequent in females of the control group compared to PA group females: 50.3% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.011. The polymorphism in the MMP-1 gene 1G/1G genotype was more frequent in the active PA group than in the control group: 28.4% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.044. FGFR4-R388 did not play any predominant role in PA development.

Conclusion.

The MMP-1 gene 1G/1G may play a role in invasive and active PA development.

Gallic Acid Inhibited Matrix Invasion and AP-1/ETS-1-Mediated MMP-1 Transcription in Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells

Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid found in natural herbal plants. Gallic acid has been reported to inhibit the migration and invasive capability of various cancers. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms of invasion responsible for cancer metastasis via gallic acid. The present study was intended to investigate the anti-invasive effect of gallic acid on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (NPC-BM1) and its related mechanism. Gallic acid inhibited the invasion of NPC-BM1 cells dose- and time-dependently without significant cytotoxic effect. Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray analysis revealed matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) as the most down-regulated gene in NPC-BM1 cells by gallic acid. The cytosolic and secreted MMP-1 levels were both found to be inhibited by gallic acid as demonstrated by western blot analysis and ELISA respectively. The mRNA expression and transcription of MMP-1 gene was also down-regulated as determined by RT/real-time PCR and promoter activity assay. The expression of two major transcription binding factors in the MMP-1 promoter, AP-1 and ETS-1, were demonstrated to be reduced by gallic acid in NPC-BM1 cells. The effect of gallic acid was associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, gallic acid enhanced the gene expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) which further suppressed the MMP-1 activity. These findings may be useful to develop a novel chemotherapeutic agent to inhibit the metastasis of nasopharyngeal cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2, -7 and -9 promoter polymorphisms in colorectal cancer in ethnic Kashmiri population - A case-control study and a mini review

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that play a pivotal role in the transformation and progression of tumors at all stages, especially during the invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic association of MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9 promoter polymorphisms with colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility and development risk in ethnic Kashmiri population. The genotype frequencies of MMP2-1306C/T, MMP7-181A/G and MMP9-1562C/T SNPs were compared between 142 CRC patients and 184 healthy controls by using PCR-RFLP method. The association between all the three MMP promoter polymorphisms and the modulation of risk of CRC was found to be significant (p≤0.05). The heterozygous genotype (CT) of MMP2-1306C/T SNP and variant genotype (GG) of MMP7-181A/G SNP showed a significant association with decreased risk for the development of CRC [OR, 0.61 (95%CI, 0.37-1.01); p=0.05 and OR, 0.43 (95%CI, 0.20-0.90); p=0.02, respectively] whereas the heterozygous genotype (CT) of MMP9-1562C/T SNP showed a significant association with increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer [OR, 1.88 (95%CI, 1.11-3.18); p=0.02]. Further, the less common MMP9-1562T allele was found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer [OR, 1.74 (95%CI, 1.15-2.62); p=0.007]. Our results suggest that these MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9 promoter polymorphisms play a role as one of the key modulators of the risk of developing colorectal cancer in Kashmiri population.

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) polymorphism is associated with lowered risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Asian population

Data on the association between -1607 1G > 2G polymorphism in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are conflicting. The aim of this study was to confirm whether this polymorphism was a causative factor of NPC. We searched PubMed, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for studies on the present topic. A total of four publications (1,044 NPC patients and 1,284 healthy control subjects) were included and meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between -1607 1G > 2G polymorphism and NPC risk. Odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was calculated for 1G1G versus 2G2G, 1G1G + 1G2G versus 2G2G, 1G1G versus 1G2G + 2G2G, 1G versus 2G, and 1G2G versus 2G2G contrast models. Meta-analysis results showed significantly reduced risk of NPC associated with the 1G1G versus 2G2G, 1G versus 2G and 1G2G versus 2G2G contrast models (OR = 0.61, 95 % CI 0.49-0.77; OR = 0.78, 95 % CI 0.65-0.92; OR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.74-0.99, respectively). When we continued to perform subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the significant association persisted in Asian population and was most pronounced under the 1G2G versus 2G2G model (OR = 0.85, 95 % CI 0.73-0.99). These data suggested that MMP1 -1607 1G > 2G polymorphism was associated with reduced risk of NPC, particularly in the population of Asian descent.

The influence of matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9, and -12 promoter polymorphisms on Iranian patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AIM OF THE STUDY

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a zinc-dependant endopeptidase family that can degrade extracellular matrix components. Their dysregulation has been proven in several diseases, including cancer. Genetic variations in MMP promoter regions can alter their expression. The aim of the present study is to investigate the correlation of MMP-2 (-1306C/T), MMP-9 (-1562C/T), and MMP-12 (-82A/G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) initiation and progression susceptibility in Iranian patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

MMP-2 (-1306C/T), MMP-9 (-1562C/T), and MMP-12 (-82A/G) SNPs were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique in 70 patients and 60 healthy controls. The genotypes and allele distributions were statistically compared in patients and controls. The correlation of MMP-2 (-1306C/T) and MMP-9 (-1562C/T) polymorphisms with clinicopathological features were investigated in 53 patients.

RESULTS

No statistically significant differences were observed in genotype and allele frequencies of MMP-2 (-1306C/T) and MMP-9 (-1562C/T) between patients and controls (p > 0.05). In addition, no relevance was observed in MMP-2 (-1306C/T) and MMP-9 (-1562C/T) SNPs and clinicopathological features. There was no nucleotide variation in MMP-12 (-82) in the case and control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that these three SNPs may have no significant association in ESCC risk in Iranian patients.

Prognostic Value of Molecular Markers and Implication for Molecular Targeted Therapies in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: An Update in an Era of New Targeted Molecules Development

The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of molecular biomarkers which could provide information for more accurate prognostication and development of novel therapeutic strategies for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC is a unique malignant epithelial carcinoma of head and neck region, with an intimate association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Currently, the prediction of NPC prognosis is mainly based on the clinical TNM staging; however, NPC patients with the same clinical stage often present different clinical outcomes, suggesting that the TNM stage is insufficient to precisely predict the prognosis of this disease. In this review, we give an overview of the prognostic value of molecular markers in NPC and discuss potential strategies of targeted therapies for treatment of NPC. Molecular biomarkers, which play roles in abnormal proliferation signaling pathways (such as Wnt/β-catenin pathway), intracellular mitogenic signal aberration (such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α), receptor-mediated aberrations (such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), tumor suppressors (such as p16 and p27 activity), cell cycle aberrations (such as cyclin D1 and cyclin E), cell adhesion aberrations (such as E-cadherin), apoptosis dysregualtion (such as survivin) and centromere aberration (centromere protein H), are prognostic markers for NPC. Plasma EBV DNA concentrations and EBV-encoded latent membrane proteins are also prognostic markers for NPC. Implication of molecular targeted therapies in NPC was discussed. Such therapies could have potential in combination with different cytotoxic agents to combat and eradicate tumor cells. In order to further improve overall survival for patients with loco-regionally advanced NPC, the development of innovative strategies, including prognostic molecular markers and molecular targeted agents is needed.

Association of MMP-1 -1607 1G/2G (rs1799750) polymorphism with primary knee osteoarthritis in the Greek population

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis with still unknown pathogenic etiology and considerable contribution of genetic factors. One of the mechanisms of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis is enzymatic proteolysis of the extracellular matrix by metalloproteinases. MMP-1, produced by chondrocytes and synovial cells, is a major proteinase of the MMPs family. The present study aims at evaluating the association of MMP1 gene -1607 1G/2G (rs1799750) polymorphism with primary knee osteoarthritis in the Greek population. One hundred fifty five patients with primary symptomatic knee osteoarthritis participated in the study along with 139 controls. Genotypes were determined using PCR-RLFP technique. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were compared between both study groups. There was no significant association between MMP1 -1607 1G/2G polymorphism and knee osteoarthritis, in crude analysis; however, after multiple logistic regression analysis, 1G/2G was associated with reduced odds of knee osteoarthritis by 75% in males, compared to genotypes 1G/1G + 2G/2G, adjusting for age and BMI (adjusted OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.069, 0.910, p = 0.035). The present study shows that MMP1 -1607 1G/2G (rs1799750) polymorphism might be a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis susceptibility in the Greek population. Further investigations are needed to confirm this association in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.

Gelatinase B/MMP-9 in Tumour Pathogenesis and Progression

Since its original identification as a leukocyte gelatinase/type V collagenase and tumour type IV collagenase, gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is now recognised as playing a central role in many aspects of tumour progression. In this review, we relate current concepts concerning the many ways in which gelatinase B/MMP-9 influences tumour biology. Following a brief outline of the gelatinase B/MMP-9 gene and protein, we analyse the role(s) of gelatinase B/MMP-9 in different phases of the tumorigenic process, and compare the importance of gelatinase B/MMP-9 source in the carcinogenic process. What becomes apparent is the importance of inflammatory cell-derived gelatinase B/MMP-9 in tumour promotion, early progression and triggering of the "angiogenic switch", the integral relationship between inflammatory, stromal and tumour components with respect to gelatinase B/MMP-9 production and activation, and the fundamental role for gelatinase B/MMP-9 in the formation and maintenance of tumour stem cell and metastatic niches. It is also apparent that gelatinase B/MMP-9 plays important tumour suppressing functions, producing endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, promoting inflammatory anti-tumour activity, and inducing apoptosis. The fundamental roles of gelatinase B/MMP-9 in cancer biology underpins the need for specific therapeutic inhibitors of gelatinase B/MMP-9 function, the use of which must take into account and substitute for tumour-suppressing gelatinase B/MMP-9 activity and also limit inhibition of physiological gelatinase B/MMP-9 function.

Functional polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and survival in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy

To investigate the prognostic role of major matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene polymorphisms in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with chemoradiotherapy. Four hundred twenty-one consecutive NPC patients were prospectively recruited. Two hundred patients were randomly selected as the training cohort, and the remaining 221 patients were the validation cohort. Twelve polymorphisms in the MMP-1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 genes were genotyped by ligase detection reaction-PCR. MMP-9 rs2250889 PR/RR (HR = 2.287, 95% CI 1.400-3.735) and rs17576 RQ/QQ (HR = 2.347, 95% CI 1.431-3.849) genotypes were significantly related with increased death risk in the training cohort. Analysis of the validation cohort confirmed these results (rs2250889: HR = 2.231, 95% CI 1.281-3.886; rs17576: HR = 2.987, 95% CI 1.674-5.330). Multivariate analysis showed that rs17576 (HR = 2.284, 95% CI 1.123-4.643, P = 0.023) was still an independent prognostic factor. The MMP-9 rs17576 is a novel independent prognostic marker in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC treated with chemoradiotherapy.

Meta-analysis of MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9 promoter polymorphisms and head and neck cancer risk

Background

The 1306 C>T, 1171 5A>6A, and 1562C>T polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP3, and MMP9 genes, respectively, have been found to be functional and may contribute to head and neck carcinogenesis. However, the results of case-control studies examining associations between MMP polymorphisms and head and neck cancer (HNC) risk remain inconclusive. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to further evaluate the role of these polymorphisms in HNC development.

Methods

We searched PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify all published case-control studies of MMP2-1306 C>T, MMP3-1171 5A>6A, and MMP9-1562 C>T polymorphisms and HNC risk in the meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association between these polymorphisms and HNC risk.

Results

Thirteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. For MMP2-1306 C>T polymorphism, significant associations were observed under three genetic models both in overall comparison and in a hospital-based subgroup, and in oral cavity cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer under dominant model as well. For MMP3-1171 5A>6A and MMP9-1562 C>T polymorphisms, no association was found in overall comparison; however, in subgroup analyses based on ethnicity and tumor site, significant associations were detected between the MMP3-1171 5A>6A polymorphism and HNC risk in a European population and pharyngeal/laryngeal cancer under two genetic contrasts.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggests that the MMP2-1306 C>T polymorphism is associated with HNC risk, as is the MMP3-1171 5A>6A polymorphism specifically in some subgroups. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.

Diagnostic and prognostic role of matrix metalloproteases in cancer

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are key players in the progression and metastasis of cancer. MMPs cleave extracellular matrix components and in this way promote tumor growth, invasion and vascularization. MMPs also affect tumor progression by regulating availability and activity of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accordingly, several MMPs have been found to serve as prognostic indicators in solid tumors. Usually the increased levels of MMPs in patients' tumor tissue or serum/plasma are associated with poor outcome. Interestingly, recent results show that certain MMPs also serve as tumor suppressors.

OBJECTIVE

This review discusses the latest view on MMPs as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in cancer patients.

METHODS

Studies with clinical samples of 70 or more patients are included in particular. In addition, the possible roles of MMPs in future molecular diagnostics and in the evaluation of therapeutic responses are discussed.

CONCLUSION

MMP-9 in particular has shown prognostic value in various types of tumor, and its measurement in circulation, urine or tumor tissue might help in clinical surveillance of otherwise problematic patient cases. There is upcoming new knowledge on MMPs in therapy response evaluation, in which MMPs might be useful together with CT scans and other clinically more established prognostic factors. Certain MMPs have a dual role in terms of cancer-modulating properties and thus it is essential to evaluate their expression and function in tumor cells and host environment to select validated therapy targets but spare MMP antitargets.

Association between MMP1 -1607 1G>2G polymorphism and head and neck cancer risk: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

MMP1 is an important member of the MMP endopeptidase family that plays a critical role in the development of head and neck cancer (HNC). Several studies have investigated the association between the MMP1 -1607 1G>2G polymorphism and risk of HNC, but their results have been inconsistent. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to further explore the role of the MMP1 -1607 1G>2G polymorphism in HNC development.

METHODS

We identified all eligible studies in the electronic databases of PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar (from January 2000 to June 2012). A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the MMP1 -1607 1G>2G polymorphism and risk of HNC by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CIs).

RESULTS

Twelve studies were included in this meta-analysis. In overall comparison, significant associations were found using the recessive and allelic contrast models (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.07-1.79 and OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05-1.53, respectively), but no association was detected using the dominant model. In the stratified analyses by several variables, significant associations were observed using the recessive, dominant, and allelic contrast models in the Asian population (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.29-2.08; OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.06-1.82; and OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.21-1.65, respectively), European population (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40-0.84; OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44-0.92; and OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54-0.85, respectively), and population-based subgroup (OR, 1.24; 95% CI,1.05-1.47; OR,1.48; 95% CI,1.04-2.12; and OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.07-1.38, respectively). Furthermore, significant associations were detected in oral cavity cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer under the recessive model.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that the MMP1 -1607 1G>2G polymorphism is associated with risk of HNC and that it plays different roles in Asian and European populations. Further studies with large sample size are needed to validate our findings.

Matrix metalloproteinase and its drug targets therapy in solid and hematological malignancies: an overview

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) comprises a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane. MMPs are involved in solid and hematological malignancy through modification of cell growth, activation of cancer cells and modulation of immune functions. Several polymorphisms of different MMPs such as MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306 C/T), MMP-3 (-1171 5A/6A) & MMP-9 (-1562 C/T) and their expression levels have been well documented in different types of solid cancer. These polymorphic variations were found to be associated with angiogenesis, cancer progression, invasion and metastasis. There is paucity of data available in the field of hematological malignancies. Hence the field of matrix biology of hematological malignancies is an area of active exploration. A number of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been developed for the cancer treatment. The most extensively studied classes of MMP inhibitors include Batimastat, Marismastat, Salimatat, Prinomastat and Tanomastat. However, their efficacy and action have not been confirmed and more data is required. The application of one or more selective targeted MMPIs in combination with conventional anti-leukemic treatment may represent a positive approach in combat against hematopoietic malignancies. Balance of MMPs and TIMPs is altered in different malignancies and biochemical pathways. These alternations will add another dimension in the matrix biology of both solid tumor and leukemia. MMP and TIMP singly and in combination are increasingly being recognized as an important player in basic cellular biology. Exploration and exploitation of MMP and TIMP balance in various malignant and nonmalignant lesions is going to be one of the most interesting facets of future use of this system for human health care.

Biomarkers of aggressive pituitary adenomas

Pituitary adenomas exhibit a wide range of behaviors. The prediction of aggressive or malignant behavior in pituitary adenomas remains challenging; however, the utility of biomarkers is rapidly evolving. In this review, we discuss potential biomarkers as they relate to aggressive behavior in pituitary adenomas. While detailed histological subtyping remains the best independent predictor of aggressive behavior in the majority of cases, evidence suggests that the additional analyses of FGFR4, MMP, PTTG, Ki-67, p53, and deletions in chromosome 11 may contribute to decisions concerning management of aggressive pituitary adenomas.

Association between polymorphisms in the promoter regions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and risk of cancer metastasis: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

A variety of studies have evaluated the associations between polymorphisms in the promoter regions of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cancer metastasis. However, the results remain inconclusive. To better understand the roles of MMP polymorphisms in metastasis, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis.

METHODS

Electronic databases were searched (from January 2000 to June 2011) for any MMP genetic association studies in metastasis. Overall and subgroup analyses were performed. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the associations between MMP polymorphisms and metastasis. Statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.0 and STATA11.0.

RESULTS

Thirty-three studies addressing five MMP polymorphisms were analyzed among 10,516 cancer cases (4,059 metastasis-positive cases and 6,457 metastasis-negative cases). For MMP1 (-1607)1G/2G, genotype 2G/2G increased the overall risk of metastasis under the recessive model (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.05-1.98). In subgroup analysis based on cancer type, associations were found in head/neck and breast cancer under the recessive model, and also in breast cancer under the dominant model. For MMP3 (-1171) 5A/6A, the polymorphism decreased the overall risk of metastasis under two genetic models (recessive: OR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.64-0.99, dominant: OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.56-0.93). The polymorphisms of MMP7 (-181) A/G and MMP9 (-1562) C/T increased metastatic risk. However, no association was observed between MMP2 (-1306) C/T and metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our investigations demonstrate that polymorphisms in the promoter regions of MMP1, 3, 7 and 9 might be associated with metastasis in some cancers. Further studies with large sample size for MMP2 should be conducted.

Familial and large-scale case-control studies identify genes associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy and has a remarkable geographic distribution, which is highly prevalent in southern China, Southeast Asia, and North Africa. Although most of the NPC are sporadic cases, the familial clustering of NPC has been demonstrated worldwide. Accumulating studies have proposed that the etiology of NPC is multi-stage and multi-factorial, involving genetic lesions, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and environmental exposure. Genetic variations result in differences in gene function, which in turn lead to different susceptibility to disease. Many studies have been carried out to dissect the genetic variants that contribute to NPC susceptibility. This article reviews the current progress of genetic studies to identify genes associated with NPC, focusing on the familial linkage and large-scale case-control study designs.

Genetic predisposition factors and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a review of epidemiological association studies, 2000-2011: Rosetta Stone for NPC: genetics, viral infection, and other environmental factors

While infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be an essential risk factor for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), other co-factors including genetic factors are thought to play an important role. In this review, we summarize association studies conducted over the past decade to evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms in NPC development. A review of the literature identified close to 100 studies, including 3 genome-wide association studies (GWAS), since 2000 that evaluated genetic polymorphisms and NPC risk in at least 100 NPC cases and 100 controls. Consistent evidence for associations were reported for a handful of genes, including immune-related HLA Class I genes, DNA repair gene RAD51L1, cell cycle control genes MDM2 and TP53, and cell adhesion/migration gene MMP2. However, for most of the genes evaluated, there was no effort to replicate findings and studies were largely modest in size, typically consisting of no more than a few hundred cases and controls. The small size of most studies, and the lack of attempts at replication have limited progress in understanding the genetics of NPC. Moving forward, if we are to advance our understanding of genetic factors involved in the development of NPC, and of the impact of gene-gene and gene-environment interations in the development of this disease, consortial efforts that pool across multiple, well-designed and coordinated efforts will most likely be required.

Update analysis of studies on the MMP-9 -1562 C>T polymorphism and cancer risk

Polymorphisms in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene have been hypothesized to be functional and may contribute to genetic susceptibility to cancers. The common sequence variation in MMP-9 -1562 C>T (rs3918242), has been involved in cancer risk. However, results of the related published studies were somewhat controversial and underpowered in general. To clarify the role of MMP-9 -1562 C>T genotype in global cancer, we performed a meta-analysis of all the available published studies involving 4,124 cancer patients and 4,728 control subjects. The overall results indicated that there was no major association of the variant on cancer risk. However, stratified analysis by cancer type showed that the MMP-9 -1562 C>T polymorphism has a lower risk in colorectal cancer (OR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.66-0.96, P (heterogeneity) = 0.391) and lung cancer (OR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.51-0.96, P (heterogeneity) = 0.959) by allelic contrast. Furthermore, association of the MMP-9 -1562 C>T polymorphism and cancer risk was also observed in hospital-based studies under the dominant genetic model (OR = 0.87, 95%CI = 0.78-0.97, P (heterogeneity) = 0.355), allelic contrast (OR = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.75-0.96, P (heterogeneity) = 0.271) and heterozygote comparison (OR = 0.89, 95%CI = 0.79-0.99, P (heterogeneity) = 0.402). This pooled analysis showed evidence that the MMP-9 -1562 C>T polymorphism may decrease both the colorectal and lung cancer risk. Further prospective studies with larger numbers of participants worldwide are required to evaluate the association in more detail.

Association of matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene polymorphism with glioblastoma multiforme in a northern Indian population

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of glioma. It damages the extra-cellular matrix to produce invasiveness in cancer tissue, and hence has a direct effect in cancer invasion. The study aims to explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphism of -1607 MMP-1 gene with susceptibility to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in northern Indian subjects. One hundred and ten GBM patients and 150 healthy controls were included in this study. 1607 MMP-1 gene was studied by PCR-RFLP; different genotypes being combinations of 1G and 2G allele (1G/1G, 1G/2G and 2G/2G). 2G/2G genotype was significantly associated with GBM patients (OR, 2.24; P = 0.016; 95% CI, 1.16-4.30) as compared to controls. Prevalence of the 2G allele of -1607 MMP-1 polymorphism was significantly greater in GBM patients as compared to controls (62.3 vs 48.3%, OR, 1.76; P = 0.002; 95% CI, 1.23-2.52). This study suggests that the 2G/2G genotype and 2G allele of -1607 MMP-1 polymorphism are associated with an increased susceptibility for developing GBM.

The progress on genetic analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy in most parts of the world, but is one of the most common cancers in Southeast Asia. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the tumorigenesis of NPC, most notably the consumption of certain salted food items and Epstein-Barr virus infection. This review will focus on the current progress of the genetic analysis of NPC (genetic susceptibilities and somatic alterations). We will review the current advances in genomic technologies and their shaping of the future direction of NPC research.

Meta-analysis of association between matrix metalloproteinases 2, 7 and 9 promoter polymorphisms and cancer risk

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP7 and MMP9 are important members of the MMP family. Four polymorphisms in the promoter region of these MMPs, which are MMP2 -1306 C>T, MMP2 -735 C>T, MMP7 -181 A>G and MMP9 -1562 C>T, have been reported to be functional and may contribute to genetic susceptibility to cancers. However, the associations between these polymorphisms and cancer risk remain inconclusive due to conflicting results from different case-control studies. To better evaluate the role of these polymorphisms in cancer development, we conducted a meta-analysis that included 51 studies, with more than 40,000 subjects. The results showed that under dominant genetic model, MMP2 -1306 T was associated with lower susceptibility to lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-0.59, P(heterogeneity) = 0.147, I(2) = 44.1%], head and neck cancer (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.41-0.69, P(heterogeneity) = 0.974, I(2) = 0.0%) and oesophageal cancer (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.55-0.80, P(heterogeneity) = 0.593, I(2) = 0.0%); MMP2-735T was associated with lower risk in lung cancer (OR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.53-0.79, P(heterogeneity) = 0.42, I(2) = 0.0%) and oesophageal cancer (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.70-0.99, P(heterogeneity) = 0.206, I(2) = 37.4%); MMP7 -181 AG and GG genotype carriers had an increased gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.43-2.51, P(heterogeneity) = 0.992, I(2) = 0.0%) and MMP9 -1562 C>T was not associated with cancer risk in the whole group analysis (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.91-1.08, P(heterogeneity) = 0.419, I(2) = 3.0%) and subgroup analyses. In all, our meta-analysis suggests that MMP2 -1306 C>T, MMP2 -735 C>T and MMP7 -181 A>G may play allele-specific roles in cancer development, while MMP9 -1562 C>T may not be a major risk factor for most cancer types. Large case-control studies should be performed to clarify the possible roles of these four polymorphisms in different kinds of cancer in more detail.

Genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the head and neck

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteinases that are capable of cleaving all extra cellular matrix (ECM) substrates. Degradation of matrix is a key event in progression, invasion and metastasis of potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the head and neck. It might have an important polymorphic association at the promoter regions of several MMPs such as MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306 C/T), MMP-3 (-1171 5A/6A), MMP-9 (-1562 C/T) and TIMP-2 (-418 G/C or C/C). Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are naturally occurring inhibitors of MMPs, which inhibit the activity of MMPs and control the breakdown of ECM. Currently, many MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) are under development for treating different malignancies. Useful markers associated with molecular aggressiveness might have a role in prognostication of malignancies and to better recognize patient groups that need more antagonistic treatment options. Furthermore, the introduction of novel prognostic markers may also promote exclusively new treatment possibilities, and there is an obvious need to identify markers that could be used as selection criteria for novel therapies. The objective of this review is to discuss the molecular functions and polymorphic association of MMPs and TIMPs and the possible therapeutic aspects of these proteinases in potentially malignant and malignant head and neck lesions. So far, no promising drug target therapy has been developed for MMPs in the lesions of this region. In conclusion, further research is required for the development of their potential diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.

Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 50 case-control studies

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and MMP3 are enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and have been implicated to play an important role in cancer development. Many studies have been carried out on the association between polymorphisms of MMP1 -1607 1G>2G and MMP3 -1171 5A>6A and cancer risk. However, results from these studies remain inconclusive. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of >38 000 subjects to better assess the purported associations. For MMP1, -1607 2G/2G genotype carriers were found to have an increased risk of colorectal cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, odds ratio (OR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.26-1.74), P(heterogeneity) = 0.066, I(2) = 49.3%], head and neck cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, OR = 1.61, 95% CI (1.26-2.07), P(heterogeneity) = 0.002, I(2) = 64.7%] and renal cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, OR = 1.82, 95% CI (1.38-2.39), P(heterogeneity) = 0.589, I(2) = 0.0%] risk. For MMP3, no association was found between -1171 5A>6A polymorphism and cancer risk in the overall group [6A versus 5A, OR = 1.00, 95% CI (0.95-1.05), P(heterogeneity) = 0.124, I(2) = 24.9%] and individual cancer subgroups, but stratified analysis by smoking status showed that this polymorphism had different effects on smokers and non-smokers under recessive genetic model. In summary, our study suggests that MMP1 -1607 2G may be associated with an increased cancer risk for certain types of cancers, MMP3 -1171 5A>6A may not be a major risk factor for cancer, but it may be modified by certain environmental factors. Future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to further evaluate these associations in more detail.

MMP-1 polymorphism and its relationship to pathological processes

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc (Zn)-dependent endopeptidases that are collectively capable of cleaving virtually all extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates and play an important role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. The activity of MMPs is regulated at multiple levels. The transcriptional regulation of MMP appears to represent the key step in MMP regulation. There are diverse types of MMPs that differ structural and functionally. MMP-1 is the most ubiquitously expressed interstitial collagenase and has a prominent role in initial cleavage of the ECM. The level of MMP-1 expression can be influenced by different single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region. A functional polymorphism at position -1607 has been shown to alter the transcriptional activity of MMP-1 and was associated with diverse pathological processes. The aim of our review was to discuss some topics related to MMP in physiological and pathological processes, with a focus on MMP-1 polymorphism.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma--review of the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck cancer rare throughout most of the world but common in certain geographic areas, such as southern Asia. While environmental factors and genetic susceptibility play important roles in NPC pathogenesis, the Epstein-Barr virus in particular has been implicated in the molecular abnormalities leading to NPC. There is upregulation of cellular proliferation pathways such as the Akt pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and the Wnt pathway. Cell adhesion is compromised due to abnormal E-cadherin and beta-catenin function. Aberrations in cell cycle are due to dysregulation of factors such as p16, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. Anti-apoptotic mechanisms are also upregulated. There are multiple abnormalities unique to NPC that are potential targets for novel treatments.

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter is associated with body mass index in Korean population with aged greater or equal to 50 years

BACKGROUND

Obesity leads to serious medical complications and impairment of quality of life. We investigated whether inter-individual variability in the risk of obesity was associated with a crucial fibrillar collagen-degrading enzyme matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 polymorphisms (MMP1-1607 and MMP1-519).

METHODS

A population-based cohort study consisting of 530 subjects was performed. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were measured. Study subjects divided into 2 groups, one with BMI<25.0 and the other with BMI>or=25.0, were genotyped for MMP1-1607 and MMP1-519 polymorphisms by pyrosequencing analysis.

RESULTS

Analyses of genotype distributions and allele frequencies revealed that both MMP1-1607 and MMP1-519 polymorphisms were associated with BMI (P=0.041 and 0.043, respectively) in individuals with age>or=50 years. We also observed significantly lower BMI and triglyceride in -519 AA individuals with age>or=50 years than in -519 G allele carriers with age>or=50 years. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) for increase in BMI associated with the G vs. A allele in individuals with age>or=50 was 2.02 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-3.60, P=0.01], which strongly implicates protective role of MMP1-519 A allele against increase in BMI.

CONCLUSION

The frequencies of MMP1-1607 G allele and MMP1-519 A allele are significantly higher in subjects with BMI<25.0 and age>or=50 years, suggesting protective roles of MMP1-1607 G allele and MMP1-519 A allele against increase in BMI in Korean population.