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Deckers EA, Kruijff S, Brouwers AH, van der Steen K, Hoekstra HJ, Thompson JF, Vállez García D, Wevers KP. The association between active tumor volume, total lesion glycolysis and levels of S-100B and LDH in stage IV melanoma patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 46:2147-2153. [PMID: 32819759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) in single lesions on 18F-FDG PET/CT scans and serum S-100B concentrations are inversely associated with disease-free survival in stage IV melanoma. The aim of this study was to assess the association between biomarkers (S-100B, LDH) and the PET-derived metrics SUVmean/max, metabolic active tumor volume (MATV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) in stage IV melanoma in order to understand what these biomarkers reflect and their possible utility for follow-up. METHODS In 52 stage IV patients the association between PET-derived metrics and the biomarkers S-100B and LDH was assessed and the impact on survival analyzed. RESULTS S-100B was elevated (>0.15 μg/l) in 37 patients (71%), LDH in 11 (21%). There was a correlation between S-100B and LDH (R2 = 0.19). S-100B was correlated to both MATV (R2 = 0.375) and TLG (R2 = 0.352), but LDH was not. Higher MATV and TLG levels were found in patients with elevated S-100B (p < 0.001) and also in patients with elevated LDH (>250 U/l) (p < 0.001). There was no association between the biomarkers and SUVmean/max. Survival analysis indicated that LDH was the only predictor of melanoma-specific survival. CONCLUSION In newly diagnosed stage IV melanoma patients S-100B correlates with 18F-FDG PET/CT derived MATV and TLG in contrast to LDH, is more often elevated than LDH (71% vs. 21%) and seems to be a better predictor of disease load and disease progression. However, elevated LDH is the only predictor for survival. The biomarkers, S-100B and LDH appear to describe different aspects of the extent of metastatic disease and of tumornecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Deckers
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - S Kruijff
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A H Brouwers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - K van der Steen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H J Hoekstra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Department of Melanoma and Surgical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Vállez García
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - K P Wevers
- Department of Surgery, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands
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Makris K, Haliassos A, Chondrogianni M, Tsivgoulis G. Blood biomarkers in ischemic stroke: potential role and challenges in clinical practice and research. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:294-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1461190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Makris
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Chondrogianni
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Gaudino M, Ivascu N, Cushing M, Lau C, Gambardella I, Di Franco A, Ohmes LB, Munjal M, Girardi LN. Retrograde perfusion through superior vena cava reaches the brain during circulatory arrest. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:1563-1568. [PMID: 29707307 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.01.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The optimal technique for brain perfusion during circulatory arrest remains controversial. Concern exists that retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) via the superior vena cava (SVC) is unable to perfuse the brain. We evaluated whether RCP blood circulates through the brain parenchyma in humans during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). We hypothesized that a significant difference in the levels of S-100β (a protein with very high neuro-sensitivity) between the blood infused in the SVC and the effluent blood returning in the left carotid artery (CA) during RCP, should be regarded as a sign of the circulation of RCP blood through the brain parenchyma. Methods We enrolled 10 non-consecutive patients undergoing elective arch-surgery using DHCA and RCP. Circulating S-100β levels were measured at baseline and immediately before DHCA. During DHCA and RCP the difference in S-100β between the SVC and the CA was evaluated after 10 minutes of arrest and immediately before resumption of the circulation. S-100β levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Mean DHCA duration was 22.4±7.9 minutes. Mean S-100β level at baseline was 92.5±54.9 µg/L. After 10 minutes of DHCA the level of S-100β in the CA was significantly higher than in the SVC (936.9±326.3 vs. 810.9±307.4 µg/L, P=0.0021). This difference was enhanced at the second DHCA sample (1113.8±334.2 vs. 920.5±340.0 µg/L, P=0.0002). There was a statistically significant correlation between the duration of DHCA and the percent difference in S-100β level between the SVC and the CA (Pearson's correlation coefficient =0.902). Conclusions RCP is able to perfuse the brain parenchyma in humans during DHCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Weill-Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Ivascu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill-Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Cushing
- Clinical Laboratories, Weill-Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Weill-Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Antonino Di Franco
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Weill-Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas B Ohmes
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Weill-Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Munjal
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Weill-Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonard N Girardi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Weill-Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Mercier E, Tardif PA, Cameron PA, Batomen Kuimi BL, Émond M, Moore L, Mitra B, Frenette J, De Guise E, Ouellet MC, Bordeleau M, Le Sage N. Prognostic Value of S-100β Protein for Prediction of Post-Concussion Symptoms after a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:609-622. [PMID: 28969486 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prognostic value of S-100β protein to identify patients with post-concussion symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). A search strategy was submitted to seven databases from their inception to October 2016. Individual patient data were requested. Cohort studies evaluating the association between S-100β protein level and post-concussion symptoms assessed at least seven days after the mTBI were considered. Outcomes were dichotomized as persistent (≥3 months) or early (≥7 days <3 months). Our search strategy yielded 23,298 citations of which 29 studies including between seven and 223 patients (n = 2505) were included. Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) (16 studies) and neuropsychological symptoms (9 studies) were the most frequently assessed outcomes. The odds of having persistent PCS (odds ratio [OR] 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34-1.12, p = 0.11, I2 0% [n = five studies]) in patients with an elevated S-100β protein serum level were not significantly different from those of patients with normal values while the odds of having early PCS (OR 1.67, 95% CI: 0.98-2.85, p = 0.06, I2 38% [n = five studies]) were close to statistical significance. Similarly, having an elevated S-100β protein serum level was not associated with the odds of returning to work at six months (OR 2.31, 95% CI: 0.50-10.64, p = 0.28, I2 22% [n = two studies]). Overall risk of bias was considered moderate. Results suggest that the prognostic biomarker S-100β protein has a low clinical value to identify patients at risk of persistent post-concussion symptoms. Variability in injury to S-100ß protein sample time, mTBI populations, and outcomes assessed could potentially explain the lack of association and needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mercier
- 1 Département de Médecine Familiale et Médecine d'Urgence, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,2 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Traumatologie - Urgence - Soins Intensifs, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,3 Emergency and Trauma Centre, The Alfred Hospital , Alfred Health, Australia .,4 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pier-Alexandre Tardif
- 2 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Traumatologie - Urgence - Soins Intensifs, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Peter A Cameron
- 3 Emergency and Trauma Centre, The Alfred Hospital , Alfred Health, Australia .,4 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,5 National Trauma Research Institute , The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brice Lionel Batomen Kuimi
- 2 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Traumatologie - Urgence - Soins Intensifs, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Marcel Émond
- 1 Département de Médecine Familiale et Médecine d'Urgence, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,6 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Vieillissement, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Lynne Moore
- 2 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Traumatologie - Urgence - Soins Intensifs, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,6 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Vieillissement, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,7 Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Biswadev Mitra
- 3 Emergency and Trauma Centre, The Alfred Hospital , Alfred Health, Australia .,4 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,5 National Trauma Research Institute , The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Frenette
- 8 Centre de Recherche et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec , Québec, Canada
| | - Elaine De Guise
- 9 Research-Institute, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, Québec, Canada .,10 Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR), Montréal , Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Ouellet
- 2 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Traumatologie - Urgence - Soins Intensifs, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,8 Centre de Recherche et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec , Québec, Canada
| | - Martine Bordeleau
- 2 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Traumatologie - Urgence - Soins Intensifs, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Le Sage
- 1 Département de Médecine Familiale et Médecine d'Urgence, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec, Canada .,2 Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Unité de recherche en Traumatologie - Urgence - Soins Intensifs, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec, Canada
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Kramer P, Miera O, Berger F, Schmitt K. Prognostic value of serum biomarkers of cerebral injury in classifying neurological outcome after paediatric resuscitation. Resuscitation 2017; 122:113-120. [PMID: 28939504 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate if the serum biomarkers of cerebral injury, neuron-specific enolase and S100b protein, may classify unfavourable neurological outcome after paediatric cardiac arrest. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of neuron-specific enolase and S100b measurements from 95 children treated in our paediatric cardiac intensive care unit after cardiac arrest. Neurological outcome at discharge was evaluated using the paediatric cerebral performance category scale, with unfavourable outcome defined as a change of >1 compared to pre-arrest status or death. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients (61.1%) survived to discharge with 48 (50.5%) having a favourable neurological outcome. We observed significantly higher levels of both biomarkers in the unfavourable outcome group at designated time points (neuron-specific enolase at 24, 48, and 72h and S100b at 12, 24, and 48h after cardiac arrest, p<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve for neuron-specific enolase were 0.83, 0.80, and 0.73 at time points 24, 48, and 72h and 0.87, 0.81, and 0.82 for S100b at 12, 24, and 48h after cardiac arrest, respectively. Neuron-specific enolase measurement at 24h after cardiac arrest was an independent predictor of unfavourable outcome in a multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS Neuron-specific enolase and S100b classify unfavourable neurological outcome in this large paediatric cardiac arrest cohort. Further multi-institutional prospective studies to comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers under various clinical conditions and to determine reliable cut-off values in children are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kramer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oliver Miera
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Berger
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmitt
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Paediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
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Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury: Temporal Changes in Body Fluids. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-REV-0294-16. [PMID: 28032118 PMCID: PMC5175263 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0294-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are caused by a hit to the head or a sudden acceleration/deceleration movement of the head. Mild TBIs (mTBIs) and concussions are difficult to diagnose. Imaging techniques often fail to find alterations in the brain, and computed tomography exposes the patient to radiation. Brain-specific biomolecules that are released upon cellular damage serve as another means of diagnosing TBI and assessing the severity of injury. These biomarkers can be detected from samples of body fluids using laboratory tests. Dozens of TBI biomarkers have been studied, and research related to them is increasing. We reviewed the recent literature and selected 12 biomarkers relevant to rapid and accurate diagnostics of TBI for further evaluation. The objective was especially to get a view of the temporal profiles of the biomarkers’ rise and decline after a TBI event. Most biomarkers are rapidly elevated after injury, and they serve as diagnostics tools for some days. Some biomarkers are elevated for months after injury, although the literature on long-term biomarkers is scarce. Clinical utilization of TBI biomarkers is still at a very early phase despite years of active research.
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Alegre E, Sammamed M, Fernández-Landázuri S, Zubiri L, González Á. Circulating biomarkers in malignant melanoma. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 69:47-89. [PMID: 25934359 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive tumor with increasing incidence worldwide. Biomarkers are valuable tools to minimize the cost and improve efficacy of treatment of this deadly disease. Serological markers have not widely been introduced in routine clinical practice due to their insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. It is likely that the lack of objective responses with traditional treatment hinder biomarker research and development in melanoma. Recently, new drugs and therapies have, however, emerged in advanced melanoma with noticeable objective response ratio and survival. In this new scenario, serological tumor markers should be revisited. In addition, other potential circulating biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, exosomes, microRNA, and circulating tumor cells have also been identified. In this review, we summarize classical and emerging tumor markers and discuss their possible roles in emerging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Alegre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Sammamed
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Oncology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Leyre Zubiri
- Department of Oncology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro González
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Demir N, Ece İ, Peker E, Kaba S, Ustyol L, Balahoroğlu R, Tuncer O. Impact of patent ductus arteriosus and subsequent therapy with ibuprofen on the release of S-100B and oxidative stress index in preterm infants. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:2799-805. [PMID: 25542161 PMCID: PMC4283821 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) leads to injury in tissues/organs by reducing perfusion of organs and causing oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant status in preterm infants with hsPDA by measuring the total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status and to assess neuronal damage due to oxidant stress related to hsPDA. Material/Methods This prospective study included 37 low-birth-weight infants with echocardiographically diagnosed hsPDA treated with oral ibuprofen and a control group of 40 infants without PDA. Blood samples were taken from all infants, and than the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and S-100B protein levels were assessed and oxidative stress index was calculated before and after therapy. Results The mean pre-therapy TOS level and oxidative stress index (OSI) value of the patients with hsPDA were significantly higher, but TAC level was lower than in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean post-therapy values of TOS, TAC, OSI, and S-100B protein between the two groups. Conclusions hsPDA may cause cellular injury by increasing oxidative stress and damaging tissue perfusion; however the brain can compensate for oxidative stress and impaired tissue perfusion through well-developed autoregulation systems to decrease tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Demir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Yuzuncu Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Ece
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Yuzuncu Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Erdal Peker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Yuzuncu Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Sultan Kaba
- Department of Pediatrics, Yuzuncu Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Lokman Ustyol
- Department of Pediatrics, Yuzuncu Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Ragıp Balahoroğlu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Tuncer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Yuzuncu Yil University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
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Strathmann FG, Schulte S, Goerl K, Petron DJ. Blood-based biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: Evaluation of research approaches, available methods and potential utility from the clinician and clinical laboratory perspectives. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:876-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bechmann T, Madsen JS, Brandslund I, Lund ED, Ormstrup T, Jakobsen EH, Jylling AMB, Steffensen KD, Jakobsen A. Predicting brain metastases of breast cancer based on serum S100B and serum HER2. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1265-1270. [PMID: 24179506 PMCID: PMC3813762 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the prediction of brain metastases based on serum S100B and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). A total of 107 breast cancer patients were included in the current study from two prospective cohort studies with either elevated serum HER2 levels >15 ng/ml or brain metastases verified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computer tomography (CT). Following the exclusion of six patients, the remaining 101 patients were divided into two groups: Group 0 (n=55), patients with normal MRI results; and group 1 (n=46), patients with brain metastases. The levels of serum S100B and HER2 in the two groups were analyzed prior to MRI or CT of the brain, and no significant differences were identified in the serum HER2 (P=0.060) or S100B levels (P=0.623) between the groups. The univariate analysis of prognostic factors for brain metastases showed a significant correlation with systemic disease (P<0.001), axillary lymph node metastases (P=0.001) and serum HER2 >30 ng/ml (P=0.002). Only systemic disease (P<0.001) remained statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, serum levels of S100B and HER2 did not predict the risk of brain metastases. In the multivariate analysis, brain metastases were only found to correlate with systemic disease. However, in the univariate analysis, serum HER2 levels >30 ng/ml were identified to correlate with increased risk of brain metastases, which calls for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Bechmann
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark ; Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle 7100, Denmark
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