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Regulation of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Formyl Peptide Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease Progression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030243. [PMID: 33804219 PMCID: PMC7998928 DOI: 10.3390/life11030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most important regulators of cardiac function and are commonly targeted for medical therapeutics. Formyl-Peptide Receptors (FPRs) are members of the GPCR superfamily and play an emerging role in cardiovascular pathologies. FPRs can modulate oxidative stress through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production whose dysregulation has been observed in different cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, many studies are focused on identifying molecular mechanisms of the regulation of ROS production. FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3 belong to the FPRs family and their stimulation triggers phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules and nonsignaling proteins that are required for NADPH oxidase activation. Some FPR agonists trigger inflammatory processes, while other ligands activate proresolving or anti-inflammatory pathways, depending on the nature of the ligands. In general, bacterial and mitochondrial formylated peptides activate a proinflammatory cell response through FPR1, while Annexin A1 and Lipoxin A4 are anti-inflammatory FPR2 ligands. FPR2 can also trigger a proinflammatory pathway and the switch between FPR2-mediated pro- and anti-inflammatory cell responses depends on conformational changes of the receptor upon ligand binding. Here we describe the detrimental or beneficial effects of the main FPR agonists and their potential role as new therapeutic and diagnostic targets in the progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Li SQ, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Sun YP, Li XX, Su N. The Role of Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Gene Polymorphisms in Human Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:3580-3587. [PMID: 32284754 PMCID: PMC7150440 DOI: 10.7150/jca.36355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) belongs to G protein-coupled receptors expressed mainly in phagocytic leukocytes. The gene encoding FPR1 is highly polymorphic and related to inflammation. In this study, we investigated the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Fpr1 in human colorectal cancer (CRC), and analyzed the association of Fpr1 SNPs with clinicopathological parameters and some specific diagnostic markers of CRC. Although the allele and genotype frequencies of Fpr1 SNPs in CRC tissues were not significantly different from that in whole blood cells derived from healthy Chinese subjects. Significant associations were observed between genotypes of c.289C>A and distant metastasis (P=0.001), and between genotypes of c.306T>C and tumor size (P=0.016). Genotypes of c.546C>A was closer to tumor size and lymphatic invasion (P=0.012 and P=0.043, respectively). Meanwhile, genotypes of c.1037C>A was related with tumor location and differentiation (P=0.000 and P=0.005, respectively). Besides, genotypes of c.576T>C>G was related with pathological type (P=0.000). Furthermore, several Fpr1 SNP positions including c.289 (C>A) and c.576 (G>C>T) were related to the expression of P53 (P=0.004 and P=0.008, respectively), and similar results were observed between other Fpr1 SNP positions and CEA, HER2 and Ki-67 (P<0.05). Our data demonstrate that Fpr1 SNPs may play the important role in the progression and metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road (No.2), Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan-Ping Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xin-Xing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
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rs2569190A>G in CD14 is Independently Associated with Hypercholesterolemia: A Brief Report. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6040037. [PMID: 31671579 PMCID: PMC6955813 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have assessed the implication of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) molecules and its single nucleotide polymorphism rs2569190A>G with different complex diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this study, we investigated the association of rs2569190A>G in CD14 with cardiovascular disease risk factors (hypercholesterolemia and hypertension) in 460 individuals from the general Lebanese population (Middle Eastern multiethnic population). Using a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for six covariates (under additive and recessive assumptions), we found that the G allele of rs2569190 in CD14 was associated with increased levels of total cholesterol (OR = 3.10, p = 0.009), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 3.87, p = 0.003), and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 0.38, p = 0.001). In contrast, no significant relationship was found with hypertension. Thus, we concluded that rs2569190G in CD14 is associated with a higher risk of developing hypercholesterolemia.
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Formyl peptide receptor 1 up-regulation and formyl peptide receptor 2/3 down-regulation of blood immune cells along with defective lipoxin A4/resolvin D1 production in obstructive sleep apnea patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216607. [PMID: 31116781 PMCID: PMC6530856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the role of FPR 1/2/3 expressions in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHOD We made cross-sectional comparisons of FPR1/2/3 expressions of blood neutrophil, M1/M2a monocyte, and natural killer (NK) cell between 16 healthy subjects (HS), 16 primary snoring (PS) subjects, 46 treatment-naive OSA patients, and 18 severe OSA patients under long-term continuous positive airway pressure treatment (severe OSA on CPAP). RESULTS FPR1 expressions on neutrophil were increased in treatment-naive OSA and severe OSA on CPAP groups versus either HS or PS. FPR2 expressions on neutrophil were decreased in treatment-naive OSA versus HS, and returned to normal in severe OSA on CPAP group. FPR1/FPR2 expression ratio on neutrophil was increased in treatment-naive OSA versus either HS or PS. Serum lipoxin A4, resolvin D1 levels, and FPR3 expressions of M1, M2a and NK cells were all decreased in treatment-naive OSA versus HS. OSA patients with hypertension had decreased FPR2 expressions on neutrophil and FPR3 expressions of NK cell. FPR1 expression, FPR1/FPR2 expression ratio on neutrophil, and FPR3 expression of M1 cell were all reversed after > 6-month CPAP treatment in 9 selected patients. In vitro intermittent hypoxia with re-oxygenation treatment in THP-1 cells resulted in increased FPR1/FPR2 expression ratio of M1 cells, and increased FPR1/FPR3 expression ratio of M2a cells. CONCLUSIONS FPR1 over-expression and insufficiency of FPR2 and FPR3 in association with defective lipoxin A4 and resolving D1 production were associated with disease severity of OSA and its adverse consequences.
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Lin L, Cui P, Qiu Z, Wang M, Yu Y, Wang J, Sun Q, Zhao H. The mitochondrial tRNA Ala 5587T>C and tRNA Leu(CUN) 12280A>G mutations may be associated with hypertension in a Chinese family. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:1855-1862. [PMID: 30783460 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a very common cardiovascular disorder, however, the molecular mechanism underlying this disease remains poorly understood. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial (mt)DNA mutations serve important roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The current study reported the clinical and molecular characterization of a Chinese family with maternally inherited hypertension (the penetrance of hypertension was 71.4%). In addition, the entire mitochondrial transfer (mt-t)RNA genomes was amplified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and identified through direct Sanger sequencing. Additionally, the mtDNA copy number in matrilineal relatives in this family was evaluated using quantitative PCR. The sequence analysis of the 22 mt-tRNA genes led to the identification of tRNAAla 5587T>C (thymine to cytosine) and tRNALeu(CUN) 12280A>G (adenine to guanine) mutations. Notably, the heteroplasmic 5587T>C mutation was located at the 3' end of tRNAAla (position 73), which is highly conserved from bacteria to human mitochondria. In addition, the 12280A>G mutation was revealed to occurs at the dihydrouridine loop of tRNALeu(CUN) (position 15) and may decrease the steady-state level of mt-tRNA. As a result, 5587T>C and 12280A>G mutations may lead to the failure of tRNAs metabolism and subsequently cause mitochondrial protein synthesis defects. Molecular analysis revealed that patients carrying the 5587T>C and 12280A>G mutations had a lower copy number of mtDNA compared with a control with hypertension, but without the mutations, suggesting that these mutations may cause mitochondrial dysfunctions that are responsible for hypertension. Therefore, mt-tRNAAla 5587T>C and tRNALeu(CUN) 12280A>G mutations may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Health Examination Department, Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Multidisciplinary Consultation Center, Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Qiu
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yingchao Yu
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Hairong Zhao
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Weiß E, Kretschmer D. Formyl-Peptide Receptors in Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:815-829. [PMID: 30195466 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Formyl-peptide receptors (FPRs) recognize bacterial and mitochondrial formylated peptides as well as endogenous non-formylated peptides and even lipids. FPRs are expressed on various host cell types but most strongly on neutrophils and macrophages. After the discovery of FPRs on leukocytes, it was assumed that these receptors predominantly govern a proinflammatory response resulting in chemotaxis, degranulation, and oxidative burst during infection. However, it is clear that the activation of FPRs has more complex consequences and can also promote the resolution of inflammation. Recent studies have highlighted associations between FPR function and inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory disorders, cancer, and infection. In this review we discuss these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weiß
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Skvortsov SS, Gabdoulkhakova AG. Formyl peptide receptor polymorphisms: 27 most possible ways for phagocyte dysfunction. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:426-437. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dorward DA, Lucas CD, Chapman GB, Haslett C, Dhaliwal K, Rossi AG. The role of formylated peptides and formyl peptide receptor 1 in governing neutrophil function during acute inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1172-84. [PMID: 25791526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration to sites of inflammation and the subsequent execution of multiple functions are designed to contain and kill invading pathogens. These highly regulated and orchestrated processes are controlled by interactions between numerous receptors and their cognate ligands. Unraveling and identifying those that are central to inflammatory processes may represent novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of neutrophil-dominant inflammatory disorders in which dysregulated neutrophil recruitment, function, and elimination serve to potentiate rather than resolve an initial inflammatory insult. The first G protein-coupled receptor to be described on human neutrophils, formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), is one such receptor that plays a significant role in the execution of these functions through multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Recent work has highlighted important observations with regard to both receptor function and the importance and functional relevance of FPR1 in the pathogenesis of a range of both sterile and infective inflammatory conditions. In this review, we explore the multiple components of neutrophil migration and function in both health and disease, with a focus on the role of FPR1 in these processes. The current understanding of FPR1 structure, function, and signaling is examined, alongside discussion of the potential importance of FPR1 in inflammatory diseases suggesting that FPR1 is a key regulator of the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dorward
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher D Lucas
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin B Chapman
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Haslett
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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DING YU, XIA BOHOU, YU JINFANG, LENG JIANHANG, HUANG JINYU. Mitochondrial DNA mutations and essential hypertension (Review). Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:768-74. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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V101L of human formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) increases receptor affinity and augments the antagonism mediated by cyclosporins. Biochem J 2013; 451:245-55. [PMID: 23373827 PMCID: PMC3632010 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation plays a major role in drug response variability. CsA (cyclosporin A), a widely
used immunosuppressive agent, is a specific antagonist for FPR1 (formyl peptide receptor 1), which
is an important G-protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor in the innate immune system. In order to
study the variable responses of cyclosporins to different FPR1 mutants, we investigated the
distribution of human FPR1 haplotypes among 209 healthy Han Chinese subjects. The haplotype pattern
in Han Chinese were characterized on the basis of five SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms),
including rs5030878 (p.T11I), rs2070745 (p.V101L), rs5030880 (p.R190W), rs1042229 (p.N192K) and
rs867228 (p.A346E). Receptor binding affinity of cyclosporins to FPR1 haplotypes was assessed using
N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys–FITC in CHO-Gα16 cells
stably transfected with cDNAs encoding the top 12 FPR1 haplotypes in the Han Chinese. Variants of
FPR1 carrying a single amino acid substitution of leucine for valine at position 101
(p.Leu101) displayed significantly higher pKi values for CsA
and CsH (cyclosporin H), indicative of an improved receptor affinity. The polymorphism of
FPR1 p.Leu101 also enhanced the inhibitory effects of cyclosporins on
fMLF (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine)-induced activities, including
calcium mobilization, cell chemotaxis and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation.
These results point to a possible complication for clinical use of CsA in patients carrying the
p.Leu101 allele of FPR1.
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El Shamieh S, Visvikis-Siest S. Genetic biomarkers of hypertension and future challenges integrating epigenomics. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 414:259-65. [PMID: 23010416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease, considered to be one of the world's greatest public health problems. Despite recent, major, technical advances aiming to elucidate its genetic component, the discovered biomarkers up to now were reported to have only small effects, explaining consequently a tiny fraction of its phenotypic variance and resulting in a large proportion of missing heritability. Likewise, little evidence is available with regard to the epigenetic regulation of essential hypertension, since no robust biomarkers have yet been reported. In the current review, we discuss the main approaches used exclusively to study the genetics and epigenetics of essential hypertension, the biomarkers identified, their clinical utility and the difficulties to be overcome. Furthermore, we propose a new category of functional genetic-epigenetic biomarkers, eMethSNPs, and we provide their hypothetical gene expression profiles for a genetic functional regulation of hypertension via DNA methylation. Though believed to be infrequent, eMethSNPs could constitute a new category of mechanistically-based genetic biomarkers predisposing to essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El Shamieh
- Université de Lorraine, Génétique Cardiovasculaire, EA-4373, Nancy 54000, France.
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El Shamieh S, Ndiaye NC, Stathopoulou MG, Murray HA, Masson C, Lamont JV, Fitzgerald P, Benetos A, Visvikis-Siest S. Functional epistatic interaction between rs6046G>A in F7 and rs5355C>T in SELE modifies systolic blood pressure levels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40777. [PMID: 22815813 PMCID: PMC3399862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although numerous genetic studies have been performed, only 0.9% of blood pressure phenotypic variance has been elucidated. This phenomenon could be partially due to epistatic interactions. Our aim was to identify epistatic interaction(s) associated with blood pressure levels in a pre-planned two-phase approach. Methods and Results In a discovery cohort composed of 3,600 French individuals, we found rs6046A allele in F7 associated with decreased blood pressure levels (P≤3.7×10−3) and rs5355T allele in SELE associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure levels (P = 5×10−3). Both variants interacted in order to influence blood pressure levels (P≤0.048). This interaction was replicated with systolic blood pressure in 4,620 additional European individuals (P = 0.03). Similarly, in this replication cohort, rs6046A was associated with decreased blood pressure levels (P≤8.5×10−4). Furthermore, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a subsample of 90 supposed healthy individuals, we found rs6046A positively associated with NAMPT mRNA levels (P≤9.1×10−5), suggesting an eventual involvement of NAMPT expression in blood pressure regulation. Confirming this hypothesis, further transcriptomic analyses showed that increased NAMPT mRNA levels were positively correlated with ICAM1, SELL, FPR1, DEFA1-3, and LL-37 genes expression (P≤5×10−3). The last two mRNA levels were positively associated with systolic blood pressure levels (P≤0.01) and explained 4% of its phenotypic variation. Conclusion These findings reveal the importance of epistatic interactions in blood pressure genetics and give new insights for the role of inflammation in its complex regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El Shamieh
- Université de Lorraine, “Génétique Cardio-vasculaire”, EA-4373, Nancy, France
| | - Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye
- Université de Lorraine, “Génétique Cardio-vasculaire”, EA-4373, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Christine Masson
- Université de Lorraine, “Génétique Cardio-vasculaire”, EA-4373, Nancy, France
| | - John V. Lamont
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, Crumlin, Antrim, United Kingdom
| | | | - Athanase Benetos
- INSERM U961, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- CHU Nancy, Brabois, Service de Gériatrie, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- Université de Lorraine, “Génétique Cardio-vasculaire”, EA-4373, Nancy, France
- CHU Nancy, Brabois, Service de Gériatrie, Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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