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Gulick RM, Wilkin TJ, Chen YQ, Landovitz RJ, Amico KR, Young AM, Richardson P, Marzinke MA, Hendrix CW, Eshleman SH, McGowan I, Cottle LM, Andrade A, Marcus C, Klingman KL, Chege W, Rinehart AR, Rooney JF, Andrew P, Salata RA, Siegel M, Manabe YC, Frank I, Ho K, Santana J, Stekler JD, Swaminathan S, McCauley M, Hodder S, Mayer KH. Safety and Tolerability of Maraviroc-Containing Regimens to Prevent HIV Infection in Women: A Phase 2 Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167:384-393. [PMID: 28828489 PMCID: PMC5667908 DOI: 10.7326/m17-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maraviroc (MVC) is a candidate drug for HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and tolerability of MVC-containing PrEP over 48 weeks in U.S. women at risk for HIV infection. DESIGN Phase 2 randomized, controlled, double-blinded study of 4 antiretroviral regimens used as PrEP. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01505114). SETTING 12 clinical research sites of the HIV Prevention Trials Network and AIDS Clinical Trials Group. PARTICIPANTS HIV-uninfected women reporting condomless vaginal or anal intercourse with at least 1 man with HIV infection or unknown serostatus within 90 days. INTERVENTION MVC only, MVC-emtricitabine (FTC), MVC-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and TDF-FTC (control). MEASUREMENTS At each visit, clinical and laboratory (including HIV) assessments were done. Primary outcomes were grade 3 and 4 adverse events and time to permanent discontinuation of the study regimen. All randomly assigned participants were analyzed according to their original assignment. RESULTS Among 188 participants, 85% completed follow-up, 11% withdrew early, and 4% were lost to follow-up; 19% discontinued their regimen prematurely. The number discontinuing and the time to discontinuation did not differ among regimens. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 5 (MVC), 13 (MVC-FTC), 9 (MVC-TDF), and 8 (TDF-FTC) participants; rates did not differ among regimens. One death (by suicide) occurred in the MVC-TDF group but was judged not to be related to study drugs. Of available plasma samples at week 48 (n = 126), 60% showed detectable drug concentrations. No new HIV infections occurred. LIMITATIONS Participants were not necessarily at high risk for HIV infection. The regimen comprised 3 pills taken daily. The study was not powered for efficacy. CONCLUSION Maraviroc-containing PrEP regimens were safe and well-tolerated compared with TDF-FTC in U.S. women. No new HIV infections occurred, although whether this was due to study drugs or low risk in the population is uncertain. Maraviroc-containing PrEP for women may warrant further study. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Gulick
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy J Wilkin
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Q Chen
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raphael J Landovitz
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - K Rivet Amico
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alicia M Young
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Richardson
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A Marzinke
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig W Hendrix
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan H Eshleman
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ian McGowan
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leslie M Cottle
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adriana Andrade
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl Marcus
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karin L Klingman
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wairimu Chege
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alex R Rinehart
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James F Rooney
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip Andrew
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert A Salata
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc Siegel
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ian Frank
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Ho
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jorge Santana
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joanne D Stekler
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shobha Swaminathan
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marybeth McCauley
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sally Hodder
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ViiV Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; The George Washington University and FHI 360, Washington, DC; Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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