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Stępień KA, Kalicka A, Giebułtowicz J. Screening the quality of legal and illegal dietary supplements by LC-MS/MS. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39105408 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2024.2382221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely consumed. However, the lack of mandatory testing results in limited data on their quality, particularly in Eastern Europe. In this study, 21 legally registered and 9 illegal supplements, seized from an underground facility by the Polish Police, were examined. Contaminants were screened by utilising high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with untargeted mass spectrometry. The analysis identified 32 contaminants in the 30 dietary supplements examined. Untargeted analysis revealed a concerning issue: the intentional adulteration of both legal and illegal supplements with pharmacologically active substances that are prohibited in this category of products. This study indicated that many dietary supplements are of low quality due to deliberate adulteration or inadequate manufacturing conditions. The presence of unregistered or unapproved substances in these supplements poses serious health risks. Strong legal regulations are essential to address this issue effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Adam Stępień
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kalicka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Klöppner L, Harps LC, Parr MK. Sample Preparation Techniques for Growth-Promoting Agents in Various Mammalian Specimen Preceding MS-Analytics. Molecules 2024; 29:330. [PMID: 38257243 PMCID: PMC10818438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The misuse of growth-promoting drugs such as beta-2 agonists and steroids is a known problem in farming and sports competitions. Prior to the analysis of biological samples via liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or gas chromatography (GC)-MS, sufficient sample preparation is required to reliably identify or determine the residues of drugs. In practice, broad screening methods are often used to save time and analyze as many compounds as possible. This review was conceptualized to analyze the literature from 2018 until October 2023 for sample preparation procedures applied to animal specimens before LC- or GC-MS analysis. The animals were either used in farming or sports. In the present review, solid phase extraction (SPE) was observed as the dominant sample clean-up technique for beta-2 agonists and steroids, followed by protein precipitation. For the extraction of beta-2 agonists, mixed-mode cation exchanger-based SPE phases were preferably applied, while for the steroids, various types of SPE materials were reported. Furthermore, dispersive SPE-based QuEChERs were utilized. Combinatory use of SPE and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was observed to cover further drug classes in addition to beta-2 agonists in broader screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.); (L.C.H.)
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3
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Zhang J, Lu J, Zhang Y, Wang Y. A LC-MS/MS method for determination of clenbuterol enantiomers in animal tissues and its application to the enantioselective distribution in Bama mini-pigs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1226:123790. [PMID: 37329777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish and validate a simple and reliable analytical method for separation and determination of clenbuterol enantiomers (R-(-)-clenbuterol & S-(+)-clenbuterol) in animal tissues, and apply it to the enantioselective distribution of clenbuterol in Bama mini-pigs. METHODS A LC-MS/MS analytical method was developed and validated in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode with electrospray ionization. After perchloric acid deproteinization, samples were pretreated only by one step liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butyl methyl ether under strong alkaline condition. Teicoplanin was used as chiral selector and 10 mM ammonium formate methanol solution was used as mobile phase. The optimized chromatographic separation conditions were completed in 8 min. Two chiral isomers in 11 edible tissues from Bama mini-pigs were investigated. RESULTS R-(-)-clenbuterol and S-(+)-clenbuterol can be baseline separated and accurately analyzed with a linear range of 5-500 ng/g. Accuracies ranged from -11.9-13.0% for R-(-)-clenbuterol and -10.2-13.2% for S-(+)-clenbuterol, intra-day and inter-day precisions were between 0.7 and 6.1% for R-(-)-clenbuterol and 1.6-5.9% for S-(+)-clenbuterol. R/S ratios in edible tissues of pigs were all significantly lower than 1. CONCLUSIONS The analytical method has good specificity and robustness in determination of R-(-)-clenbuterol and S-(+)-clenbuterol in animal tissues, and can be used as a routine analysis method for food safety and doping control. There is a significant difference in R/S ratio between pig feeding tissues and pharmaceutical preparations (racemate with R/S ratio of 1), which makes it possible to identify the source of clenbuterol in doping control and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zhang
- China Institute of Sport Science, No.11 Stadium Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100061, China.
| | - Jianghai Lu
- China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yinong Zhang
- China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1st Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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4
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Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of clenproperol residue in milk, yogurt, sausage and livestock meat. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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5
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Zhang H, Li K, Zhao X, Zou H, Zhao L, Li X. Occurrence, consumption level, fate and ecotoxicology risk of beta-agonist pharmaceuticals in a wastewater treatment plant in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:481. [PMID: 36930375 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Beta-agonist pharmaceuticals are widely used in humans and livestock for disease treatment, legal or illegal growth promotion in food animals, bodybuilding, weight loss, and sports doping. The occurrence of beta-agonists in wastewater treatment plants and their subsequent environmental impacts require greater attention. This study determined the levels of 12 beta-agonists in a wastewater treatment plant and evaluated their ecotoxicological risks as well as consumption levels and risks to human health. Among the 12 selected beta-agonists, all were detected in wastewater and 11 in sludge. In most cases, the concentrations of beta-agonists were higher in spring than in summer. Their total average daily mass loads per capita in the influent and effluent were 1.35 μg/d/p and 2.11 μg/d/p, respectively. The overall removal efficiencies of individual beta-agonists ranged from -295.3 to 71.2%. Ecotoxicological risk assessment revealed a low risk to daphnid and green algae from the levels of fenoterol and the mixture of 12 selected beta-agonists in the effluent. The daily consumption levels of individual beta-agonists per capita were 0.028-1.200 μg/d/p. Regular monitoring of beta-agonists in municipal sewage systems and their risk assessment based on toxicological data are urgently required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kefang Li
- Yishui Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Linyi, Shandong, 276499, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhao
- Yishui Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Linyi, Shandong, 276499, China
| | - Huiyun Zou
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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6
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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Molecular Dynamic Study of Mechanism Underlying Nature of Molecular Recognition and the Role of Crosslinker in the Synthesis of Salmeterol-Targeting Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Analysis of Salmeterol Xinafoate in Biological Fluid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113619. [PMID: 35684555 PMCID: PMC9182462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in order to have selective extraction of salmeterol xinafoate (SLX) from serum was studied. SLX is an acting β-adrenergic receptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma and has an athletic performance-enhancing effect. Molecular dynamics were used for the simulation of the SLX-imprinted pre-polymerization system, to determine the stability of the system. The computational simulation showed that SLX as a template, 4-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a monomer, and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) as a crosslinker in mol ratio of 1:6:20 had the strongest interaction in terms of the radial distribution functional. To validate the computational result, four polymers were synthesized using the precipitation polymerization method, and MIP with composition and ratio corresponding with the system with the strongest interaction as an MD simulation result showed the best performance, with a recovery of 96.59 ± 2.24% of SLX in spiked serum and 92.25 ± 1.12% when SLX was spiked with another analogue structure. Compared with the standard solid phase extraction sorbent C-18, which had a recovery of 79.11 ± 2.96%, the MIP showed better performance. The harmony between the simulation and experimental results illustrates that the molecular dynamic simulations had a significant role in the study and development of the MIPs for analysis of SLX in biological fluid.
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9
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Interest of HRMS systems in analytical toxicology: Focus on doping products. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Packaging and Delivery of Asthma Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010092. [PMID: 35056988 PMCID: PMC8777963 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a life-altering, chronic disease of heterogenous origin that features a complex interplay of immune and environmental signaling. Although very little progress has been made in prevention, diverse types of medications and delivery systems, including nanoscale systems, have been or are currently being developed to control airway inflammation and prevent exacerbations and fibrosis. These medications are delivered through mechanical methods, with various inhalers (with benefits and drawbacks) existing, and new types offering some variety in delivery. Of particular interest is the progress being made in nanosized materials for efficient penetration into the epithelial mucus layer and delivery into the deepest parts of the lungs. Liposomes, nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles, both natural and synthetic, have been explored in animal models of asthma and have produced promising results. This review will summarize and synthesize the latest developments in both macro-(inhaler) and micro-sized delivery systems for the purpose of treating asthma patients.
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11
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Blokland M, Zoontjes P, Van Ginkel L, Van De Schans M, Sterk S, Bovee T. Multiclass screening in urine by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry for residues of sulphonamides, beta-agonists and steroids. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1703-1715. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Blokland
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Zoontjes
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L.A. Van Ginkel
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M.G.M. Van De Schans
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S.S. Sterk
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T.F.H. Bovee
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) currently allows therapeutic use of the beta2-agonists salbutamol, formoterol and salmeterol when delivered via inhalation despite some evidence suggesting these anti-asthma drugs may be performance enhancing. Beta2-agonists are usually administered as 50:50 racemic mixtures of two enantiomers (non-superimposable mirror images), one of which demonstrates significant beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated bronchodilation while the other appears to have little or no pharmacological activity. For salbutamol and formoterol, urine thresholds have been adopted to limit supratherapeutic dosing and to discriminate between inhaled (permitted) and oral (prohibited) use. However, chiral switches have led to the availability of enantiopure (active enantiomer only) preparations of salbutamol and formoterol, which effectively doubles their urine thresholds and provides a means for athletes to take supratherapeutic doses for doping purposes. Given the availability of these enantiopure beta2-agonists, the analysis of these drugs using enantioselective assays should now become routine. For salmeterol, there is currently only a therapeutic dose threshold and adoption of a urinary threshold should be a high priority for doping control.
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13
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Abstract
Abuse of substances or methods to enhance the performance is becoming very common in the sports, which often destroys the spirit of competition. The regulatory bodies for sports have reported rates ranging from 5% to 31% for the use of performance-enhancing substances among athletes. Athletes can have serious injuries and morbidities, leading to poor health with the use of such substances. Commonly abused agents in sports include anabolic-androgenic steroids and its analogs, blood, erythropoietin, growth hormone and its derivatives, nutritional supplements, creatine, amphetamines, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), stimulants, and analgesics. Health-care professionals need to be careful while prescribing medicines to sportspersons. Knowledge of exercise physiology, pharmacology of the commonly used agents for sports-related injuries, and agents used for doping could help the sportspersons and health-care professionals to avoid the embarrassment arising because of misuse of these agents. Sports pharmacology includes study of the various aspects of the drug use and abuse in sports and treatment of sports-related injuries. Focusing on sports pharmacology in the medical curriculum can help the upcoming health-care professionals to support the sportspersons to improve the quality of their life by using various drugs and other substances within the standardized limits and avoid embarrassment of doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad O Malve
- Lead Medical Advisor, Medical Affairs, Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Mumbai
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14
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Bozzolino C, Leporati M, Gani F, Ferrero C, Vincenti M. Development and validation of an UHPLC-MS/MS method for β 2-agonists quantification in human urine and application to clinical samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 150:15-24. [PMID: 29202304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fast analytical method for the simultaneous detection of 24 β2-agonists in human urine was developed and validated. The method covers the therapeutic drugs most commonly administered, but also potentially abused β2-agonists. The procedure is based on enzymatic deconjugation with β-glucuronidase followed by SPE clean up using mixed-phase cartridges with both ion-exchange and lipophilic properties. Instrumental analysis conducted by UHPLC-MS/MS allowed high peak resolution and rapid chromatographic separation, with reduced time and costs. The method was fully validated according ISO 17025:2005 principles. The following parameters were determined for each analyte: specificity, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery and carry-over. The method was tested on real samples obtained from patients subjected to clinical treatment under chronic or acute therapy with either formoterol, indacaterol, salbutamol, or salmeterol. The drugs were administered using pressurized metered dose inhalers. All β2-agonists administered to the patients were detected in the real samples. The method proved adequate to accurately measure the concentration of these analytes in the real samples. The observed analytical data are discussed with reference to the administered dose and the duration of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bozzolino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
| | - Federica Gani
- Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio 2, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferrero
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio, Università degli Studi di Torino, via G. Verdi 8, 10124, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy; Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
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15
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Velasco‐Bejarano B, Bautista J, Noguez MO, Camacho E, Rodríguez ME, Rodríguez L. Resolution of
R‐(−)
and
S‐(+)‐
enantiomers of clenbuterol in pharmaceutical preparations and black‐market products using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1738-1743. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Velasco‐Bejarano
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán‐UNAMDepartamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica Av. 1 de mayo S/N, Col. Sta. María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México C.P. 54740
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Jahir Bautista
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Ma. Olivia Noguez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán‐UNAMDepartamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica Av. 1 de mayo S/N, Col. Sta. María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México C.P. 54740
| | - Evangelina Camacho
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Martha E. Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Leonardo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
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16
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Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Leuenberger N, Baume N, Robinson N, Saugy M, Veuthey JL. Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2015; 88:508-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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17
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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18
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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19
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Simultaneous determination of seven β2-agonists in human and bovine urine by isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using compound-specific minimally 13C-labelled analogues. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Leporati M, Bergoglio M, Capra P, Bozzetta E, Abete MC, Vincenti M. Development, validation and application to real samples of a multiresidue LC-MS/MS method for determination of β2 -agonists and anabolic steroids in bovine hair. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:936-946. [PMID: 25230191 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
β(2) -agonists are often abused in cattle breeding because of their effects on animal growth and meat properties. The use of β(2) -agonists as growth promoters is forbidden in the European Union (Council Directive 96/23/EC classifies them into group A of Annex I), due to their toxicity and carcinogenic properties, as for anabolic steroids, which are often administered in combination with β(2) -agonists, to promote the storage of proteins and increase muscle size. A unique confirmatory liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative detection of 13 β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids plus the qualitative identification of other three analytes in bovine hair was developed and validated, according to Decision 2002/657/CE. Hair samples were washed with dichloromethane, digested within a NaOH solution and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The absence of matrix interferents, together with good repeatability of both retention times and relative abundances of diagnostic transitions, allowed the correct identification of all analytes. The quantitative calibrations obtained from spiked blank hair samples proved linear in the range tested. CCα and CCβ ranged from 0.5 ng/g to 30 ng/g. Intralaboratory reproducibility (CV%) ranged between 5.0 and 17.7 and trueness between 96% ± 7% and 105% ± 8%. The applicability of the method to real positive samples was demonstrated for both β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids. 17α-boldenone was found in most (70%) hair samples obtained from untreated animals, supporting the hypothesis of endogenous production of this steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia 'Alessandro Bertinaria', regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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