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Zanoni P, Panteloglou G, Othman A, Haas JT, Meier R, Rimbert A, Futema M, Abou Khalil Y, Norrelykke SF, Rzepiela AJ, Stoma S, Stebler M, van Dijk F, Wijers M, Wolters JC, Dalila N, Huijkman NCA, Smit M, Gallo A, Carreau V, Philippi A, Rabès JP, Boileau C, Visentin M, Vonghia L, Weyler J, Francque S, Verrijken A, Verhaegen A, Van Gaal L, van der Graaf A, van Rosmalen BV, Robert J, Velagapudi S, Yalcinkaya M, Keel M, Radosavljevic S, Geier A, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Varret M, Rohrer L, Humphries SE, Staels B, van de Sluis B, Kuivenhoven JA, von Eckardstein A. Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Human LDL Receptor by the U2-Spliceosome. Circ Res 2022; 130:80-95. [PMID: 34809444 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) in the liver is the major determinant of LDL-cholesterol levels in human plasma. The discovery of genes that regulate the activity of LDLR helps to identify pathomechanisms of hypercholesterolemia and novel therapeutic targets against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. METHODS We performed a genome-wide RNA interference screen for genes limiting the uptake of fluorescent LDL into Huh-7 hepatocarcinoma cells. Top hit genes were validated by in vitro experiments as well as analyses of data sets on gene expression and variants in human populations. RESULTS The knockdown of 54 genes significantly inhibited LDL uptake. Fifteen of them encode for components or interactors of the U2-spliceosome. Knocking down any one of 11 out of 15 genes resulted in the selective retention of intron 3 of LDLR. The translated LDLR fragment lacks 88% of the full length LDLR and is detectable neither in nontransfected cells nor in human plasma. The hepatic expression of the intron 3 retention transcript is increased in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as well as after bariatric surgery. Its expression in blood cells correlates with LDL-cholesterol and age. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and 3 rare variants of one spliceosome gene, RBM25, are associated with LDL-cholesterol in the population and familial hypercholesterolemia, respectively. Compared with overexpression of wild-type RBM25, overexpression of the 3 rare RBM25 mutants in Huh-7 cells led to lower LDL uptake. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation of LDLR activity in humans and associations of genetic variants of RBM25 with LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanoni
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Now with Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Grigorios Panteloglou
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (A.O.)
| | - Joel T Haas
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011- EGID, France (J.T.H., B.S.)
| | - Roger Meier
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.).,Now with Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291 IRS-UN, Nantes, France (A.R.)
| | - Marta Futema
- Cardiology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom (M.F.)
| | - Yara Abou Khalil
- LVTS-INSERM UMRS 1148 and University of Paris, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France (Y.A.K., J.-P.R., C.B., M. Varret).,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics (LBTM), Faculty of Pharmacy and Pôle technologie Santé (PTS), Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (Y.A.K.)
| | - Simon F Norrelykke
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Andrzej J Rzepiela
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Szymon Stoma
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Michael Stebler
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Freerk van Dijk
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (F.v.D., A.v.d.G.)
| | - Melinde Wijers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Nawar Dalila
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (N.D., A.T.-H.)
| | - Nicolette C A Huijkman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Antonio Gallo
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Human Research Nutrition Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France (A. Gallo, V.C.)
| | - Valérie Carreau
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Human Research Nutrition Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France (A. Gallo, V.C.)
| | - Anne Philippi
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Diderot, UMR-S958 Paris, France; Now with Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Paris, France (A.P.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Rabès
- LVTS-INSERM UMRS 1148 and University of Paris, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France (Y.A.K., J.-P.R., C.B., M. Varret).,AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France (J.-P.R.).,UFR Simone Veil des Sciences de la Santé, UVSQ, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France (J.-P.R.)
| | - Catherine Boileau
- LVTS-INSERM UMRS 1148 and University of Paris, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France (Y.A.K., J.-P.R., C.B., M. Varret).,AP-HP, Genetics Department, CHU Xavier Bichat, Université de Paris, France (C.B.)
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (M. Visentin)
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F.).,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - Jonas Weyler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F.)
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F.).,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - An Verrijken
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.).,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - Ann Verhaegen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.).,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.).,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - Adriaan van der Graaf
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (F.v.D., A.v.d.G.)
| | - Belle V van Rosmalen
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.V.v.R.)
| | - Jerome Robert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.Y.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Michaela Keel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Silvija Radosavljevic
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (A. Geier)
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (N.D., A.T.-H.)
| | - Mathilde Varret
- LVTS-INSERM UMRS 1148 and University of Paris, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France (Y.A.K., J.-P.R., C.B., M. Varret)
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (S.E.H.)
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011- EGID, France (J.T.H., B.S.)
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
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