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Nguyen ST, Ho DN, Huynh TAH, Nguyen HTT, Thi Ly NK, Van Le M, Minh Chau Do TV. Development of UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of valproic acid and phenytoin in human plasma and application to study pharmacokinetic interaction in epilepsy patients. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33630. [PMID: 39040279 PMCID: PMC11261036 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid and phenytoin are two prevalent antiepileptic medications known for their narrow indices and propensity for cardiovascular and respiratory system toxicity. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of valproic acid (VAL) and phenytoin (PHE) concentrations in patient plasma is extremely beneficial for improving clinical choices, avoiding adverse reactions, and optimizing treatment for individual patients. In this study, a rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of valproic acid (VAL) and phenytoin (PHE) in human plasma. Negative electron spray ionization (ESI-) mode with selective ion recording (SIR) was employed to determine the transitions of m/z 142.98 and m/z 250.93 for VAL and PHE, respectively. The internal standard (IS) betamethasone (BETA) was ionized using positive electron spray ionization (ESI+) and detected by multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode to obtain precursor ions and specific fragment ions for quantification, and the MRM transition was chosen to be m/z 393.17 → 355.16. The separation was performed using a Phenomenex Synergi Hydro-RP (4 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm, I.D.) with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile - water (75:25, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The column temperature was maintained at 25 °C. The lower limit of quantification of VAL and PHE was 3.6 μg/mL and 0.72 μg/mL, respectively, which resulted in a recovery of more than 85 % for most analytes. According to US-FDA bioanalytical technique validation, the specificity, intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy, matrix effect, carryover, dilution, and stability of all analytes were within acceptable ranges. This analytical method was successful in evaluating the levels of valproic acid and phenytoin in human plasma from epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sil Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Duy Nguyen Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Anh Huynh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Huyen Thu Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Drug Quality Control Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngan Kim Thi Ly
- Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Van Le
- Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Tho Vinh Minh Chau Do
- Department of Analytical Chemistry - Toxicology - Drug Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, 900000, Viet Nam
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Zailani NNB, Ho PCL. Dried Blood Spots-A Platform for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) and Drug/Disease Response Monitoring (DRM). Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:467-494. [PMID: 37495930 PMCID: PMC10480258 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview on the current applications of dried blood spots (DBS) as matrices for therapeutic drug (TDM) and drug or disease response monitoring (DRM). Compared with conventional methods using plasma/serum, DBS offers several advantages, including minimally invasiveness, a small blood volume requirement, reduced biohazardous risk, and improved sample stability. Numerous assays utilising DBS for TDM have been reported in the literature over the past decade, covering a wide range of therapeutic drugs. Several factors can affect the accuracy and reliability of the DBS sampling method, including haematocrit (HCT), blood volume, sampling paper and chromatographic effects. It is crucial to evaluate the correlation between DBS concentrations and conventional plasma/serum concentrations, as the latter has traditionally been used for clinical decision. The feasibility of using DBS sampling method as an option for home-based TDM is also discussed. Furthermore, DBS has also been used as a matrix for monitoring the drug or disease responses (DRM) through various approaches such as genotyping, viral load measurement, assessment of inflammatory factors, and more recently, metabolic profiling. Although this research is still in the development stage, advancements in technology are expected to lead to the identification of surrogate biomarkers for drug treatment in DBS and a better understanding of the correlation between DBS drug levels and drug responses. This will make DBS a valuable matrix for TDM and DRM, facilitating the achievement of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic correlations and enabling personalised therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Nabihah Binte Zailani
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Chi-Lui Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Level 5, Building 2, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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A review of recent advances in microsampling techniques of biological fluids for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461731. [PMID: 33285415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conventional sampling of biological fluids often involves a bulk quantity of samples that are tedious to collect, deliver and process. Miniaturized sampling approaches have emerged as promising tools for sample collection due to numerous advantages such as minute sample size, patient friendliness and ease of shipment. This article reviews the applications and advances of microsampling techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), covering the period January 2015 - August 2020. As whole blood is the gold standard sampling matrix for TDM, this article comprehensively highlights the most historical microsampling technique, the dried blood spot (DBS), and its development. Advanced developments of DBS, ranging from various automation DBS, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS), 3D dried blood spheroids and volumetric absorptive paper disc (VAPD) and mini-disc (VAPDmini) are discussed. The volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) approach, which overcomes the hematocrit effect associated with the DBS sample, has been employed in recent TDM. The sample collection and sample preparation details in DBS and VAMS are outlined and summarized. This review also delineates the involvement of other biological fluids (plasma, urine, breast milk and saliva) and their miniaturized dried matrix forms in TDM. Specific features and challenges of each microsampling technique are identified and comparison studies are reviewed.
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Sommerfeld-Klatta K, Zielińska-Psuja B, Karaźniewcz-Łada M, Główka FK. New Methods Used in Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Monitoring of the First and Newer Generations of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs). Molecules 2020; 25:E5083. [PMID: 33147810 PMCID: PMC7663638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents data from the last few years on bioanalytical methods used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the 1st-3rd generation and the newest antiepileptic drug (AEDs) cenobamate in patients with various forms of seizures. Chemical classification, structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic data and therapeutic ranges for total and free fractions and interactions were collected. The primary data on bioanalytical methods for AEDs determination included biological matrices, sample preparation, dried blood spot (DBS) analysis, column resolution, detection method, validation parameters, and clinical utility. In conclusion, the most frequently described method used in AED analysis is the LC-based technique (HPLC, UHPLC, USLC) combined with highly sensitive mass detection or fluorescence detection. However, less sensitive UV is also used. Capillary electrophoresis and gas chromatography have been rarely applied. Besides the precipitation of proteins or LLE, an automatic SPE is often a sample preparation method. Derivatization was also indicated to improve sensitivity and automate the analysis. The usefulness of the methods for TDM was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sommerfeld-Klatta
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (B.Z.-P.)
| | - Barbara Zielińska-Psuja
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (B.Z.-P.)
| | - Marta Karaźniewcz-Łada
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Franciszek K. Główka
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland;
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Świądro M, Stelmaszczyk P, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Dudek D. Development of a new method for drug detection based on a combination of the dried blood spot method and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1157:122339. [PMID: 32877802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new approach to sample preparation of biological material based on a combination of the Dried Blood Spot (DBS) method and capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) for the analysis of blood samples collected in vivo or post-mortem. The proposed approach allowed the identification of typical drugs from different groups, such as tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (citalopram), benzodiazepines (tetrazepam) and hypnotics (zolpidem). In this study, a blood sample was spotted on FTA DMPK C cards, then dried, and 6-mm discs were cut out. The sample preparation procedure involved microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Various extraction agents, temperatures and durations of extraction were examined in order to achieve the highest efficiency of the process. The method was subjected to a validation procedure. Limits of detection (LOD = 1.76 - 14.7 ng/mL) and quantification (LOQ = 5.25 - 49.0 ng/mL), inter- (CV = 1.31 - 9.43%) and intra- (CV = 3.26 - 18.52%) day precision of the determinations, recovery (RE = 85.0-105.4%) and matrix effect on ionization of analytes (ME = 98.6-105.5%) were determined. Furthermore, the developed DBS/MAE/CM-MS method was selective and analytes present in the blood applied on DBS cards were found to be stable after 7 and after 14 days. Moreover, the developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of both post-mortem samples and blood samples taken from patients treated with the analyzed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Świądro
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2, Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Stelmaszczyk
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2, Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2, Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dominika Dudek
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 21a, Mikołaja Kopernika St., 31-000 Kraków, Poland
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Alvarado ÁT, Pineda M, Cervantes L, Villanueva L, Morales A, Bernardo MLD, Mora M, Bendezú M, García J, Li C, Alvarado E, Roldán A. Estudio del índice nivel/dosis de la fenitoína en pacientes epilépticos voluntarios de Mérida. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Seyfinejad B, Meshkini A, Habibolahi P, Ozkan SA, Jouyban A. Determination of phenytoin in exhaled breath condensate using electromembrane extraction followed by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:666-677. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Seyfinejad
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ali Meshkini
- Neuroscience Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Paria Habibolahi
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical ChemistryAnkara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Fully automated therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-epileptic drugs making use of dried blood spots. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Min KL, Ryu JY, Chang MJ. Development and clinical applications of the dried blood spot method for therapeutic drug monitoring of anti‐epileptic drugs. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:215-236. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Lok Min
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon Korea
| | - Jae Yeoul Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon Korea
| | - Min Jung Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon Korea
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon Korea
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Avataneo V, D’Avolio A, Cusato J, Cantù M, De Nicolò A. LC-MS application for therapeutic drug monitoring in alternative matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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McCudden CR. Quality, origins and limitations of common therapeutic drug reference intervals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:47-61. [PMID: 29794249 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is used to manage drugs with a narrow window between effective and toxic concentrations. TDM involves measuring blood concentrations of drugs to ensure effective therapy, avoid toxicity and monitor compliance. Common drugs for which TDM is used include aminoglycosides for infections, anticonvulsants to treat seizures, immunosuppressants for transplant patients and cardiac glycosides to regulate cardiac output and heart rate. An essential element of TDM is the provision of accurate and clinically relevant reference intervals. Unlike most laboratory reference intervals, which are derived from a healthy population, TDM reference intervals need to relate to clinical outcomes in the form of efficacy and toxicity. This makes TDM inherently more difficult to develop as healthy individuals are not on therapy, so there is no "normal value". In addition, many of the aforementioned drugs are old and much of the information regarding reference intervals is based on small trials using methods that have changed. Furthermore, individuals have different pharmacokinetics and drug responses, particularly in the context of combined therapies, which exacerbates the challenge of universal TDM targets. This focused review examines the origins and limitations of existing TDM reference intervals for common drugs, providing targets where possible based on available guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R McCudden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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Velghe S, Stove CP. Volumetric absorptive microsampling as an alternative tool for therapeutic drug monitoring of first-generation anti-epileptic drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2331-2341. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zhang J, Liu D, Meng X, Shi Y, Wang R, Xiao D, He H. Solid phase extraction based on porous magnetic graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrine composite coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of antiepileptic drugs in plasma samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Baldo MN, Angeli E, Gareis NC, Hunzicker GA, Murguía MC, Ortega HH, Hein GJ. Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and dried blood spot sampling applied to pharmacokinetics studies in animals: Correlation of classic and block design. Lab Anim 2017; 52:125-134. [PMID: 29058998 DOI: 10.1177/0023677217734235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A relative bioavailability study (RBA) of two phenytoin (PHT) formulations was conducted in rabbits, in order to compare the results obtained from different matrices (plasma and blood from dried blood spot (DBS) sampling) and different experimental designs (classic and block). The method was developed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in plasma and blood samples. The different sample preparation techniques, plasma protein precipitation and DBS, were validated according to international requirements. The analytical method was validated with ranges 0.20-50.80 and 0.12-20.32 µg ml-1, r > 0.999 for plasma and blood, respectively. Accuracy and precision were within acceptance criteria for bioanalytical assay validation (< 15 for bias and CV% and < 20 for limit of quantification (LOQ)). PHT showed long-term stability, both for plasma and blood, and under refrigerated and room temperature conditions. Haematocrit values were measured during the validation process and RBA study. Finally, the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax and AUC0-t) obtained from the RBA study were tested. Results were highly comparable for matrices and experimental designs. A matrix correlation higher than 0.975 and a ratio of (PHT blood) = 1.158 (PHT plasma) were obtained. The results obtained herein show that the use of classic experimental design and DBS sampling for animal pharmacokinetic studies should be encouraged as they could help to prevent the use of a large number of animals and also animal euthanasia. Finally, the combination of DBS sampling with LC-MS/MS technology showed to be an excellent tool not only for therapeutic drug monitoring but also for RBA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías N Baldo
- 1 Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina.,2 Laboratorio de Química Aplicada, 428226 Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral , Argentina
| | - Emmanuel Angeli
- 1 Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Natalia C Gareis
- 1 Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Hunzicker
- 1 Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marcelo C Murguía
- 2 Laboratorio de Química Aplicada, 428226 Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral , Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- 1 Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Gustavo J Hein
- 1 Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
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Enderle Y, Foerster K, Burhenne J. Clinical feasibility of dried blood spots: Analytics, validation, and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:231-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Antunes MV, Charão MF, Linden R. Dried blood spots analysis with mass spectrometry: Potentials and pitfalls in therapeutic drug monitoring. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1035-46. [PMID: 27179588 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) relays in the availability of specialized laboratory assays, usually available in reference centers that are not accessible to all patients. In this context, there is a growing interest in the use of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling, usually obtained from finger pricks, which allows simple and cost-effective logistics in many settings, particularly in Developing Countries. The use of DBS assays to estimate plasma concentrations is highly dependent on the hematocrit of the blood, as well as the particular characteristics of the measured analyte. DBS assays require specific validation assays, most of them are related to hematocrit effects. In the present manuscript, the application of mass spectrometric assays for determination of drugs for TDM purposes in the last ten years is reviewed, as well as the particular validation assays for new DBS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Venzon Antunes
- Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
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Dried blood spots for monitoring and individualization of antiepileptic drug treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 75:25-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Samardzic J, Turner MA, Bax R, Allegaert K. Neonatal medicines research: challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1041-52. [PMID: 25958820 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1046433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The key feature of the newborn is its fast age-dependent maturation, resulting in extensive variability in pharmacokinetics and -dynamics, further aggravated by newly emerging covariates like treatment modalities, environmental issues or pharmacogenetics. This makes clinical research in neonates relevant and needed, but also challenging. AREAS COVERED To improve this knowledge, tailoring research tools as well as building research networks and clinical research skills for neonates are urgently needed. Tailoring of research tools is illustrated using the development of dried blood spot techniques and the introduction of micro-dosing and -tracer methodology in neonatal drug studies. Both techniques can be combined with sparse sampling techniques through population modeling. Building research networks and clinical research skills is illustrated by the initiatives of agencies to build and integrate knowledge on neonatal pharmacotherapy through dedicated working groups. EXPERT OPINION Challenges relating to neonatal medicine research can largely be overcome. Tailored tools and legal initiatives, combined with clever trial design will result in more robust information on neonatal pharmacotherapy. This necessitates collaborative efforts between clinical researchers, sponsors, regulatory authorities, and last but not least patient representatives and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Samardzic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia
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